EE583A Wireless Communications

Lecture 4
Wireless Channel – Part II
September 26, 2016
General Information
Lecture: Monday, 6:15-8:45 P.M.
Location: Lieb Building 218
Instructor: Jack H .Winters
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
Office: Burchard 413

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All material on Canvas
General Information
• Textbook:
Andreas F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, Second
Edition
Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011.
ISBN: 978-047074186-3.
• Prerequisites:
– Probability and Statistical Analysis
– Signal and Systems
– Knowledge of Linear Algebra
– Knowledge of Matlab

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Textbook

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General Information

• Assignments (20%)
– Homework will be assigned almost weekly.
– Due following Monday before class.
• Quizzes (10%)
– Two 20 minutes in-class quizzes..
• Exams (70%)
– Midterm (open book, 30%)
– Final (open book, 40%)
– Exams must be taken at scheduled time, no makeup
exams

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 General Information

• Grading

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Course Calendar

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Course Syllabus
• Introduction (Lecture 1)
– Wireless history and future, service types, requirements,
challenges
• Wireless propagation channels (Lecture 2-4)
– Propagation, path loss, shadowing, and small-scale fading,
large-scale fading, channel models
• Transceivers and signal processing (Lecture 5-9)
– Modulation/demodulation, diversity, channel coding,
speech coding, equalizers
• Multiple Access and Advanced Topics (Lecture 10-
13)
– Multiple access, the cellular principle, spread spectrum
systems, OFDM, multi-antenna systems. 7
 Lecture Overview

• Homework 3
• Wideband Channel Characteristics

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 Lecture Overview

• Homework 3
• Wideband Channel Characteristics

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 Homework 3
1) a) What is the maximum Doppler for a vehicle speed of 140 km/hr at 900
MHz?
b) What is the minimum (most negative) Doppler for this case?
c) For this range of Doppler, what is the corresponding speed at 1800
MHz?
2) What is the probability that a Rayleigh faded signal is at least 15 dB lower
than its mean power?
3) a) If a vehicle is moving at 140 km/hr and using a 900 MHz carrier, how long
is the time difference (Δt) for the signal to have zero correlation?
b) What is the corresponding distance traveled if the vehicle is moving in
the direction that minimizes (most negative value) the Doppler?

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 Homework 3
1) a) What is the maximum Doppler for a vehicle speed of 140 km/hr at 900
MHz?
v v 140km / hr *1000m / km / 3600hr / sec
ν= cos γ =
> ν max = = =
117 Hz
λ c/ f 8
3 X 10 / 9 X 108

b) What is the minimum (most negative) Doppler for this case?

-117 Hz

c) For this range of Doppler, what is the corresponding speed at 1800

MHz?
v 9 X 108
ν max = = > 140 X =
70km / hr
λ 18 X 108

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 Homework 3

2) What is the probability that a Rayleigh faded signal is at least 15 dB lower

than its mean power?
−15dB =
> 0.0316
 rmin
2

P(r < rmin ) =
1 − exp  − 2 =1 − exp(−.0316) =
.0331
 r 

3) a) If a vehicle is moving at 140 km/hr and using a 900 MHz carrier, how long
is the time difference (Δt) for the signal to have zero correlation?
∆d .38λ (from Ex. 5.3) .38*1/ 3
∆=
t = = = 3.26 msec
v 140 km/hr 140*1000 / 3600
b) What is the corresponding distance traveled if the vehicle is moving in the
direction that minimizes (most negative value) the Doppler?

∆= λ .38 /=
d .38= 3 0.127 m (away from the transmitter/receiver)
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 Lecture Overview

• Homework 3
• Wideband Channel Characteristics

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Multipath Propagation
• Multiple waves arrive at • Influencing factors
the receiver – Speed of the mobile
– Delay spread – Speed of surrounding
– Doppler shift objects
– Angle spread – Signal bandwidth

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Delay (time) Dispersion – A Simple Case

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Delay (time) Dispersion –Many Paths

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Narrow-Band vs. Wide-Band - Channel Frequency Response

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Multipath Propagation
• Doppler frequency shift
– E-field
E (t ) = E0 cos(2πf c t − k0 (d 0 − ∆l ) )
2π∆l 2πv∆t
∆φ = = cos θ
λ λ
1 ∆φ v
fd = = cos θ = f m cos θ
2π ∆t λ

– The frequency shift experienced by a moving vehicle

– Frequency increases when moving towards the base station
– Frequency decreases when moving away from the base
station
– Doppler shift increases the signal bandwidth
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Multipath Propagation
• Impulse response model
– Time variant model h(t, τ)
– c(t) and r(t) are the complex envelopes of x(t) and y(t)

(a) Bandpass channel model; (b) baseband equivalent channel model.

