1. INTRODUCTION 2. SOLAR REFRIGERATION 2.

1 Choice of technology
2.2 Temperatures and ventilation 2.3 Passive Cooler 2.4 Sorption Heat driven coolers (HDCs) 2.5 Mechanical Compression

3. SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING 3.1 Cooling with Solar Heat: Growing Interest in
Solar Air Conditioning 3.2 What is Solar Air Conditioning? 3.3 How does Solar Air conditioning Work? 3.4 Sorption-Assisted Air Conditioning 3.5 How well do Solar-Assisted Air Conditioning Systems Operate? 3.6 Energy Balance 3.7 Cost Effectiveness

4. CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION

Our interest : directly converting the sun's rays into a usable energy source: electricity. Accomplished through the use of "solar collectors," or" solar panels." Solar Conversion :Thermal and Photoelectric A significant portion of the annual energy bill for a typical commercial and institutional building is for the costs of heating, cooling, and domestic hot water : 60% of the annual total utility costs Solar refrigeration is especially attractive in rural areas and remote islands where there is no grid electricity or reliable fuel supply. There are several methods to achieve cooling by using solar energy: cooling can be produced directly by operating an absorption cycle, a regenerative desiccant process or a steam jet system. It can alternatively be produced by a conventional vapor compression cycle in which the compressor is driven by a solar Rankine cycle, or an electric motor operated by photovoltaic(PV) cells.

2. SOLAR REFRIGERATION
1. Examples of refrigeration applications are: In agriculture and dairies: removal of field heat immediately after harvesting of crops, storage of fruit, flowers, vegetables, milk, meat, and cooling during transport In retail trades: sale of fresh foods, fish and cold drinks. Buildings, computer installations: air conditioning and temperature regulation Domestic: food and drink storage Health clinics: storage of blood, vaccines and medicine.

2. 3. 4. 5.

2.1 Choice of Technology: Three kinds of cooling technology are contrasted in Figure 2 a-c, these are: Passive (Figure 2a) Sorption heat driven (Figure 2b) Mechanical compression (Figure 2c)

Applications of Cooling Technology Production of ice using electricity in regional centers; transport of this ice to agricultural areas; packing of produce to be cooled with ice in insulated containers. Electricity is either grid or diesel generated. Refrigerators, which are electrically driven, use mechanical compression technology. In some cases refrigerators can be driven directly by mechanical shaft power, for instance where water turbines can be readily installed. Production of ice using heat driven coolers ('HDCs') on a local level at agricultural production points. Packing of produce with ice for transport. The heat sources for HDCs are varied; it can be from wood, charcoal or agro-waste burnt in open stoves, from fossil fuel in conventional burners, or it can be from thermal solar collectors. HDCs use sorption technology. Provision of cold storage chambers using passive, sorption, or mechanical compression technology. If passive cooling is used, temperatures less than 10C can rarely be achieved. Provision of cold storage at the point of use using mechanical compression coolers drawing electricity from photovoltaic cells. This is referred to as photovoltaic cooling technology.

a) Conventional gas and kerosene-driven sorption units:

The heat source in conventional sorption refrigerators is usually gas or kerosene flame. Units powered from gas bottles are used on caravans or boats. Example: Electrolux Maintenance of the burner assembly is required and a constant supply of wicks, burners and lamp glasses are essential. fuel tank must be replenished with kerosene of suitable quality. Use hydrogen as a working fluid Novel sorption units are being developed at present for greater efficiency in ice making and cold storage. Not involve hydrogen as a working fluid Used where technical maintenance services are not available Cost: 2000 for a 100-kg per day icemaker.

b) Novel sorption units:

c) Solar-powered sorption units: Heating phase ends at sunset, and the refrigeration phase occurs during the night. If the sun fails to shine for a few days, the ice made on previous days acts as a store of cold, keeping the cold box at a low temperature while it gradually melts. It is expected that a unit producing 100 kg of ice per day can be produced for 4,000

