Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
By: Arpit Gupta
Presentation Outline
What is WLL? Why change in the Access Network? Differences with mobile cellular systems
Why WLL?
System Analysis
examples
The future of WLL
Definition
What is WLL? - WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the local telephone station wirelessly. Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular Satellite Microcellular
Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL) Fixed-Radio Access (FRA).
Change in the Access Network
The cost of laying Cu line was 3 times that of the fiber.
A general WLL setup
WLL services
Desirable:
Wireless feature should be transparent Wire line Custom features
Other:
Business related
Call transfers Conference calling
coin phones V.29 (9600bps) ISDN (64kbps)
WLL should provide
Toll-quality service Expand from a central office to about 5 miles Low license cost Subscriber costs equivalent or better than copper
Cost Considerations
Wireless cost is constant over distance for WLL Wireline depends on distance AND terrain
Situations made for WLL
Environments where it might be cheaper to go wireless Where its impossible to lay copper ( small islands) Business parks, industrial areas Speedy deployment, stop gap application till wire line is introduced
90-120 days for activation
Connection Setup
UWLL WANU PSTN
Trunk Switch function
Transceiver
WLL Controller
WASU
AM HLR
Air Interface
TWLL
Wireless Access Network Unit(WANU) Interface between underlying telephone network and wireless link consists of Base Station Transceivers (BTS) Radio Controller(RPCU) Access Manager(AM) Home Location Register(HLR)
Wireless Access Subscriber Unit(WASU) located at the subscriber translates wireless link into a traditional telephone connection
Important Results of Fixed to Fixed Propagation in WLLs
Pathloss exponent is considerably smaller :
20dB/dec compared to 40dB/dec Decreases cell capacity Allows for larger coverage area
No handoffs necessary: Decreases hardware costs and system complexity Increases quality of service through accurate traffic predictions Allows usage of directional antennas: Can greatly reduce interference and increase cell capacity
In-Cell Interference (CDMA)
I = (Nh 1)aS NhaS
a = voice activity factor Nh = total number of houses S = power received at cell site from every house
Out-of-Cell Interference
Pathloss: 20dB/dec as opposed to 40dB/dec need to take in account more tiers Only from houses whose antennas are directed at the center cell base station
Interference from Another Cell
Blue area is region of interferers
for C It is Not a perfect pie shape.
Per-Tier Interference
Interference is proportional to antenna width w and inversely proportional to the tier number. Decreasing the antenna width can greatly reduce interference. As the number of tiers approaches infinity, so does the total interference. Therefore, system capacity is a function of the total number of tiers in the system.
Capacity comparison
for 5 MHz spectrum allocation
Parameter Chan. BW (kHz) Number of channels Spectral Density( Eb/N0) Freq. Reuse Effective Chan. Per sect. Erlangs per cell Per MHz IS-95 CDMA Mobile 1250 4 7 dB 1 4 38.3 WLL 1250 4 6dB 1 4 48.7 IS-136 TDMA Mobile 30 167 18dB 7 7.95 9.84 WLL 30 167 14dB 4 13.92 19.6 ETSI (GSM) Mobile 200 25 12dB 3 2.78 9.12 WLL 200 25 12dB 3 2.78 9.12
Comparison
WLL Mobile Wireless
Mainly diffuse components Omnidirectional antennas
Wireline
Good LOS component Narrowbeam directed antennas
No diffuse components Expensive wires Reuse Limited by wiring Expensive to build and maintain Low in-premises mobility, wiring of distant areas cumbersome No fading Very reliable
High Channel reuse Less Channel reuse Simple design, constant channel Low in-premises mobility only, easy access Rician fading Weather conditions effects Expensive DSPs, power control High mobility allowed, easy access Rayleigh fading Not very reliable
Examples of services provided
Marconi WipLL (wireless IP local loop)
Based on Frequency hopping CDMA Internet Protocol 64kbps to 2.4Mbps rates Committed Information Rate or best effort service
Lucent WSS (wireless subscriber system)
800 to 5000 subscribers per switch Uses FDMA/FDD 12 Km to 40Km coverage
GoodWin WLL
DECT standards 9.6 kbps rate Specified conditions -5...+55, 20...75% humidity
Future of WLL / Overview
Depends on
economic development existing infrastructure of a region
Offers
market competition quick deployment relatively reliable service at low costs
Questions?
Basie station
Bibliography
Wireless in local loop some fundamentals paper by Ashok Jhunjunwala (IIT Madras) Google images Google search
THANK YOU
