Comparison of C#, Clarion# and VB.

NET
This is a quick reference guide to highlight some key syntactical differences between C#, Clarion# and VB.NET (version 2).
NOTE: Clarion.NET and the Clarion# language are currently in alpha test, and various areas of the documentation are incomplete and in a state of flux. Therefore, its very likely that some of the entries will change as new information becomes available.

Program Structure
C#
using System; namespace Hello { public class HelloWorld { public static void Main(string[] args) { string name = "C#"; //See if an argument was passed from the command line if (args.Length == 1) name = args[0]; Console.WriteLine("Hello, " + name + "!"); } } } PROGRAM NAMESPACE Hello USING System MAP END Name STRING CODE Name = 'Clarion#' !See if an argument was passed from the command line IF COMMAND('1') <> '' Name = COMMAND('1') END Console.WriteLine('Hello, ' & Name & '!') 'See if an argument was passed from the command line If args.Length = 1 Then name = args(0) Console.WriteLine("Hello, " & name & "!") End Sub End Class End Namespace

Clarion#
Imports System

VB.NET

Namespace Hello Class HelloWorld Overloads Shared Sub Main(ByVal args() As String) Dim name As String = "VB.NET"

Comments
C#
//Single line !Single line

Clarion#
'Single line only REM Single line only

VB.NET

/* Multiple lines */ ///<summary>XML comments on single line</summary> /** <summary> XML comments on multiple lines </summary> */

!~ Multiple lines ~! !!!<summary>XML comments on single line</summary> !!!<summary> !!! XML comments on multiple lines !!!</summary> '''<summary>XML comments</summary>

Data Types
C#
// Value Types bool byte, sbyte char short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong float, double decimal DateTime //not a built-in C# type // Reference Types object string

Clarion#
! Value Types BOOL BYTE, SBYTE CHAR, CSTRING, PSTRING, CLASTRING SHORT, USHORT, SIGNED, UNSIGNED, LONG, ULONG, CLALONG SREAL, REAL, BFLOAT4, BFLOAT8 DECIMAL, PDECIMAL, CLADECIMAL DATE, TIME, CLADATE, CLATIME ! Reference Types OBJECT STRING &BYTE !References to Value Types require & ! Initializing !Within DATA section Correct BOOL(TRUE) H BYTE(02Ah) !hex O BYTE(052o) !octal B BYTE(01101b) !binary Person OBJECT Name STRING Name = 'Mike' Grade CHAR('B') Today DATE Today = DATE(12,31,2007) Amount DECIMAL(35.99) GPA SREAL(2.9) Pi REAL(3.14159265) lTotal LONG(123456) sTotal SHORT(123) usTotal USHORT(123) uiTotal UNSIGNED(123) ulTotal ULONG(123)

VB.NET
' Value Types Boolean Byte, SByte Char Short, UShort, Integer, UInteger, Long, ULong Single, Double Decimal Date ' Reference Types Object String

// Initializing bool correct = true; byte b = 0x2A; //hex object person = null; string name = "Mike"; char grade = 'B'; DateTime today = DateTime.Parse("12/31/2007 12:15:00"); decimal amount = 35.99m; float gpa = 2.9f; double pi = 3.14159265; long lTotal = 123456L; short sTotal = 123; ushort usTotal = 123; uint uiTotal = 123; ulong ulTotal = 123;

!Within CODE section Correct OF BOOL = TRUE H OF BYTE = 02Ah O OF BYTE = 052o B OF BYTE = 01101b Person OF OBJECT Name OF STRING = 'Mike' Grade OF CHAR('B') Today OF DATE = DATE(12,31,2007) Amount OF DECIMAL = 35.99 GPA OF SREAL = 2.9 Pi OF REAL = 3.14159265 lTotal OF LONG = 123456 sTotal OF SHORT = 123 usTotal OF USHORT = 123 uiTotal OF UNSIGNED = 123 ulTotal OF ULONG = 123

