Power System II – Question 1 Solutions (Detailed)
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Q1 (a) – Single Line Diagram and Impedance/Reactance Diagram
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Single Line Diagram (SLD):
- A simplified diagram of a 3-phase system using one line to represent all phases.
- Key Components:
• Synchronous Generator (G)
• Step-Up Transformer (T1)
• Transmission Line (TL)
• Step-Down Transformer (T2)
• Distribution Feeders & Loads
Impedance vs. Reactance Diagram:
- Impedance Diagram: Shows both R (resistance) and X (reactance).
- Reactance Diagram: Neglects R, only shows X — commonly used in fault analysis.
Example:
Let:
- Generator Reactance (Xg) = 0.2 p.u.
- Transformer Reactance (Xt) = 0.1 p.u.
- Line Reactance (Xl) = 0.3 p.u.
Total Reactance = Xg + Xt + Xl = 0.6 p.u.
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Q1 (b) – Zero Sequence Networks
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(i) Delta-Star Grounded:
- Zero-sequence path exists only on the star side.
- Open-circuit on delta side.
(ii) Star-Star Grounded:
- Both sides grounded: allows zero-sequence current.
- Normal ZS network exists.
(iii) Delta-Delta:
- No zero-sequence current path.
- Zero-sequence network = open circuit.
(iv) Star-Delta:
- Delta side blocks ZS current.
- Only star side allows — so ZS network is incomplete/open.
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Q1 (c) – Per Unit (p.u.) Impedance Conversion
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Given:
- X_old = 20% = 0.2 p.u.
- S_old = 330 kVA = 0.33 MVA
- V_old = 11 kV
- S_new = 50 MVA
- V_new = 10 kV
Formula:
X_new = X_old × (S_new / S_old) × (V_old^2 / V_new^2)
Calculation:
X_new = 0.2 × (50 / 0.33) × (11^2 / 10^2)
= 0.2 × 151.515 × 1.21
≈ 36.66 p.u.
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Q1 (d) – Symmetrical Components and Conversion Equations
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Principle:
Any unbalanced 3-phase system can be decomposed into:
1. Positive sequence (same order: a-b-c)
2. Negative sequence (reverse order: a-c-b)
3. Zero sequence (all phases equal and in phase)
Transformation Matrix:
Let a = e^(j120°) = -0.5 + j0.866
[V0]
[V1] = (1/3) * | 1 1 1 | * [Va]
[V2] | 1 a a^2 | [Vb]
| 1 a^2 a | [Vc]
Used for fault analysis and simplification of unbalanced systems.
Q2 (a) – Types of Faults in Power System:
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Power system faults are categorized into:
1. Symmetrical Faults:
- Three-phase fault (L-L-L)
- Three-phase to ground fault (L-L-L-G)
2. Unsymmetrical Faults:
- Single line-to-ground (L-G)
- Line-to-line (L-L)
- Double line-to-ground (L-L-G)
Q2 (b) – Fault MVA Calculation:
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Given:
V_L = 11 kV, I_f = 2000 A
Fault MVA = √3 × V_L × I_f × 10^-6
= √3 × 11 × 2000 × 10^-6 = 38.104 MVA
Q3 (a) – Gauss-Seidel Load Flow Method:
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Iterative method to solve load flow. Classifies buses as Slack, PV, PQ. Starts with
assumed voltages and updates until convergence.
Q3 (b) – Y-Bus Matrix:
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Y12 = -j10, Y13 = -j5, Y23 = -j10
Ybus =
[j15 -j10 -j5 ]
[-j10 j20 -j10]
[-j5 -j10 j15 ]
Q4 (a) – Swing Equation:
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(2H/ω_s)(d²δ/dt²) = P_m - P_e
Used for rotor angle stability analysis.
Q4 (b) – Angular Momentum:
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Given H = 6 MJ/MVA, ω_s = 314.16 rad/s
M = 2H / ω_s = 12 / 314.16 ≈ 0.0382 MJ·s/rad
Q5 (a) – Differential Relay:
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Principle: Measures difference between input/output current via CTs. Operates when
internal fault causes mismatch.
