Unsteady free convective MHD flow of second grade fluid

over a plate with ramp-temperature and concentration

A. Shafiquea , M. Ramzana∗
a
Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

Abstract:
This research article deals with the magnetohydrodynamic of a second grade fluid over an infinite
vertical plate through a porous medium along with heat generation, chemical reaction, and mass
transfer induced by ramped temperature and concentration gradients are also studied. The govern-
ing equations having initial as well as the boundary conditions have been established in the shape
of partial differential equations. These equations solved by the use of a technique namely Laplace
transform for attaining an exact solution for temperature, concentration, and velocity fields. To
show the impact of some parameters like Prandtl number, Schmidt number, Grashof thermal num-
ber, Grashof mass number, and second grade parameter of the chemical reaction and of the magnetic
field, various graphs are plotted.
Keywords: second grade fluid, free convection, heat generation, chemical reaction, caputo frac-
tional derivative

1 Introduction
Now a days, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) has been extended into wide areas of basic as
well as applied research in science and engineering. Nazar et al. [1] illustrated a generalized version
of heat and mass transfer. Mushtaq et al. [2] compared the generalized form of Jeffrey fluid flow
acquired by contemplating fractional derivative of singular kernel (Caputo) and non-singular kernel
(Caputo-Fabrizio). During the last decade, different generalized fractional derivatives have appeared
in the literature that are derivatives of Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, and Caputo constant proportional
[3-4]. The non-order integer derivative has many applicable uses to explain physical phenomena [5].
Vieru et al. [6] demonstrated slip effect of free convection flow with the condition of ramped wall
temperature. Imran et al. [7] enhanced the Vieru’s work [8] to a non-Newtonian fluid of differential
type. Imran et al. [9] used fractional derivatives to obtain and compare the effects of viscous fluid
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail: muhammadramzan443445@[Link] (M. Ramzan)

1
in two different ways. Shah et al. [10] considered the flow of fractional viscous fluid and got exact
solutions along with Caputo as well as with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives. Fernandez and
Baleanu [11] made the classification of fractional derivatives.
Some studies of free convection on an inclined plane in various thermal and mechanical situa-
tions have recently been presented by mathematicians [12-18]. Some mathematical models of second
grade fluids are industrial oils, slurry streams, and dilute polymer solutions with different geometry
and boundary conditions. The solution of unsteady second class fluid at plate with the assistance of
the Fourier sine transformation was described by Fetecau et al. [19].
Ahmed et al. [20] has analyzed MHD heat transfer in a convective boundary layer with a
minimal pressure gradient. Narayana [21] studied convective mixed flow of MHD, while Nadeem
et al. [22] worked on MHD stagnation point fluid slanted viscoelastical fluid above the convective
field. Because of its rising significance, engineering needs to incorporate non-Newtonian fluid. Khan
et al. [23] presented a fractional flow of the second grade fluid over a vertical surface driven by
temperature and concentration gradients. Khan et al. [24] discussed magnetohydrodynamic flow in
the existence of permeable media through plate. Seth et al. [25] discussed the convection flow of
MHD fluids above a vertical plate along with chemical reactions and exothermic / absorption. Tran
et al. [26] worked on mandatory stability of fractional derivatives for fractional calculus equations,
and the mathematical model used for transmission of COVID-19 with Caputo fractional derivatives
discussed by Tuan et al.[27].
The normal convectional from the perpendicular plate with phase shift in wall temperature was
treated by Lee and Yovanovich [28]. Malhotraelat [29] photo voltaic systems ramped wall tempera-
tures work to reach a specific machine finish. Requests for the temperature of the ramped wall type
is a true material production, heat transfer turbine blade and electronic systems. Many scholars
are talking about the significance of this reality Such as, N and Keolyaretal [30], Kataria and Patel
[31-34].
Above motivational studies represents, the focal interest of our study is establish the results
for flow of fluid by considering the ramped wall temperature. In this article, the free convectional
flow of second-grade fluid on plate over an embedded porous medium accompanied by ramped wall
temperature and concentration is studied. The exact solutions of dimensionless governing equations
are attained via Laplace transform. The results about the concentration, temperature, as well as
velocity fields are also discussed graphically for the parametric variations.