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 Multipath Propagation
• Time variant impulse response model

• Time invariant model (Quasi-static)

N −1
=hb (t ,τ ) ∑ a exp( jθ )δ (τ − τ )
i =0
i i i

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Multipath Propagation
• Bandwidth and Receiver Power
– Wideband systems
p (t ) = 2 τ max / Tbb , for 0 ≤ t ≤ Tbb
τ max N −1
1
r (t ) = p (t ) ∗ 0.5hb (t ) ⇒ r (t0 ) = ∫
∗
= ∑
2 2
r (t ) r (t )dt a (t0 )
τ max
k
0 k =0

 N −1 2
[ ]
N −1
Ea ,θ [PWB ] = Ea ,θ ∑ ai exp( jθ i )  ≈ ∑ E ai2 The received local ensemble
 i =0  i =0 average power of wideband
– Narrowband systems and narrowband signals can be
c(t ) =
2, r (t ) =
c(t ) ∗ 0.5hb (t ) =
hb (t ) equivalent!
N −1 2

r (t ) = ∑a exp ( jθ k (t ,τ ) )
2
k
k =0
N −1 N −1 N −1
Ea ,θ [ PCW ] =
∑ E a  + 2∑ ∑ Ea ai a j  Eθ cos(θi − θ j ) 
2
k
=k 0 =i 0 i , j ≠ i

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Multipath Propagation
• Narrow- and wideband channel impulse response

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Multipath Propagation
• Delay Spread στ
– The standard deviation of the
distribution of multipath
signal amplitudes and delay
times
Mean excess delay

∑ P(τ k )τ k __ ∑ k k
P (τ )τ 2

τ = k
, τ =
2 k

∑ P(τ
k
k ) ∑ P(τ
k
k )
__
στ = τ − τ 2
2 2

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Example 6.1

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Multipath Propagation
• Example of indoor power delay profile

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Transfer Function, Typical Urban

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Multipath Propagation
• Typical measured values of RMS delay spread

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Wideband Models

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Power Delay Profile

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Arrival Time

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 Wideband Models – COST 207 Model for GSM

It does not specify propagation losses for the

different environments!

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Wideband Models – COST 207 Model for GSM

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Wideband Models – COST 207 Model for GSM

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Wideband Models – COST 207 Model for GSM

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Wideband Models – ITU-R Model for 3G

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Multipath Propagation
• Coherence Bandwidth f0
– Statistical measure of the range of frequencies over which
the channel can be considered constant, or ‘flat’
– The bandwidth over which two frequencies have a strong
potential for amplitude correlation
– Coherence Bandwidth is best measured, but it can be
approximated as:
1
f0 ≈ , for correlation greater than 0.9
50σ τ
1
f0 ≈ , for correlation greater than 0.5
5σ τ

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Multipath Propagation
• Degradation Categories
due to Delay Spread
– Frequency Selective
Fading
W > f0
– Flat Fading
W < f0

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Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth
• Example

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Small Scale Fading – Doppler Spectrum
Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
• Coherence Time
– Doppler Spread, fm , is the maximum Doppler Shift
– Coherence Time, T0 , is the time domain dual of Doppler
Spread
• Coherence Time is the time duration over which two received signals
have a strong potential for amplitude correlation
• Two signals arriving with a time separation greater than T0 are
affected differently by the channel
9 0.423 Equation is an approximation
T0 = =
16πf m2 fm using a correlation of 0.5

• If the symbol rate is greater than 1/T0, the channel will not cause
distortion due to motion

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 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

• Example

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Doppler Spread and Delay Spread

Mean excess delay

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Different Fading Channels
• Slow and flat fading channel
f m < W < f 0 or Tm < Ts < T0
• Slow and frequency-selective fading channel
W > fm , W > f0
• Fast and flat fading channel
W < f0 W < fm
• Fast and frequency-selective fading channel
W < fm W > f0

