Phase noise is caused by random fluctuations in the oscillation frequency or phase of a signal over time. It can be measured in dBc/Hz and represents noise power relative to the carrier signal within a 1Hz bandwidth at certain frequency offsets. There are two main mechanisms that cause phase noise: 1) Noise injected into the signal path is shaped by the oscillator's quality factor Q and multiplies the noise. 2) Noise injected into the control path varies the oscillator frequency and translates low frequency noise to offsets around the carrier. Higher Q factors and lower noise in devices results in lower overall phase noise power relative to the carrier.
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Phase noise is caused by random fluctuations in the oscillation frequency or phase of a signal over time. It can be measured in dBc/Hz and represents noise power relative to the carrier signal within a 1Hz bandwidth at certain frequency offsets. There are two main mechanisms that cause phase noise: 1) Noise injected into the signal path is shaped by the oscillator's quality factor Q and multiplies the noise. 2) Noise injected into the control path varies the oscillator frequency and translates low frequency noise to offsets around the carrier. Higher Q factors and lower noise in devices results in lower overall phase noise power relative to the carrier.
Phase noise is caused by random fluctuations in the oscillation frequency or phase of a signal over time. It can be measured in dBc/Hz and represents noise power relative to the carrier signal within a 1Hz bandwidth at certain frequency offsets. There are two main mechanisms that cause phase noise: 1) Noise injected into the signal path is shaped by the oscillator's quality factor Q and multiplies the noise. 2) Noise injected into the control path varies the oscillator frequency and translates low frequency noise to offsets around the carrier. Higher Q factors and lower noise in devices results in lower overall phase noise power relative to the carrier.
Copyright:
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Phase noise is caused by random fluctuations in the oscillation frequency or phase of a signal over time. It can be measured in dBc/Hz and represents noise power relative to the carrier signal within a 1Hz bandwidth at certain frequency offsets. There are two main mechanisms that cause phase noise: 1) Noise injected into the signal path is shaped by the oscillator's quality factor Q and multiplies the noise. 2) Noise injected into the control path varies the oscillator frequency and translates low frequency noise to offsets around the carrier. Higher Q factors and lower noise in devices results in lower overall phase noise power relative to the carrier.
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SEMINAR ON
PHASE NOISE MECHANISMS
BY Bharath Kumar R 1RN12LVS06 Mtech 3rd Sem (VLSI)
Agenda and Qns
What is Phase noise What are source of phase noise How Q factor Related to Phase noise Where phase noise occur Mechanisms of phase noise
What is Phase Noise
Phase noise is the frequency domain representation of rapid, short-term, random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, caused by time domain instabilities Example :- All real oscillator have phase modulated noise components, the phase noise compone spread the power of a signal to adjacent frequencies, resulting in noise sidebands
Random variation in the period or deviation of the zero crossing poin from their ideal position Consider the noise free signal:
v(t) = Acos(2f0t) PH noise is added to this signal by adding a stochastic process represented by v(t) = Acos(2f0t + (t))
Phase noise is a type of cyclostationary noise and is closely related to jitter A particularly important type of phase noise is that produced by oscillators Phase noise is typically expressed in units of dBc/Hz it represents the noise power relative to the carrier contained in a 1 Hz bandwidth centered at a certain offsets from the carrier For example, a certain signal may have a phase noise of -80 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz and 95 dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz. Phase noise can be measured and expressed as single sideband or double sideband values. the IEEE has adopted the definition as one-half of the double sideband PSD
Source of Phase Noise
Oscillator noise performance is characterized as jitter in the time domain and as phase noise in the frequency domain Noise injected onto an oscillator by constituent devices or by externals means both freq and amp of o/p signal or supply voltage etc
How Q-factor related to Phase Noise
Q is an indication of how much of the energy is lost as it is transferred from the capacitor to the inductor and vice versa Defined as the resonance frequency divided by the two sided -3db bandwidth
Q =(1/PHASE NOSIE)
Phase Noise Mechanisms
Effects such as nonlinearity and periodic variation of the circuit parameters ia a cause of Phase Noise and analysis of this quite difficult Oscillators Phase Noise is generated primarily through two mechanisms distinguished by the path into which the noise is injected -- Feedback Oscillation signal path -- Frequency control path Ex:- A VCO Includes both oscillation path and frequency control path
Vcont
NOISE x(t)
+ +
H(S) SIGNAL PATH Vcont
Y(t)
NOISE
H(S) CONTROL PATH
Vout
The Noise x(t), appearing in these paths gives rise to distinctly different effects
Noise in signal Path :- Noise is injected into the oscillation signal path How is y(t) Affected by x(t) ? Representing the open loop circuit by a linear transfer function H(s), we can Write
In the vicinity of the frequency of oscillations, , we can approximate with the first terms in its Taylor expansion
since reduces to
and typically
, y(s)/x(s)
Implying that a noise component at is multiplied by when it appears at the output of the oscillator. In other words the noise spectrum is shaped by
Let us consider the term . Expressing polar form ,we have
in
Equation 7.20 is called Leesons Equation, this expression reveals the dependence of the output noise upon the Q of the tank, the center frequency and the offset frequency Also includes the effect of noise on the amplitude and the phase of the carrier the phase noise is typically half the value given by 7.20 Overall phase noise power with respect to carrier depends on two other parameters as well : the noise generated by the devices that is the magnitude of X(jw).
The noise shaping function become sharper The power dissipation decrease and The noise injected by active devices decreases. Oscillators usually experience amplitude limiting and hence nonlinearity thus folding the noise components as shown below
Effect arises when odd order nonlinearity in the amplitude leads to intermodulation between an injected noise components at Wn and the carrier, creating another component at 2Wo-Wn
In order to represent the effect of noise folding due to nonlinearity, leesons equation can by multiplied by a factor
Were A is the actual small signal loop gain. This relation indicate that the loop gain must be chosen as close to unity as possible while ensuring reliable start up. A typical value is between 2 and 3
Noise in Control Path : The noise injected injected into the signal path mixes with the carrier. By contrast, noise injected into the control path affects the frequency by changing the physical properties of the oscillator Ex:- if a varactor is used to tune the VCO, noise on the DC voltage applied across the diode varies the tank capacitances and hence the resonant frequency. In analog frequency modulation, this effect translates low frequency noise components in the control path to the region around the carrier
To quantify the FM noise Mechanism as Shown below
We represent the noise per unit bandwidth as a sinusoid with the same average power Denoting the gain of the VCO by Kvco and using the narrowband FM approximation we have
Thus noise power at with respect to carrier power is equal to In practice Kvco is proportional to the carrier frequency Because for a given control voltage range, the tuning range must be a constant percentage of the center frequency so as to compensate for process and temperature variations The effect of this type of noise become more prominent as Wm decrease, making 1/f noise in control path particularly detrimental The phase noise decreases indefinitely as w increases. In reality the noise reaches a relatively flat floor because the loop does not shape the noise of the devices at high frequency offsets