' Initializing Dim correct As Boolean = True Dim b As Byte = &H2A 'hex Dim o As Byte = &O52 'octal Dim person As Object = Nothing Dim name As String = "Mike" Dim grade As Char = "B"c Dim today As Date = #12/31/2007 12:15:00 PM# Dim amount As Decimal = 35.99@ Dim gpa As Single = 2.9! Dim pi As Double = 3.14159265 Dim lTotal As Long = 123456L Dim sTotal As Short = 123S Dim usTotal As UShort = 123US Dim uiTotal As UInteger = 123UI Dim ulTotal As ULong = 123UL

// Type Information int x; Console.WriteLine(x.GetType()); Console.WriteLine(typeof(int)); Console.WriteLine(x.GetType().Name); // Type Conversion float d = 3.5f; int i = (int)d;

//Prints System.Int32 //Prints System.Int32 //Prints Int32

! Type Information X SIGNED Console.WriteLine(X.GetType()) Console.WriteLine(TYPEOF(SIGNED)) Console.WriteLine(X.GetType().Name) ! Type Conversion D SREAL(3.5) I SIGNED I = D I = INT(D) I = D TRYAS SIGNED

!Prints System.Int32 !Prints System.Int32 !Prints Int32

' Type Information Dim x As Integer Console.WriteLine(x.GetType()) Console.WriteLine(GetType(Integer)) Console.WriteLine(TypeName(x))

'Prints System.Int32 'Prints System.Int32 'Prints Integer

//set to 3 (truncates decimal)

!Implicitly truncate to 3 !Explicitly truncate to 3 !Explicitly truncate to 3 (may generate exception)

' Type Conversion Dim d As Single = 3.5 Dim i As Integer = CType(d, Integer) 'set to 4 (Banker's rounding) i = CInt(d) 'same result as CType i = Int(d) 'set to 3 (Int function truncates the decimal)

Constants
C#
const int MAX_STUDENTS = 25; // Can set to a const or var; may be initialized in a constructor readonly float MIN_DIAMETER = 4.93f;

Clarion#
! CONST and READONLY unsupported, although they can be simulated using ! properties with the GETONLY attribute. Also consider EQUATEs. MAX_STUDENTS EQUATE(25) !Instead of CONST; will auto-convert MIN_DIAMETER SREAL(4.93) !READONLY is unsupported

VB.NET
Const MAX_STUDENTS As Integer = 25 'Can set to a const or var; may be initialized in a constructor ReadOnly MIN_DIAMETER As Single = 4.93

Enumerations
C#
enum Action {Start, Stop, Rewind, Forward}; Action ENUM Start ITEM Stop ITEM Rewind ITEM Forward ITEM END Status ENUM Flunk(50) Pass (70) Excel(90) END

Clarion#
Action ENUM !Alternate syntax Start Stop Rewind Forward END Enum Action Start [Stop] 'Stop is a reserved word Rewind Forward End Enum Enum Status Flunk = 50 Pass = 70 Excel = 90 End Enum

VB.NET

enum Status { Flunk = 50, Pass = 70, Excel = 90 }; Action a = Action.Stop; if (a != Action.Start) Console.WriteLine(a + " is " + (int) a); //Prints "Stop is 1" Console.WriteLine((int) Status.Pass); Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass); //Prints 70 //Prints Pass

Action(Action.Stop) IF (A <> Action.Start) Console.WriteLine(A.ToString() & 'is ' & A) !Prints "Stop is 1" END Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass + 0) !Prints 70 Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass) !Prints Pass

Dim a As Action = Action.Stop If a <> Action.Start Then _ Console.WriteLine(a.ToString & " is " & a) Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass) Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass.ToString())

'Prints "Stop is 1" 'Prints 70 'Prints Pass

Operators
C#
// Comparison == < > <= >= // Arithmetic + - * / % / Math.Pow(x, y) // Assignment = += -= *= // Bitwise & | ^ != ! Comparison = < > <= >= ~= <> &=