2 Formulation of Problem
Lets suppose the incompressible second grade fluid flowing with ramped conditions. This flow is
confined to the region y > 0, where y coordinate is determined vertically in direction towards the
plate as well as the x-axis are taken with the wall of the plate in upward direction. These both,
fluid and plate were initially in rest position at constant temperature of T∞ and at concentration of
C∞ at the time t ≤ 0. When time t > 0, fluid begins to move due to plate temperature may either
increased or decreased to T∞ + (TW − T∞ ) tt0 , when t ≤ t0 and TW when t > t0 respectively which
is afterwards to continue constant TW and concentration level on the plate’s surface is increased or
decreased to C∞ + (CW − C∞ ) tt0 , when t ≤ t0 and CW when t > t0 respectively that is afterwards to

2
continue constant CW . Due to very small value of Reynolds number, the value of induced magnetic
field is negligible. Suppose that established velocity field relies upon one spacial coordinate y as well
as time t by [35].
In view of above assumption, governing equation of an incompressible, viscous, free convection
flow of second grade fluid are given below

∂u(y, t) ∂ 2 u(y, t) α1 ∂ ∂ 2 u(y, t) σβ02 µφ

=υ 2
+ 2
− u(y, t) − u(y, t) +
∂t ∂y ρ ∂t ∂y ρ K2
gβT (T − T∞ ) + gβC (C − C∞ ), (1)

∂T (y, t) ∂ 2 T (y, t)
ρCP = K1 + Q0 (T − T∞ ), (2)
∂t ∂y 2

∂C(y, t) ∂ 2 C(y, t)
=D − Kr (C − C∞ ). (3)
∂t ∂y 2

When the magnetic field is fixed relative to the plate, Eq. (1) be replaced by [36]

∂u(y, t) ∂ 2 u(y, t) α1 ∂ ∂ 2 u(y, t) σβ02 µφ

=υ 2
+ 2
− u(y, t) − u(y, t) +
∂t ∂y ρ ∂t ∂y ρ K2
σβ 2
gβT (T − T∞ ) + gβC (C − C∞ ) + 0 U0 f (t). (4)
ρ

By combination of Eq. (1) and (4), we have

∂u(y, t) ∂ 2 u(y, t) α1 ∂ ∂ 2 u(y, t) σβ02 µφ

=υ 2
+ 2
− u(y, t) − u(y, t) +
∂t ∂y ρ ∂t ∂y ρ K2
σβ 2
gβT (T − T∞ ) + gβC (C − C∞ ) + 0 εU0 f (t), (5)
ρ
where

0, when β0 be fixed relative to fluid
ε= (6)
1, when β0 be fixed relative to plate,

with initial as well as boundary conditions are

u(y, 0) = 0, T (y, 0) = T∞ , C(y, 0) = C∞ ,

T∞ + (TW − T∞ ) tt0 , 0 < t < t0 ;

u(0, t) = U0 ea1 t , T (0, t) =
TW , t ≥ t0 ,
C∞ + (CW − C∞ ) tt0 , 0 < t < t0 ;

C(0, t) =
CW , t ≥ t0 ,
u(y, t) → 0, T (y, t) → T∞ , C(y, t) → C∞ , y → ∞. (7)

3
 To introduce the given dimensionless variable as well as parameters

y t u T − T∞ C − C∞
y∗ = √ , τ ∗ = u∗ = , ϕ∗ = , ζ∗ = ,
νt0 t0 U0 TW − T∞ CW − C∞
gβT (TW − T∞ )t0 gβC (CW − C∞ )t0 µCP ν α1
Gr = , Gm = , Pr = , Sc = , P =
U0 U0 K1 D ρνt0
2
σβ0 t0 1 µφt0 Q0 t µ
M= , = , S= , λ = Kr t0 , ν = , a = a1 t (8)
ρ K K2 ρCP ρ
Now using these dimensionless variables and parameters in Eqs. (2,3,5,7),as well as dropping off
star notation, the following dimensionless model is obtained
∂u(y, τ ) ∂ 2 u(y, τ ) ∂ ∂ 2 u(y, τ ) 1
= 2
+ P 2
− M (u(y, τ ) − εf (τ )) − u(y, τ ) + Grϕ(y, τ ) + Gmζ(y, τ ), (9)
∂τ ∂y ∂τ ∂y K

