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Lecture 3

Metrology concerns the science of measurement. There are two main systems used worldwide - the yard and meter. Length can be measured using a line standard or end standard. There are three types of measurement standards: line standard, end standard, and wavelength standard. A line standard such as the international yard defines length as the distance between lines on a reference bar. An end standard uses end bars and slip gauges of predefined lengths as references. The meter is defined as the distance between lines on an international prototype meter bar made of platinum-iridium alloy, kept at 0°C. End bars are steel cylinders of various calibrated lengths used with slip gauges in workshops and precision engineering.

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Abhishek Sinha
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100 views10 pages

Lecture 3

Metrology concerns the science of measurement. There are two main systems used worldwide - the yard and meter. Length can be measured using a line standard or end standard. There are three types of measurement standards: line standard, end standard, and wavelength standard. A line standard such as the international yard defines length as the distance between lines on a reference bar. An end standard uses end bars and slip gauges of predefined lengths as references. The meter is defined as the distance between lines on an international prototype meter bar made of platinum-iridium alloy, kept at 0°C. End bars are steel cylinders of various calibrated lengths used with slip gauges in workshops and precision engineering.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Sinha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METROLOGY

Standards
Metrology concerns itself with the science of measurements and nearly all measurements in workshop involve measurement of dimensions. Length is of fundamental importance as even angles can be measured by combination of linear measurements. The two standard systems for linear measurement used throughout the world are yard and metre. Length can be measured by using (i) line standard or (ii) end standard,

Types of Standards
The three types of measurement standards are :1. Line Standard 2. End Standard 3. Wavelength Standard

Line Standard
According to the line standard, the yard or the metre is defined as the distance between the inscribed lines on a bar of metal under certain conditions of temperature and support.

The Imperial Standard yard

It is made of a one-inch square cross section bronze bar (82% copper, 13% tin, 5 % zinc) and is 38 inches long. A round recess, one inch away from two end sis cut at both ends up to central plane of the bar. A gold plug 1/10th inch diameter having three lines engraved transversely and two lines longitudinally is inserted into these holes so that the lines are in neutral plane.

The yard is defined as the distance between two central transverse lines on the plugs when the temperature of the bar is constant at 62 F.
Secondary standards were also made as copy of the above international yard for occasional comparisons.

To protect the gold plug from accidental damage, it is kept at the neutral axis as the neutral axis remains unaffected even if the bar bends.

International Standard prototype Metre

The metre is the distance between the center positions of two lines engraved on the polished surface of the bar (prototype) made up of platinum (90 %)- iridium (10 %) alloy having a unique cross section (web) as shown in the fig.
The web section chosen gives maximum rigidity and economy in the use of costly material.

The upper face of the web is inoxidizable and needs a good finish for ruling a quality of engraved lines. This bar is kept at 0 C and under normal atmospheric pressure. The metric standard when in use is supported at two points by two rollers of atleast one cm diameter symmetrically situated in the horizontal plane and 589 mm apart. According to this standard, the length of 1 metre is defined as the straight line distance at 0 C between the centre portion of a pure platinum iridium alloy of a total length of 1000mm and having a web cross section The original international prototype of the metre is still kept at the BIPM at Sevres in Paris.

End Standard
End standards are used for all practical measurements in workshops and general use in precision engineering in standard labs. The are in the form of end bars and slip gauges. A length bar and slip gauges are used to set the required length to be used as a reference dimension.

End Bar
End bars are made of steel having cylindrical crosssection of 22.2 mm diameter with the faces lapped and hardened at the ends and are available in sets of various lengths varying from 10 to 1200 mm. These are supported at Airy points so that end surfaces are parallel to each other. These are made from high carbon chromium steel , ensuring that faces are hardened to 800 HV. Both the ends are threaded, recessed and precision lapped to meet requirements of finish, flatness, parallelism and gauge length. These are available in four grades of accuracy (i) reference, (ii) calibration , (iii) inspection and (iv) workshop.

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