Clarion#
' Comparison = < > <= >= <>

VB.NET

//mod //integer division if both operands are ints //raise to a power

! Arithmetic + - * / % !mod / !integer division ^ !raise to a power ! Assignment = += -= *=

' Arithmetic + - * / Mod \ 'integer division ^ 'raise to a power ' Assignment = += -= *= ' Bitwise And Or

/=

%=

&=

|=

^=

<<=

>>=

++

--

/=

%=

&=

/=

\=

^=

<<=

>>=

&=

<<

>>

! Bitwise BAND(val,mask) BOR(val,mask) BXOR(val,mask) BSHIFT(val,count)

Xor

Not

<<

>>

// Logical && ||

&

! Logical AND OR XOR NOT ! Note: AND and OR perform short-circuit logical evaluations ! String Concatenation &

' Logical AndAlso

OrElse

And

Or

Xor

Not

// Note: && and || perform short-circuit logical evaluations // String Concatenation +

' Note: AndAlso and OrElse perform short-circuit logical evaluations ' String Concatenation &

Choices
C#
greeting = age < 20 ? "What's up?" : "Hello"; if (age < 20) greeting = "What's up?"; else greeting = "Hello"; // Semi-colon ";" is used to terminate each statement, // so no line continuation character is necessary.

Clarion#
Greeting = CHOOSE(Age < 20, 'What''s up?', 'Hello') ! One line requires THEN (or ;) IF Age < 20 THEN Greeting = 'What''s up?' END IF Age < 20; Greeting = 'What''s up?'ELSE Greeting = 'Hello' END ! Use semi-colon (;) to put two commands on same line. ! A period (.) may replace END in single line constructs, ! but it is discouraged for multi-line constructs. IF X <> 100 AND Y < 5 THEN X *= 5; Y *= 2. !Period is OK here

VB.NET
greeting = IIf(age < 20, "What's up?", "Hello") ' One line doesn't require End If If age < 20 Then greeting = "What's up?" If age < 20 Then greeting = "What's up?" Else greeting = "Hello" ' Use colon (:) to put two commands on same line If x <> 100 AndAlso y < 5 Then x *= 5 : y *= 2

// Multiple statements must be enclosed in {} if (x != 100 && y < 5) { x *= 5; y *= 2; }

! Multi-line is more readable (THEN is optional on multi line) IF X <> 100 AND Y < 5 THEN IF X <> 100 AND Y < 5 X *= 5 X *= 5 Y *= 2 Y *= 2 END . !Period is hard to see here ! To break up any long single line use | (pipe) IF WhenYouHaveAReally < LongLine | AND ItNeedsToBeBrokenInto2 > Lines UseThePipe(CharToBreakItUp) END

' Multi-line is more readable If x <> 100 AndAlso y < 5 Then x *= 5 y *= 2 End If ' To break up any long single line use _ If whenYouHaveAReally < longLine AndAlso _ itNeedsToBeBrokenInto2 > Lines Then _ UseTheUnderscore(charToBreakItUp) If x > x *= ElseIf x += ElseIf x -= Else x /= End If 5 Then y x = 5 Then y x < 10 Then y y

if (x > 5) x *= y; else if (x == 5) x += y; else if (x < 10) x -= y; else x /= y;

IF X > 5 X *= Y ELSIF X = 5 X += Y ELSIF X < 10 X -= Y ELSE X /= Y END

// Every case must end with break or goto case switch (color) { //Must be integer or string case "pink" : case "red" : r++; break; case "blue" : b++; break; case "green": g++; break; default: other++; break; //break necessary on default }

CASE Color OF 'pink' OROF 'red' R += 1 OF 'blue' B += 1 OF 'green' G += 1 ELSE Other += 1 END

!Any data type or expression

Select Case color Case "pink", "red" r += 1 Case "blue" b += 1 Case "green" g += 1 Case Else other += 1 End Select