∂ϕ(y, τ ) ∂ 2 ϕ(y, τ )
Pr = + Pr Sϕ(y, τ ), (10)
∂τ ∂y 2

∂ζ(y, τ ) ∂ 2 ζ(y, τ )
Sc = − Scλζ(y, τ ). (11)
∂τ ∂y 2
with dimensionless conditions

u(y, 0) = 0, ϕ(y, 0) = 0, ζ(y, 0) = 0,

 
aτ τ, 0 < τ < τ0 ; τ, 0 < τ < τ0 ;
u(0, τ ) = e , ϕ(0, τ ) = , ζ(0, τ ) =
1, τ ≥ τ0 , 1, τ ≥ τ0 ,
u(y, τ ) → 0, ϕ(y, τ ) → 0, ζ(y, τ ) → 0, y → ∞. (12)
where α1 is material constant, β0 be the constant magnetic field, φ be the porosity, K2 be the
permittivity of medium, Gr be the grashof number of heat transfer, Pr be Prandtl number, Gm is
the grashof number for mass transfer, Sc be the Schmidt number, TW wall temperature, CW wall
concentration, P is the second grade parameter, β be the constant of volumetric expansion, a be
acceleration, K1 indicate thermal conduction and Cp be specific heat, Q0 be the parameter heat
generation, Kr be the parameter of chemical reaction.

3 Generalization of Local Model

Eqs. (9-12) (in which local models is defined) generalized via replacing ordinary time derivative by
caputo fractional derivative of real order α
∂ 2 u(y, τ ) 2
α ∂ u(y, τ ) 1
Dτα u(y, τ ) = 2
+ P D τ 2
− M (u(y, τ ) − εf (τ )) − u(y, τ ) + Grϕ(y, τ ) + Gmζ(y, τ ),(13)
∂y ∂y K

4
 ∂ 2 ϕ(y, τ )
Pr Dτα ϕ(y, τ ) = + Pr Sϕ(y, τ ), (14)
∂y 2

∂ 2 ζ(y, τ )
ScDτα ζ(y, τ ) = − Scλζ(y, τ ). (15)
∂y 2
with relative initial as well as boundary conditions

u(y, 0) = 0, ϕ(y, 0) = 0, ζ(y, 0) = 0,

 
aτ τ, 0 < τ < τ0 ; τ, 0 < τ < τ0 ;
u(0, τ ) = e , ϕ(0, τ ) = , ζ(0, τ ) = ,
1, τ ≥ τ0 , 1, τ ≥ τ0 ,
u(y, τ ) → 0, ϕ(y, τ ) → 0, ζ(y, τ ) → 0, y → ∞. (16)

where Dτα shows the Caputo time-fractional derivative of u(y, τ ) is defined as

Z∞
1 1 ∂u
Dτα u(y, τ ) = ds (17)
Γ(1 − α) (τ − s) ∂s
0

4 Solution of Problem
Here we solve the generalized model via using Laplace transform technique. we can solve equation (13)
for velocity profile, equation (14) for temperature profile as well as equation (15) for concentration
profile respectively.

4.1 Calculation of Temperature

By using Laplace transform on Eq. (14) and using initial and boundary condition, we get

∂ 2 ϕ̄(y, q)
Pr q α ϕ̄(y, q) = + Pr S ϕ̄(y, q), (18)
∂y 2

1 − e−q
ϕ̄(0, q) = , ϕ̄(y, q) → 0 as y → ∞, (19)
q2
The solution of partial differential Eq. (18), by the use of condition of Eq. (19) is

1 − e−q −y√Pr qα −Pr S

ϕ̄(y, q) = e . (20)
q2
Eq. (20) may written in appropriate form as
√ √ α
qα S e−y Pr q −S
ϕ̄(y, q) = (1 − e−q )( 2 − 2 ) . (21)
q q qα − S

5
By using the inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (21) we have

ϕ(y, τ ) = T1 (y, τ ) − T1 (y, τ − 1)H(τ − 1), (22)

where
Zτ Z∞ √
(τ − s)1−α −Sw y Pr −1
T1 (y, τ ) = [ − S(τ − s)][ e erf c √ τ (0, −α, −wτ −α )dw]ds. (23)
Γ(2 − α) 2 w
0 0

4.2 Nusselt Number

Nusselt number is defined as
∂ϕ
Nu = − , (24)
∂y y=0

it may be written as
( )
∂ ϕ̄
Nu = −L−1 , (25)
∂y y=0

Nu = φ1 (τ ) − φ1 (τ − 1)H (τ − 1) (26)

, where
τ
√ Z (τ − s)1−α α 1
φ1 (τ ) = Pr [ − S(τ − s)][s 2 −1 Eα,2 α (Ssα )]ds (27)
Γ(2 − α) 2
0
.

