The Endocrine System

PowerPoint presentation to accompany:

Medical Assisting
Third Edition

Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

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Learning Outcomes
34.1 Define the term endocrine glands. 34.2 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. 34.3 Define the term hormone.

34.4 Explain the difference in hormone control by positive and negative feedback loops.

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.5 Describe the locations of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and gonads. 34.6 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give the functions of each.
34.7 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands and give the functions of each.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.8 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give the functions of each.

34.9 List the names of the endocrine cells of the pancreas, the hormones released by them, and the function of each hormone. 34.10 List the hormones released by the pineal body, thymus, and gonads, and give the functions of each.

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.11 Name the hormones produced by the kidneys and heart, listing which organ produces the hormone, and the hormones function. 34.12 Describe stressors and their effect on the body. 34.13 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various endocrine disorders.

2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

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Introduction

The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood

Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells
bloodstream
to

Glands

secrete hormones

into

target tissues

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Hormones

Endocrine glands

Ductless Release hormones

Directly into target tissues Into bloodstream to be carried to target tissues

Hormones chemicals secreted by a cell that affect the functions of other cells
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Hormones (cont.)

Many are derived from steroids that easily cross the cell membrane Examples of steroid hormones

Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Cortisol

hormones

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Hormones (cont.)

Nonsteroidal hormones

Prostaglandins

Made of amino acids or proteins and cannot cross the cell membrane easily

Bind to receptors on the surface of the cells

G-protein activated by the hormone-receptor complex

Local, or tissue, hormones Derived from lipid molecules Do not travel in the bloodstream Target tissues are located close by Produced by organs such as

Activates enzymes inside cell

Kidneys Heart Stomach Uterus Brain

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Negative and Positive Feedback Loops

Control hormone levels Negative feedback loop

Hormone release stops in response to decrease in stimulus

Stimulus (eating) raises blood glucose levels Pancreas releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose Blood glucose decreases as it is used by the body or stored in the liver Insulin release stops as blood glucose levels normalize
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Negative and Positive Feedback Loops (cont.)

Positive feedback loop

As long as stimulus is present, action of hormone continues

Infant nursing at mothers breast stimulates hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary Oxytocin released stimulates milk production and ejection from mammary glands Milk release continues as long as infant continues to nurse

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Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following: ANSWER:
B. Steroidal hormone ___ E Chemicals that effect cell function A. Nonsteroidal hormone
B Easily cross cell membranes ___

A Made of amino acids ___

D Target nearby cells ___

C. G-protein
D. Prostaglandins E. Hormones

___ C Activated by hormone-receptor complex ___ A Cannot cross cell membranes easily
B Estrogen and cortisol ___

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Hypothalamus

Hormones

Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormones transported to the posterior pituitary for storage Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones
Glands

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Pituitary Gland

Controlled by the hypothalamus Located at the base of the brain

Protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland

Carries visual information to the brain for interpretation

Two lobes Anterior lobe Posterior lobe

Glands
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Pituitary Gland (cont.)

Growth hormone
Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones

Prolactin Stimulates milk

production

Luteinizing

Anterior Lobe

Thyroid-stimulating
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

Females: stimulates ovulation and estrogen production Males: stimulates testosterone production

Follicle-stimulating

Adrenocorticotropic
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

Females: stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova Males: stimulates sperm production
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Pituitary Gland (cont.)

Oxytocin

Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water

Females: causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk Males: stimulates contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during sexual arousal

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Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Prolactin C. Luteinizing hormone

D, ___ E Stored in posterior pituitary ___ B Milk production D, ___ E Produced by hypothalmus

___ A Stimulates sperm production

___ A Maturation of ova ___ C Stimulates ovulation

D. ADH
E. Oxytocin

___ D Conservation of water

___ C Production of testosterone ___ E Contraction of uterus

Super!
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Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid Gland
Located below the larynx Divided into follicles that store some of the hormones

Major hormones

T3 T4 Stimulate protein synthesis and increase cellular energy production

Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts that Glands build new bone tissue
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Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (cont.)

Parathyroid glands

Four located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Agonist to calcitonin by raising blood calcium levels through activation of osetoclasts (dissolve bone)

As bone dissolves, calcium levels in blood increase

Glands
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Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

ANSWER:

__ T Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis.

Thyroid follicles store __ F The thyroid gland does not store hormones. some hormones.

__ F PTH activates osteoblasts.

PTH activates osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone increases cellular energy production.