'Must be a primitive data type

CASE Value OF 0.00 TO 9.99; OF 10.00 TO 99.99; OF 100.00 TO 999.99; !etc. ELSE ; END EXECUTE Stage Stage1 Stage2 Stage3 ELSE StageOther END

RangeName = 'Ones' RangeName = 'Tens' RangeName = 'Hundreds' RangeName = 'Zillions'

!Integer value or expression ! expression equals 1 ! expression equals 2 ! expression equals 3 ! expression equals some other value

Loops
C#
// Pre-test Loops while (c < 10) c++; // no "until" keyword for (c = 2; c <= 10; c += 2) Console.WriteLine(c); // Post-test Loop do c++; while (c < 10); // Untested Loop for (;;) { //break logic inside } ! Post-test Loops LOOP C += 1 WHILE c < 10 ! Untested Loops LOOP !Break logic inside END ! Pre-test Loops LOOP WHILE C < 10 C += 1 END

Clarion#
LOOP UNTIL C = 10 C += 1 END LOOP C = 2 TO 10 BY 2 Console.WriteLine(C) END ' Pre-test Loops While c < 10 c += 1 End While Do While c < 10 c += 1 Loop ' Post-test Loops Do c += 1 Loop While c < 10 ' Untested Loop Do //break logic inside Loop

VB.NET
Do Until c = 10 c += 1 Loop For c = 2 To 10 Step 2 Console.WriteLine(c) Next

LOOP C += 1 UNTIL C = 10

Do c += 1 Loop Until c = 10

LOOP 3 TIMES Console.WriteLine END

// Array or collection looping string[] names = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"}; foreach (string s in names) Console.WriteLine(s);

! Array or collection looping Names STRING,DIM(3) S STRING CODE Names[0] = 'Fred'; Names[1] = 'Sue'; Names[2] = 'Barney' FOREACH S IN Names Console.WriteLine(S) END ! Breaking out of loops I SHORT(0) CODE LOOP IF I = 5 THEN BREAK. I += 1 END ! Continue to next iteration LOOP I = 0 TO 4 IF I < 4 THEN CYCLE. Console.WriteLine(I) END

' Array or collection looping Dim names As String() = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"} For Each s As String In names Console.WriteLine(s) Next

// Breaking out of loops int i = 0; while (true) { if (i == 5) break; i++; } // Continue to next iteration for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if (i < 4) continue; Console.WriteLine(i); //Only prints 4 }

' Breaking out of loops Dim i As Integer = 0 While (True) If (i = 5) Then Exit While i += 1 End While

' Continue to next iteration For i = 0 To 4 If i < 4 Then Continue For Console.WriteLine(i) 'Only prints 4 Next

Arrays
C#
int[] nums = {1, 2, 3}; for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) Console.WriteLine(nums[i]); Nums I

Clarion#
SIGNED,DIM(3) SIGNED CODE Nums[0] = 1; Nums[1] = 2; Nums[2] = 3 LOOP I = 0 TO Nums.Length - 1 Console.WriteLine(Nums[I]) END

VB.NET
Dim nums() As Integer = {1, 2, 3} For i As Integer = 0 To nums.Length - 1 Console.WriteLine(nums(i)) Next

// 5 is the size of the array string[] names = new string[5]; names[0] = "David"; names[5] = "Bobby"; //Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException

! 5 is the size of the array Names STRING,DIM(5) CODE Names[0] = 'David' Names[5] = 'Bobby' !Caught by compiler I = 5 Names[I] = 'Bobby' !Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException ! Clarion# can't dynamically resize arrays, so copy into new array Names2 STRING[] CODE Names2 = NEW STRING[7] Array.Copy(Names, Names2, Names.Length) !or Names.CopyTo(Names2, 0) TwoD SREAL[,] CODE TwoD = NEW SREAL[Rows, Cols] TwoD[2,0] = 4.5