4.3 Calculation of Concentration

By using Laplace transform of Eq. (15) as well as by the use of initial and boundary conditions, we
get
∂ 2 ζ̄(y, q)
Scq α ζ̄(y, q) = − Scλζ̄(y, q), (28)
∂y 2

1 − e−q
ζ̄(0, q) = , ζ̄(y, q) → 0 as y → ∞, (29)
q2
The solution of partial differential Eq. (28), by the use of condition of Eq. (29) is
1 − e−q −y√Scqα +Scλ
ζ̄(y, q) = e . (30)
q2

6
 Eq. (30) may written in appropriate form as
√ √ α
qα λ e−y Sc q +λ
ζ̄(y, q) = (1 − e−q )( 2 + 2 ) , (31)
q q qα + λ

By using the inverse Laplace transform eq. (31) we have

ζ(y, τ ) = C1 (y, τ ) − C1 (y, τ − 1)H(–Γ − 1), (32)

where
Zτ Z∞ √
(τ − s)1−α −λw y Sc −1
C1 (y, τ ) = [ − λ(τ − s)][ e erf c √ τ (0, −α, −wτ −α )dw]ds. (33)
Γ(2 − α) 2 w
0 0

4.4 Sherwood Number

Sherwood number is define as
∂ζ
Sh = − , (34)
∂y y=0

it may be written as
( )
∂ ζ̄
Sh = −L−1 , (35)
∂y y=0

Sh = φ2 (τ ) − φ2 (τ − 1)H (τ − 1) , (36)

where

√ Z–Γ
(τ − s)1−α α 1
φ2 (τ ) = Sc [ − λ(τ − s)][s 2 −1 Eα,2 α (λsα )]ds. (37)
Γ(2 − α) 2
0

4.5 Calculation of Velocity

By taking Laplace transform on Eq. (13) as well as by the use of initial and boundary condition, we
get

∂ 2 ū(y, q) 2
α ∂ ū(y, q) 1
q α ū(y, q) = + P q − M (ū(y, q) − εf (q)) − ū(y, q) + Grϕ̄(y, q) + Gmζ̄(y, q)),(38)
∂y 2 ∂y 2 K

1
ū(0, q) = , ū(y, q) → 0 as y → ∞. (39)
q−a

7
The solution of partial differential Eq. (38), by using condition of Eq. (39) is
r r
q α +M + 1 q α +M + 1
1 −y 1+P q α
K −y 1+P q α
K −εM f (q)
ū(y, q) = e − (1 − e ) −
q−a q α + M + K1
r
q α +M + 1
−y
√
Pr q α −Pr S −y 1+P q α
K Gr(1 − e−q )
(e −e ) 1 −
q 2 [(1 + P q α )(Pr q α − Pr S) − (q α + M + K
)]
r
q α +M + 1
√
Scq α +Scλ −y K Gm(1 − e−q )
(e−y −e 1+P q α
) 1 . (40)
q 2 [(1 + P q α )(Scq α + Scλ) − (q α + M + K
)]

Eq. (40) may written in appropriate form as

1 − √y qqαα+B εM εM q α +A
q q
+A
− √y
ū(y, q) = e P + − e P q α +B
q−a (q − a)(q α + A) (q − a)(q α + A)
Gr(1 − e−q ) √
−y Pr q α −Pr S
− 2 e
q [P Pr q 2α + (Pr −P Pr S − 1)q α − (A + Pr S)]
Gr(1 − e−q )
q α
− √y q +A
+ 2 2α α
e P qα +B
q [P Pr q + (Pr −P Pr S − 1)q − (A + Pr S)]
Gm(1 − e−q ) √
−y Scq α +Scλ
− 2 e
q [P Scq 2α + (Sc + P Scλ − 1)q α − (A − Scλ)]
Gm(1 − e−q )
q α
− √y q +A
q α +B
+ 2 e P . (41)
q [P Scq 2α + (Sc + P Scλ − 1)q α − (A − Scλ)]