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Multipath Propagation
• Example
– fc = 900 MHz, v = 60 mph.
(a) RMS delay,
(b) The maximum allowable
signal bandwidth W that
does not require the use of
an equalizer

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Example

(a) RMS delay spread:

∑ P(τ )τ k k
3.2*(0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) X 10−6
τ =
k
= 8 X 10−6 sec
∑ P(τ )
k
k 6

__ ∑ P(τ )τ k
2
k
3.22 *(0 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25) X 10−12
τ2
=k
= 93.87 X 10−12 sec 2
∑ P(τ )
k
k 6
__
στ =
τ −τ 2 =
2
93.87 X 10−12 − (8 X 10−6 ) 2 =
2
> στ =
29.87 X 10−12 = 5.5 µ sec

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Example

b) Maximum allowable signal bandwidth W that does not

require the use of an equalizer (i.e., no signal distortion which
corresponds to a coherence bandwidth for a correlation
greater than 0.5)

1 1
f0 ≈ = = 36.6 kHz
5σ τ 5 * 5.5 X 10 −6

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Double Directional Impulse Response

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Angular Spread

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MIMO Channel

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 Small-Scale Fading Measurement
• Channel sounder – pulse type
– Direct RF channel impulse response measurement system

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 Small-Scale Fading Measurement
• Channel sounder – PN type
– Spread spectrum channel impulse response measurement

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 Small-Scale Fading Simulation
• Using quadrature amplitude modulation

(a) RF Doppler filter and (b) baseband Doppler filter 52

 Small-Scale Fading Simulation
• Frequency domain simulation

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 Small-Scale Fading Simulation
• Multipath simulation

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 Statistic Models
• Level crossing rate
– The expected rate at which Rayleigh fading envelope, normalized to the
local rms signal level, crosses a specified level in a positive-going
direction.
N
I (t ) = ∑ ai cos[− 2π ( f m cos θ i )t + ϕi ] (5.12)
i =1
N
Q(t ) = ∑ ai sin[− 2π ( f m cos θ i )t + ϕi ] (5.13)
i =1
∞
(
N R = ∫ rp ( R, r)dr = 2π f m ρ exp − ρ 2 )
0

dr (t )
r = , ρ = R / Rrms , Rrms = 2σ
dt

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 Statistic Models
• Average fade duration
– The average period of time for which the received signal is below a
specified level R. 1 exp(ρ 2 ) − 1
τ = Pr[r ≤ R] =
NR ρf m 2π

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 Statistic Models
• Fading correlation
E [r (t )r (t + ∆t )]  v∆t 
= J 02 (2πf m ∆t ) = J 02  2π 
E [r (t )r (t )]  λ 

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 Statistic Models
• The use of multiple antennas/directional antennas at both
transmitters and receivers
– Transmission/arrival angle analysis
– Including angles in the channel model
• Introduction to shape factors
– Angular spread
– Angular Constriction
2π
Fn = ∫ p(θ ) exp(− jnθ )dθ
0

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 Lecture Summary

• Homework 3
• Wideband Channel Characteristics

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Lecture 4: Wireless Channel – Part II
Homework 4 for Monday, October 3, 2016: Read Chapters 10-12
Problems on next slides

Next Lecture:
• Modulation and Demodulation
• Relevant Reading Material
• Text Book: Chapters 10-12

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Homework 4
1) If the power delay profile is
( ) ( ) (
Ph (τ )= 0.7δ τ − 10−6 + 0.2δ τ − 10−6 + 0.1δ τ − 3 X 10−6 )
a) What is the rms delay spread?
b) What is the corresponding coherence bandwidth for
correlation greater than 0.9?

2) If the vehicle speed is 180 km/hr at 900 MHz,

a) What is the coherence time (for correlation of 0.5)?
b) What is the corresponding minimum symbol rate for
no significant distortion? 61
Homework 4 (cont.)
3) For the figure below, fc = 900 MHz, v = 100 mph, what is
the:
(a) RMS delay spread
(b) Maximum allowable signal bandwidth W that does not
require the use of an equalizer (i.e., no signal distortion
which corresponds to a coherence bandwidth for a
correlation greater than 0.5)

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