' 4 is the index of the last element, so it holds 5 elements Dim names(4) As String names(0) = "David" names(5) = "Bobby" 'Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException

// C# can't dynamically resize arrays, so copy into new array string[] names2 = new string[7]; Array.Copy(names, names2, names.Length); // or names.CopyTo(names2, 0); float[,] twoD = new float[rows, cols]; twoD[2,0] = 4.5f;

' Resize the array, keeping existing values (Preserve is optional) ReDim Preserve names(6)

Dim twoD(rows-1, cols-1) As Single twoD(2, 0) = 4.5

// Jagged arrays int[][] jagged = new int[3][] { new int[5], new int[2], new int[3] }; jagged[0][4] = 5;

! Jagged arrays unsupported

' Jagged arrays Dim jagged()() As Integer = { _ New Integer(4) {}, New Integer(1) {}, New Integer(2) {} } jagged(0)(4) = 5

Functions
C#
// Pass by value(in,default), reference(in/out), and reference(out) void TestFunc(int x, ref int y, out int z) { x++; y++; z = 5; }

Clarion#
! Pass by value(in,default), reference(in/out), and reference(out) TestFunc PROCEDURE(SIGNED X, *SIGNED Y, *SIGNED Z) CODE X += 1 Y += 1 Z = 5 RETURN !Optional, if not returning a value A UNSIGNED(1) B UNSIGNED(1) C UNSIGNED !C doesnt need initializing CODE TestFunc(A, B, C) Console.WriteLine('{{0} {{1} {{2}', A, B, C) ! Accept variable number of arguments Sum PROCEDURE(PARAMS UNSIGNED[] Nums),UNSIGNED Result UNSIGNED(0) I UNSIGNED CODE FOREACH I IN Nums Result += I END RETURN Result Total# = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1) !returns 10

VB.NET
' Pass by value(in,default), reference(in/out), and reference(out) Sub TestFunc(ByVal x As Integer, ByRef y As Integer, _ ByRef z As Integer) x += 1 y += 1 z = 5 End Sub

int a = 1, b = 1, c; //c doesn't need initializing TestFunc(a, ref b, out c); Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c); //1 2 5

Dim a = 1, b = 1, c As Integer 'c set to zero by default TestFunc(a, b, c) Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c) '1 2 5 !1 2 5 ' Accept variable number of arguments Function Sum(ByVal ParamArray nums As Integer()) As Integer Sum = 0 For Each i As Integer In nums Sum += i Next 'Or use Return statement like C# End Function Dim total As Integer = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1) 'returns 10

// Accept variable number of arguments int Sum(params int[] nums) { int sum = 0; foreach (int i in nums) sum += i; return sum; } int total = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1); //returns 10

/* C# doesn't support optional arguments/parameters. Just create two different versions of the same function. */ void SayHello(string name, string prefix) { Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " + prefix + " " + name); } void SayHello(string name) { SayHello(name, ""); }

! Optional parameters without default value ! (When omitted, value parameters default to 0 or an empty string) ! (Use OMITTED to detect the omission) SayHello PROCEDURE(STRING Name, <STRING Prefix>) ! Optional parameters with default value ! (Valid only on simple numeric types) ! (OMITTED will not detect the omission the default is passed) SayHello PROCEDURE(STRING Name, BYTE Age = 20)

' Optional parameters must be listed last and have a default value Sub SayHello(ByVal name As String, Optional ByVal prefix As String = "") Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " & prefix & " " & name) End Sub SayHello("Strangelove", "Dr.") SayHello("Madonna")

Strings
C#
// Escape sequences \r //carriage-return \n //line-feed \t //tab \\ //backslash \" //quote