By using the inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (41) we have

u(y, τ ) = u1 (y, τ ) − u1 (y, τ − 1)H(τ − 1), (42)

where

8
 ∞
√
τ
A − B ∞ τ 1 (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z Z Z
α
−y
√ y2 y
−w)
u1 (y, τ ) = (−s E1 ,1−α (−As)) (e √ √ e p
−√ ×
0 0 2 π 0 0 τ p
Zτ
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds + εM e−a(τ −s) sEα,2 (−Asα )ds +
τ
0
Zτ ∞
√ ∞ τ
A−B eAτ (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z Z
−a(τ −s) Aτ
−y
√ y y2
−w)
εM e (e e p
−√ √ √ e ×
0 p 2 π 0 0 τ
0
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds −
τ
Zτ Z∞ √
y Pr −1
(d1 H1 (τ − s) + d2 H2 (τ − s)) erf c √ τ (0, −α, −wτ −α )dwds +
2 w
0 0
Zτ ∞
√ ∞ τ
A−B ex1 τ (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z Z
x1 τ
−y
√ y y2
−w)
d1 (τ − s) (e e p
−√ √ √ e ×
0 p 2 π 0 0 τ
0
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds +
τ
Zτ Z ∞ √
y A − B ∞ τ ex2 τ (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z
−y y2
x2 τ √ p −w)
d2 (τ − s) (e e − √ √ √ e ×
0 p 2 π 0 0 τ
0
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds −
τ
Zτ Z∞ √
y Sc −1
(d3 H3 (τ − s) + d4 H4 (τ − s)) erf c √ τ (0, −α, −wτ −α )dwds +
2 w
0 0
Zτ ∞
√ ∞ τ
A−B ex3 τ (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z Z
x3 τ
−y
√ y y2
−w)
d3 (τ − s) (e e p
−√ √ √ e ×
0 p 2 π 0 0 τ
0
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds +
τ
Zτ Z ∞ √
y A − B ∞ τ ex4 τ (−Bτ − 4pw
Z Z
−y y2
x4 τ √ p −w)
d4 (τ − s) (e e − √ √ √ e ×
0 p 2 π 0 0 τ
0
p 1
I1 (2 (A − B)wτ )dτ dw ψ(0, −α, −yτ −α )dyds. (43)
τ

9
4.6 Skin Friction
Skin Friction is define as
∂u
τf = − , (44)
∂y y=0

it may be written as
( )
∂ ū
τf = −L−1 , (45)
∂y y=0

τf = φ3 (τ ) − φ3 (τ − 1)H (τ − 1) , (46)

where
Zτ
1 1 1
φ3 (τ ) = √ ea(τ −s) (Eα2 (−As−α ) − Eα2 (−Bs−α ))ds
P
0
Zτ
εM 1 1
−√ ea(τ −s) (Eα2 (−As−α ) − Eα2 (−Bs−α ))ds
P
0
τ
√ Z 1
− P (d1 H1 (τ − s) + d2 H2 (τ − s))Eα2 (−Ss−α )ds
0
Zτ
1 1 1
+√ (d1 H1 (τ − s) + d2 H2 (τ − s))(Eα2 (−As−α ) − τ α Eα,α
2
(−Bs−α ))ds
P
0
τ
√ Z 1
− P (d3 H3 (τ − s) + d4 H4 (τ − s))Eα2 (λs−α )ds
0
Zτ
1 1 1
+√ (d3 H3 (τ − s) + d4 H4 (τ − s))(Eα2 (−As−α ) − τ α Eα,α
2
(−Bs−α ))ds. (47)
P
0