2.5 Mechanical Compression: a) Grid electricity: Where a reliable electricity supply exists, the most economic option is to install a standard compressor driven unit. Conventional refrigerators of this kind are sold commercially. Example: a unit making about 100 kg of flaked ice, for fisheries use, each day in tropical conditions will cost 7000. The power consumption would be in the order of 4 kW continuously. extra costs in the form of replacement parts, maintenance and ancillary equipment. b) Water turbine driven coolers: Costs can be reduced if shaft power is used directly to drive the compressor, for example from a water turbine. An auxiliary electricity supply is useful to provide control and protection functions, and for instance to drive ventilation fans. c) Diesel generating sets: The cost of operating a generator in rural areas is dependent on local conditions and must be assessed in the light of local experience. cost can be very much higher than expected because of the need for maintenance personnel and the difficulties encountered in obtaining fuel and spare parts. systems involving the storage of electricity in batteries have very high costs and are unreliable.

e) Combined heating/drying/cooling system:

Because a refrigerator releases heat it can be used to raise temperatures in agricultural processes like crop or spice drying. The cooling effect can be used to dehumidify the air passing over the crop and the heating effect can be used to warm the air. In this, very high efficiencies can be obtained (for instance up to 7 times as much useful energy produced as required to drive the device).

2.6Choosing the system: In order to decide which refrigeration system to adopt for a particular purpose, it is necessary to consider the ongoing inputs required by each system. Table 1 lists the various systems and the inputs required for each. The choice of system is based on the foreknowledge that all the necessary inputs will continue to be available in the locality of the fridge. The mistake is often made of installing a unit with a relatively low purchase cost which later ceases to function through lack of necessary inputs.

3. SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING

3.1 Cooling with Solar Heat: Growing Interest in Solar Air Conditioning:

The summer sun, which heats up offices, also delivers the energy to cool them. Days that have the greatest need for cooling are also the very same days that offer the maximum possible solar energy gain. The demand for air conditioning in offices, hotels, laboratories or public buildings such as museums is considerable. solar and solar-assisted air conditioning systems can be reasonable alternatives to conventional air conditioning systems.

Figure 6. Sorption-assisted air conditioning: collector system on the rooftop of Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Freiburg, Germany. Photo: Fraunhofer ISE.

3.2 What is Solar Air Conditioning?

water-assisted air conditioning systems or ventilation systems can be powered with heat that is made available by solar collectors. No long-term intermediate storage is necessary in months of high solar energy gain or in southern lands.

3.3 How does Solar Air

Figure 7. Basic structure of a solar air conditioning system conditioning Work?

The basic principle behind (solar-air conditioning) thermal driven cooling is the thermo-chemical process of sorption: a liquid or gaseous substance is either attached to a solid, porous material (adsorption) or is taken in by a liquid or solid material (absorption). providing water vapor or steam, it is stored in the porous storage medium (adsorption) and simultaneously heat is released. The sorbent (i.e. silica gel, a substance with a large inner surface area) is provided with heat (i.e. from a solar heater) and is dehumidified. After this "drying", or desorption, the process can be repeated in the opposite direction.

3.5 How well do Solar-Assisted Air Conditioning Systems Operate?

Scientists of the Freiburg Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE (Freiburger Fraunhofer Instituts fr Solare Energiesysteme ISE) tested solar assisted air conditioning systems for a study of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in the context of the TASK 25 "Solar-Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings".

3.6 Energy Balance:

Without the use of solar energy, thermally powered climate control raised the primary energy use (thermal and electrical) for all of the tested locations. The reason for this is the lower operating numbers of this process in comparison to electrically powered compression refrigeration machines. Whether absorption or adsorption refrigerating machines are used, a solar-covered share for cooling of 30 % (Freiburg) and almost 50 % (Trapani) is required to affect a primary energy savings. With coverage shares of up to 85 %, the primary energy use can be decreased by over 50 % compared to the conventional reference system. In Trapani the sorption assisted air conditioning, in combination with a compression refrigeration machine, led to a small primary energy savings with a solar coverage share of 30 %.

3.7 Cost Effectiveness:

Although over 20 systems that use thermal solar energy to air condition buildings and that can be technically and economically assessed have been installed in Germany, there are still a number of obstacles to be overcome when it comes to the implementation of solar-assisted air conditioning. Standardized programs, matured concepts and the development of components are starting points that can contribute to improved cost effectiveness and wide applicability of solarassisted air conditioning. Experts at the Fraunhofer ISE expect no economical advantages of the solar air conditioning in this respect. The cost of electricity could also pose an argument for solar cooling: The thermally powered cooling process requires only a fourth (absorption/adsorption) or half (sorption-assisted air conditioning) of the electrical power required by the conventional reference system.