Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Mason P. Waterbury Nektar Therapeutics 28 June 05
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Lets talk about:
What is High Purity Water?
How do we make High Purity Water? How do we store and distribute High Purity Water? Specific challenges / solutions
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
What is High Purity Water?
Purified Water (PW)
Sterile Purified Water (SPW) Water for Injection (WFI) Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI) Water for Irrigation Future Monographs (e.g., Water for Hemodialysis)
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
What is High Purity Water?
Purified Water (PW)
Sterile Purified Water (SPW)
Water for Injection (WFI)
Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI) Water for Irrigation Future Monographs
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Purified Water
USP: . . .obtained by a suitable process Conductivity 1.3 S/cm @ 25 C Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 500 ppb Microbial 100 cfu/ml No endotoxin requirement
EP: . . .prepared by distillation, by ion exchange, by reverse osmosis or by any other suitable method JP: . . .purified by distillation, ion-exchange treatment, ultrafiltration or combination of these methods
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Purified Water Example System
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Water for Injection (WFI)
USP: . . .distillation or a purification process that is equivalent of superior to distillation Conductivity 1.3 S/cm @ 25 C Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 500 ppb Microbial 10 cfu / 100 ml Endotoxin requirement < 0.25 EU/ml
EP: . . .distillation JP: . . .distillation. . .or by the Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration of Purified Water
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Water for Injection (WFI) Distillation
Techniques
Multi-Effect Still (MES) Uses Plant Steam to convert feedwater to pure steam Separators allow impurities to drop out of the pure steam Pure steam from first effect used to convert feedwater to
pure steam in subsequent effects
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Water for Injection (WFI) Distillation Techniques
Vapor Compression (VC) Uses plant steam to convert initial feedwater to vapor (pure steam) Pure steam is compressed, elevating temperature Compressed vapor is used to evaporate new feedwater, giving up
latent heat and condensing as WFI Higher electrical demand, but lower steam demand
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
High Purity Water Storage and Distribution
Materials of Construction (Chemical and Heat Compatibility) Stainless Steel (316 or 316L) Teflon, EPDM, Silicone, Viton (gaskets, diaphragms) Fully Drainable (minimum slope 1/8 per foot, hygienic design of components) Minimize Dead Legs (<= 2 pipe diameters) Smooth Surfaces (Mechanical Polish vs. Electropolish) Clean joints (sanitary TriClamp, automatic orbital
welding) Passivate interior surfaces to form barrier between water and free iron
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Storage and Distribution Sanitization
Heat (Continuous or Periodic, >81 deg. C for >1 hour) Most popular nothing added to system If system continuously hot, all but eliminates concerns about
Ozone Gaining popularity Ozone destruction and monitoring very important Environmental concerns Chemical Must ensure that cleaning chemicals are completely removed from
system Rinsing post-sanitization time and cost intensive sanitization Can be a utility hog
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Storage and Distribution Hot vs. Cold ?
Hot storage: WFI produced through distillation is often generated hot, so
why not store it hot? Advantageous if there will be hot WFI distribution
Cold storage: Periodic heat-up & cool-down of storage tank time- and
energy-intensive Could expedite heat-up by dumping tank contents, but this is wasteful
Best solution will vary depending on specific
user requirements
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot and Ambient Distribution
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot and Ambient Distribution
Cost-effective when there are many ambient use points Heat Sanitization of ambient loop by displacement of AWFI or by heating ambient loop Two loops mean increased installation labor Only one heat exchanger means all ambient users get water at same temperature, no local temperature selection
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot Distribution with Use Point Coolers
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot Distribution with Use Point Coolers
Cost-effective when there are few ambient use points Main distribution loop is continuously hot, therefore self-sanitizing Can have locally adjustable use point temperatures Ambient point-of-use piping must be sanitized by flushing or pulsing HWFI through heat exchanger to drain Additional heat exchangers means increased capital (and maintenance) cost Some feel POU cooler piping is a dead leg, prone to microbial growth
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot Distribution with Use Point Cooler Sub-loops
Pharmaceutical Water Systems
Hot Storage, Hot Distribution with Use Point Cooler Sub-loops
Cost-effective when there are few ambient use points Main distribution loop is continuously hot, therefore self-sanitizing Heat exchanger piping kept hot when not in use Can have locally adjustable use point temperatures Dead leg question replaced by turbulent flow question this becomes a balancing problem Additional heat exchangers means increased capital (and maintenance) cost