10
5 Results and Discussion
Here, we discuss the physical aspects of incompressible, unsteady free convection flow of second
grade fluid having ramped temperature in presence of porosity by a vertical plate. Fig. 1 shows
that velocity profiles increases by enhancing value of Gr. This is detected that enhancing values of
Gr forms the thermal effect of buoyancy forces stronger, which increases the temperature gradient
near the plate as well as enhances the fluid motion. Fig. 2 represents the velocity profile raises by
enhancing value of Gm. Fig. cleared that enhancing values of Gm form the concentration effect of
buoyancy forces stronger, which increase the concentration gradient near the plate and hence raises
fluid motion. Fig. 3. represents impact of velocity profile by magnetic parameter M . Physically, it is
consequently that for enhancing value of M , increases the resistive force, likely drag force or lorentz
force, which decreased the fluid motion. Fig. 4 explains impact of porosity on velocity fields. From
Fig., we noted that fluid velocity raises along with an enhancing values of K. Physically, it occur
that the resistivity of porous medium is higher for lower values of K which decreases the flow regime.
Fig. 5 shows that motion of fluid reduces for raising values of second grade parameter P . Physically,
thickness of boundary layer decays as enhancing values of P . Fig. cleared that fluid velocity raises by
enhancing value of P . Fig. 6 represents effect of R on velocity profiles. Fig. 7 illustrated impact of Pr
on velocity field. It is seen that velocity of fluid falls down by raising value of Pr. The impact of Sc on
velocity profiles is plotted in Fig. 8. The velocity of fluid raises for reducing values of Sc. Thus, for
reducing values of Sc, enhances the value of molecular diffusivity which enhances the concentration
as well as boundary layer thickness as well as increases fluid motion. The impact of α on velocity
profiles represented in Fig. 9. It shown that the velocity profiles increase by an enhancing values of
α. Due to the physical fact that α raises, thermal boundary layer and momentum is enhances which
increase the velocity of fluid. Fig. 10 illustrated that the fluid velocity reduces for an enhancing the
values of λ. Physically, temperature reduces as raising values of λ, which decays the motion of fluid.
Figure 11 shows the validation of present work with Kataria [35] by taking fractional parameter
αrightarrow1, S = λ = P = 0 and found the result in good argument.

11
Figure 1: Velocity profile against y due to Gr where the values of other parameters are Gm = 10, M =
0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

Figure 2: Velocity profile against y due to Gm where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, M =
0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

12
Figure 3: Velocity profile against y due to M where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

Figure 4: Velocity profile against y due to K where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

13
Figure 5: Velocity profile against y due to P where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

Figure 6: Velocity profile against y due to S where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5.

14
Figure 7: Velocity profile against y due to P r where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, S = 1.4.

Figure 8: Velocity profile against y due to Sc where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, λ = 0.6, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

15
Figure 9: Velocity profile against y due to α where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, λ = 0.6, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

Figure 10: Velocity profile against y due to λ where the values of other parameters are Gr = 10, Gm =
10, M = 0.4, P = .5, t = 0.8, K = 6.6, a = 0.75, Sc = 1.8, Pr = 5.5, S = 1.4.

16
 Figure 11: Comparison of velocity profile

6 Conclusion
After discussing the physical behavior of graphs of velocity subject to including parameters, we
reached at the following concluded facts of the present problem.

1. Higher values of Gr, Gm and K increased the velocity of fluid.

2. Higher values of M , Pr and Sc reduced the fluid velocity.

3. Velocity profiles are higher if magnetic field are constant relative to plate.

4. Velocity profiles are lower if magnetic field is fixed relative to fluid.

5. Velocity field is an increasing function of fraction parameter α.

17
7 Appendix
A = M + K1 ,
B = P1 ,
d1 = x1Gr
−x2
,
Gr
d2 = x2 −x1 ,
d3 = x3Gm
−x4
,
Gm
d4 = x4 −x3 ,
√
−(Pr−P PrS−1)+ (Pr−P PrS−1)2 +4P Pr(A+PrS)
x1 = ,
√ 2P Pr 2
−(Pr−P PrS−1)− (Pr−P PrS−1) +4P Pr(A+PrS)
x2 = ,
√ 2P Pr 2
−(Sc+P Scλ−1)+ (Sc+P Scλ−1) +4P Sc(A−Scλ)
x3 = ,
√ 2P Sc
−(Sc+P Scλ−1)− (Sc+P Scλ−1)2 +4P Sc(A−Scλ)
x4 = 2P Sc
.
The Heaviside function is defined as


0, 0 ≤ t < 1;
H(t − 1) =
1, t ≥ 1,

18
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