Clarion#
! Special Characters <13> !carriage-return <10> !line-feed <9> !tab <n> !character with the ASCII value=n (see above) << !less-than {{ !left-curly-brace !single-quote '' {n} !Repeat previous character "n" times ! String concatenation School STRING Univ CLASTRING('University') !Clarion string class CODE School = 'Harding<9>' School = School & Univ !School is "Harding(tab)University" ! Chars Letter CHAR Word CHAR[] CODE Letter Letter Letter Word ' Special Character Constants vbCrLf, vbCr, vbLf, vbNewLine vbNullString vbTab vbBack vbFormFeed vbVerticalTab ""

VB.NET

// String concatenation string school = "Harding\t"; school = school + "University"; // school is "Harding(tab)University"

' String concatenation (use & or +) Dim school As String = "Harding" & vbTab school = school & "University" 'school is "Harding(tab)University"

// Chars char letter = school[0]; letter = Convert.ToChar(65); letter = (char)65; char[] word = school.ToCharArray();

//letter is H //letter is A //same thing //word holds Harding

= = = =

School[1] Convert.ToChar(65) '<65>' School.ToCharArray

!Letter is H !Letter is A !Same thing !Word holds Harding

' Chars Dim letter As Char = school.Chars(0) letter = Convert.ToChar(65) letter = Chr(65) Dim word() As Char = school.ToCharArray()

'letter is H 'letter is A 'same thing 'word holds Harding

// String literal string msg = @"File is c:\temp\x.dat"; // same as string msg = "File is c:\\temp\\x.dat"; // String comparison string mascot = "Bisons"; if (mascot == "Bisons") if (mascot.Equals("Bisons")) if (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS")) if (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") == 0)

! No string literal operator Msg STRING CODE Msg = 'File is c:\temp\x.dat' ! String comparison Mascot STRING CODE Mascot = 'Bisons' IF Mascot = 'Bisons' IF Mascot.Equals('Bisons') IF Mascot.ToUpper().Equals('BISONS') IF UPPER(Mascot) = 'BISONS' IF Mascot.CompareTo('Bisons') = 0 ! Substring Console.WriteLine(Mascot.Substring(2, 3)) Console.WriteLine(SUB(Mascot, 3, 3)) Console.WriteLine(Mascot[3 : 6])

' No string literal operator Dim msg As String = "File is c:\temp\x.dat"

//true //true //true //true

!true !true !true !true !true

' String comparison Dim mascot As String = "Bisons" If (mascot = "Bisons") Then If (mascot.Equals("Bisons")) Then If (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS")) Then If (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") = 0) Then

'true 'true 'true 'true

// Substring Console.WriteLine(mascot.Substring(2, 3));

//Prints "son"

!Prints "son" !Prints "son" !Prints "son"

' Substring Console.WriteLine(mascot.Substring(2, 3)) 'Prints "son"

// String matching // No exact equivalent to Like - use regular expressions using System.Text.RegularExpressions; Regex r = new Regex(@"Jo[hH]. \d:*"); if (r.Match("John 3:16").Success) //true

! String matching ! No exact equivalent to Like - use regular expressions or MATCH R A B C USING System.Text.RegularExpressions Regex STRING STRING STRING CODE R = NEW Regex('Jo[hH]. \d:*') IF R.Match('John 3:16').Success !true A = 'Richard' B = 'RICHARD' C = 'R*' IF MATCH(A,B,MATCH:Simple+Match:NoCase) !true: case insensitive IF MATCH(A,B,MATCH:Soundex) !true: soundex IF MATCH(A,C) !true: wildcard (default) IF MATCH('Fireworks on the fourth', '{{4|four}th', | MATCH:Regular+Match:NoCase) !true: RegEx IF MATCH('July 4th fireworks', '{{4|four}th', | !true: RegEx MATCH:Regular+Match:NoCase)

' String matching If ("John 3:16" Like "Jo[Hh]? #:*") Then Imports System.Text.RegularExpressions Dim r As New Regex("Jo[hH]. \d:*") If (r.Match("John 3:16").Success) Then

