Eliminating Error-prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations
The Problem
Ambiguous medical notations are one of the most common and preventable causes of medication errors. Drug names, dosage units, and directions for use should be written clearly to minimize confusion.
Consequences of Using Error-Prone Abbreviations
Misinterpretation may lead to mistakes that result in patient harm Delay start of therapy due to time spent for clarification
Implement Do Not Use List
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and the Food and Drug Administration recommend that ISMPs list of error-prone abbreviations be considered whenever medical information is communicated. Complete list is located at: www.ismp.org/Tools/errorproneabbreviations.pdf
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Consider All Communication Forms
Written orders Internal communications Telephone/verbal prescriptions Computer-generated labels Labels for drug storage bins Medication administration records Preprinted protocols Pharmacy and prescriber computer order entry screens
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Short List of Error-Prone Notations*
The following notations should NEVER be used.
Notation
U IU QD
Reason
Mistaken for 0, 4, cc Mistaken for IV or 10 Mistaken for QID
Instead Use
unit unit daily
*Comprises do not use list required for JCAHO accreditation
Short List of Error-Prone Notations Continued
Notation QOD Reason Mistaken for QID, QD Instead Use every other day X mg
Trailing zero (X.0 mg)
Naked decimal point (.X mg)
Decimal point missed
Decimal point missed
0.X mg
Short List of Error-Prone Notations Continued
Notation MS Reason Instead Use Can mean morphine morphine sulfate sulfate or magnesium sulfate
Can be confused with morphine sulfate each other or magnesium sulfate Mistaken for U mL
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MSO4 and MgSO4
cc
Short List of Error-Prone Notations Continued
Notation Drug name abbreviations (especially those ending in l) > or < Reason Instead Use Mistaken for other drugs Complete or notations drug name
Mistaken as opposite of intended Mistaken for mg
greater than or less than mcg
Short List of Error-Prone Notations Continued
Notation Reason
Mistaken for 2 Mistaken for 2 Mistaken for 1
Instead Use
at and per rather than a slash mark and
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@ & /
Mistaken for 4
Short List of Error-Prone Notations Continued
Notation AD, AS, AU Reason Mistaken for OD, OS, OU Instead Use right ear, left ear, or each ear
OD, OS, OU
Mistaken for AD, AS, AU
right eye, left eye, or each eye discharge or discontinued
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D/C, dc, d/c
Misinterpreted as discontinued when followed by list of medications
Other Good Practices
Drug name abbreviations can easily be confused. Always write out complete drug name. Apothecary units are unfamiliar to many practitioners. Always use metric units.
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Examples
Intended dose of 4 units in patient history interpreted as 44 units. U should be written out as unit.
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Examples
Intended dose of .4 mg interpreted as 4 mg from medication order. Should be written as 0.4 mg.
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Examples
Potassium chloride QD in medication order interpreted as QID. Should be written as daily.
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Examples
Intended recommendation of less than 10 was interpreted as 4. < should be written out as less than.
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Examples
QD in advertisement should be written out as daily.
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Examples
U in prominent professional journal article should be written out as unit.
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Do Not Use Error-Prone Abbreviations Even in Print
May still be confused Perpetuates the impression that they are acceptable May be copied into written orders
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Recommendations for Healthcare Professionals
Avoid ambiguous abbreviations in written orders, computergenerated labels, medication administration records, storage bins/shelf labels, and preprinted protocols. Work with computer software vendors to make changes in electronic order entry programs. Provide examples when educating staff on how using error-prone abbreviations have led to serious patient harm.
Provide staff with ISMPs list of error-prone abbreviations.
Introduce healthcare students to the list of error-prone abbreviations.
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Recommendations for Pharmaceutical Industry
Review existing drug labeling and packaging as well as new drug applications for use of error-prone abbreviations. Eradicate use of ambiguous abbreviations in product advertising (both in graphics and text). Check for error-prone abbreviations in all communications vehicles, including slides, promotional kits, and sales staff training materials.
Include ISMPs list in corporate editorial style guidelines.
Incorporate list into software and medical device design.
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Recommendations for Medical Communications/Publishing Professionals
Make do not use list of notations as part of publishing style manuals and internal style guides for clinical writing. Add the list of error-prone abbreviations to instructions for journal authors. Review all internal and external communications products for ambiguous abbreviations. Eliminate error-prone abbreviations in company-wide educational and training sessions.
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Other Resources
For more information and tools to help promote safe practices, visit: www.ismp.org/tools/abbreviations
or
www.fda.gov/cder/drug/MedErrors
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