__ Calcitonin increases cellular energy production. F

T __ The four parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland.

__ T Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

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Adrenal Glands

Located on top of each kidney Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

Central portion Hormones Epinephrine Norepinephrine Same effects as sympathetic nervous system
Glands
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Adrenal Glands (cont.)

Adrenal cortex

Outermost portion Secretes many hormones, but main ones are

Aldosterone

Stimulates body to retain sodium and water Important in maintaining BP

Cortisol

Released when stressed Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue repair Decreases inflammation
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Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:
____ B, D Adrenal medulla
C Sodium retention ____ A Decreases inflammation ____ B, D Sympathetic effects ____

ANSWER:
A. Cortisol B. Epinephrine

C. Aldosterone
D. Norepinephrine

____ C Maintains blood pressure ____ A Released during stress

A, C Adrenal cortex ____

Excellent!
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Pancreas

Located behind the stomach Both exocrine gland and endocrine gland

Exocrine secretes digestive enzymes into a duct leading to the small intestine Endocrine secretes hormones into bloodstream

Glands

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Pancreas (cont.)

Islets of Langerhans secrete hormones into bloodstream

Alpha cells secrete glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin

Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis
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Blood glucose concentrations

Protein synthesis

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Apply Your Knowledge

What are the effects of insulin and glucagon?
ANSWER: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration and increases protein synthesis.

Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood glucose and decreases protein synthesis.
Yippee !

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Other Hormone-Producing Organs

Pineal body

Thymus gland

Small gland Located between cerebral hemispheres Melatonin

Located between lungs Thymosin

Regulates circadian rhythms May play a role in onset of puberty

Promotes production of T lymphocytes

Glands

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Other Hormone-Producing Organs (cont.)

The gonads

Small intestine

Ovaries

Estrogen Progesterone

Secretin Cholecystokinin Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates BP Erythropoietin stimulates blood cell production

Testes

Heart

Testosterone

Stomach

Gastrin

Kidneys

Glands

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Back

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Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:
D Between lungs ___ A Melatonin ___ G Estrogen/testosterone ___ F Gastrin ___ E Secretin ___ C Erythropoietin ___ B Atrial natriuetic peptide ___ D Thymosin ___ E Cholecystokinin ___
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ANSWER:
A. Pineal body B. Heart C. Kidneys

D. Thymus gland
E. Small intestine F. Stomach

G. Gonads

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The Stress Response

Stressor

Any stimulus that produces stress Types

Physical factors Psychological factors Positive stimuli

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The Stress Response (cont.)

Physiologic response to stress caused by hormone release

General stress syndrome

Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood, which leads to weight loss Increase in cortisol if stress prolonged

Decreased body repair Susceptibility to illness

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Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following: ANSWER: ___ A Extreme heat A. Physical stress ___ B Death of friend ___ A Fractured leg B. Psychological stress C. Positive stimulus

___ C Wedding
___ B Exam ___ B Hearing an explosion nearby

___ C A on an exam
___ A Flu ___ B Car stolen
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Common Diseases and Disorders

Disease/Disorder Acromegaly Description Too much growth hormone produced in adults; enlargement of bones and thickened skin Addisons disease Adrenal gland fails to produce enough corticosteroids Cretinism Extreme form of hypothyroidism present prior to or soon after birth Cushings disease Hypercortisolism; over-production of cortisol
Diabetes insipidus Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in excessive urination; hyposecretion of ADH
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Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Disease/Disorder Diabetes mellitus
Type I Type II Gestational

Description Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops in childhood Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in adults but increased incidence in teens Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary

Dwarfism

Too little growth hormone (somatotropin) produced during childhood

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Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Disease/Disorder Description

Gigantism
Goiter

Too much growth hormone produced during childhood

Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing swelling in neck; deficiency of iodine in diet

Graves disease

Myxedema

Hyperthyroidism; antibodies attach to thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone Thyroid gland produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone; common in females over 50
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Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

Correct!

ANSWER:

in an adult ___ F Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child. T In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water. ___

___ T Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism.

___ F Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism. hypothyroidism

___ T Addisons disease is the result of too little corticosteroid. ___ F Cushings disease is the result of too little ACTH. too much ACTH

___ F Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth. hypothyroidism

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In Summary

The organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into blood and other body fluids. Hormones secreted by the endocrine system control the functions of other cells.

Endocrine organs

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal body Thymus gland Gonads, stomach small intestine, heart, kidneys

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Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it.

~ Hans Selye

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