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Data Collection and Presentation

The document provides guidance on collecting and processing data for a science experiment or study. It discusses organizing raw data into tables with labels and units. It also covers calculating results from the raw data, presenting results in graphs and tables, analyzing uncertainties, drawing conclusions, and discussing limitations and ways to improve the experiment. The overall process described includes collecting raw measurements, organizing the data, calculating results, presenting and analyzing the results, and evaluating the study.

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Vishal Jalan
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102 views15 pages

Data Collection and Presentation

The document provides guidance on collecting and processing data for a science experiment or study. It discusses organizing raw data into tables with labels and units. It also covers calculating results from the raw data, presenting results in graphs and tables, analyzing uncertainties, drawing conclusions, and discussing limitations and ways to improve the experiment. The overall process described includes collecting raw measurements, organizing the data, calculating results, presenting and analyzing the results, and evaluating the study.

Uploaded by

Vishal Jalan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data collection and processing.

2nd aspect of study!!!

Data collection
In the method we had made sure to record data that shows more than just one trial. In data collection you study this recorded data through calculations or other methods to reach a conclusion. Please organize your data into tables this is not where you show a graph.. You only tabulate so you can derive what to do with the information. This is like collecting all the clutter and organizing it into a mind map. Label your table explaining the purpose of the data youre collecting. Number your tables consecutively throughout the report. Qualitative data is as important as quantitative data so record the physical characteristics of substances and their changes whether hot or cold. A measurement without units is useless!!!!!!

Data collection
Even if you write the units in the title of the table on top, write it after every number in the table as well. Format Initial velocity (cm/s) All measurements have uncertainties and you must indicate them in your data table This is where you need to be careful because all data you record must also be put in your log books (WAIT! Whats that?????)

Sample data collection


Data table for distance covered by the ball and corresponding time taken:

LOG BOOK ????


IB demands a log book for all the work you have done. Make your notebooks today. These are not formal notebooks where you need to show neat hand writing or proper presentation of work. This is a place where you collect lab reports, show your rough sketching, discussion of ideas, collection of data. This is the only way to prove to IB that all the work that has been done through out has been originally your work and you have done it the way IB requires you to do. This is a must and should not be avoided or copied under any circumstances. Please dont fool yourself by copying it off a friend at the end moment and getting it checked by your teacher. This is a statement of authenticity so there is not point trying to play it smart. IB will catch you no matter how smart you are. It would be best if you present your logkbook in a way that shows the development of your experiment at all stages.

Ive collected data.. What next?


Now you process this data 1) Raw data needs to be now calculated this is the part where you take raw data and transform it into results. 2) Show calculations that numerically prove the results of your experiment. 3) Sometimes you will need to make a graph to make your calculations clearer before you infer the results 4) Always remember to study the relationship in your graphs dont just say this is the graph showing the development of yeast in 10 days.. Say this is a graph showing the rate at which the yeast developed during an interval of 10 days.. In respect with the temperature changes that took place at a gap of every 18 hours. (remember DETAILS) 5) Your calculations must be presented neatly and in a coherent organized matter.. You do get marks for presentation of data. 6) Please remember to mention all the units carefully in the calculation. Dont do it in a hurry and check at least 3 -4 times before you submit it to your teacher.

Calculations
If you have to calculate the percentage or any particular aspect for lets say 10 readings.. Then show the calculations for 2 -3 readings and say the rest will be done similarly. You must however show these calculations in your log book. When calculation an average value from repeated trials, dont average the raw data. Calculate a result from each trial and then average the results from the calculations. Pay attention to significant digits! Accuracy is important. You cant decide to round of a .05 to 1or .8792 to 088 NO It is a good idea to use five digits after the decimals before rounding off the last digit.

What do calculations look like?

for the first reading,

Presenting your results.


You will be using tables and graphs to present your results Should have appropriate title, table number, units etc You can use different softwares to make your graphs. The axes of the graphs must be clearly labeled with variables and the units used. Graphs must have a best fit line with a slope. After you graph or tabulate your results, you need to write a short paragraph explaining what the graph tells the reader. (The best fit line in graph 1 confirms:.)

Uncertainties in data?
Report a level of uncertainty for all data When calculations are made with already some uncertainty report the errors that might have occurred in the results To show uncertainties on the graph show error bars for at least one axis Do not connect the data points with the errors only graph the best fit line If youre data doesnt hit the line with its error bars that means there is some significant error in the experiment or the recording of the data. After presenting your data you must discuss the presentation and explain your idea behind presenting the data in a particular manner. Please make sure that your graphs, tables, bar graphs are not that of a primary level appearance show a complex graph which shows an intricate understanding of the results.

Conclusion and evaluation


After you have presented your data and the results from your experiment. You need to discuss and re-state the result of your hypothesis with all the errors and uncertainties. You must explain your conclusion in terms of that data that you calculated. Show a possible percent error while doing the calculations All your evidence and logic behind the experiment must be stated in your conclusion Your conclusion will be a small paragraph only stating the result of the experiment in regard to the hypothesis. Evaluation is where you would discuss the findings and their meaning.

Limitations
Note all the limitations in the conclusion that might have occurred due to errors or uncertainties. You must discuss how confident you are about the results of the experiment Also is there a possible interpretation to your results? Could there be another way of looking at it? - show the understanding for something that you might not have done in your experiment but are aware of. Your emphasis should be on the section that shows systematic errors and then show how these errors can be improved. Suggest feasible options to remove uncertainties from your experiment. The most important part of stating the limitations is also discussing the strategies for improving them.

Scope
After you complete all of these formalities you must mention the scope of your experiment. How could this experiment be carried forward? If you had different equipment, would the experiment be easier to perform? Will there be lesser errors in case of different equipment? Even if the experiment is repeated exactly like yours, is there a scope for finding different results? Could you conduct the experiment in any different way in your knowledge. All these aspects must be discussed in detail.

Bibliography
What kind of resources do I put in a lab report? Internet sources where youve taken background information from. Textbooks where youve taken information from. Calculation manuals (in case you use any)

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