'true 'More powerful than Like 'true

// My birthday: Sep 3, 1964 DateTime dt = new DateTime(1964, 9, 3); string s = "My birthday: " + dt.ToString("MMM dd, yyyy");

! My birthday: Sep 3, 1964 DT DateTime S STRING CODE DT = NEW DateTime(1964, 9, 3) S = 'My birthday: ' & DT.ToString('MMM dd, yyyy') ! Mutable string Buffer System.Text.StringBuilder('two ') CODE Buffer.Append('three ') Buffer.Insert(0, 'one ') Buffer.Replace('two', 'TWO') Console.WriteLine(Buffer) !Prints "one TWO three"

' My birthday: Sep 3, 1964 Dim dt As New DateTime(1964, 9, 3) Dim s As String = "My birthday: " & dt.ToString("MMM dd, yyyy")

// Mutable string System.Text.StringBuilder buffer = new System.Text.StringBuilder("two "); buffer.Append("three "); buffer.Insert(0, "one "); buffer.Replace("two", "TWO"); Console.WriteLine(buffer); //Prints "one TWO three"

' Mutable string Dim buffer As New System.Text.StringBuilder("two ") buffer.Append("three ") buffer.Insert(0, "one ") buffer.Replace("two", "TWO") 'Prints "one TWO three" Console.WriteLine(buffer)

Exception Handling
C#
// Throw an exception Exception ex = new Exception("Something is really wrong."); throw ex;

Clarion#
! Throw an exception Ex Exception('Something is really wrong.') CODE THROW Ex

VB.NET
' Throw an exception Dim ex As New Exception("Something is really wrong.") Throw ex

// Catch an exception try { y = 0; x = 10 / y; } catch (Exception ex) { //Argument is optional, no "When" keyword Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } finally { //Requires reference to the Microsoft.VisualBasic.dll //assembly (pre .NET Framework v2.0) Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction.Beep(); }

! Catch an exception TRY y = 0; x = 10 / y; CATCH(Exception Ex) !Argument is optional, no "When" keyword Console.WriteLine(Ex.Message); FINALLY BEEP END

' Catch an exception Try y = 0 x = 10 / y Catch ex As Exception When y = 0 'Argument and When is optional Console.WriteLine(ex.Message) Finally Beep() End Try ' Deprecated unstructured error handling On Error GoTo MyErrorHandler ... MyErrorHandler: Console.WriteLine(Err.Description)

Namespaces
C#
namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics { ... } // or namespace Harding { namespace Compsci { namespace Graphics { ... } } } using Harding.Compsci.Graphics; ! Progressive, nested namespaces unsupported

Clarion#
NAMESPACE Harding.Compsci.Graphics

VB.NET
Namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics ... End Namespace ' or Namespace Harding Namespace Compsci Namespace Graphics ... End Namespace End Namespace End Namespace Imports Harding.Compsci.Graphics

USING Harding.Compsci.Graphics

Classes / Interfaces
C#
// Accessibility keywords public private internal protected protected internal static // Inheritance class FootballGame : Competition { ... } ! Accessibility keywords PUBLIC PRIVATE INTERNAL PROTECTED PROTECTED INTERNAL STATIC ! Inheritance FootballGame CLASS(Competition) ... END

Clarion#
' Accessibility keywords Public Private Friend Protected Protected Friend Shared ' Inheritance Class FootballGame Inherits Competition ... End Class

VB.NET

// Interface definition interface IAlarmClock { ... } // Extending an interface interface IAlarmClock : IClock { ... }

! Interface definition IAlarmClock INTERFACE ... END ! Extending an interface IAlarmClock INTERFACE(IClock) ... END

' Interface definition Interface IAlarmClock ... End Interface ' Extending an interface Interface IAlarmClock Inherits IClock ... End Interface ' Interface implementation Class WristWatch Implements IAlarmClock, ITimer ... End Class

// Interface implementation class WristWatch : IAlarmClock, ITimer { ... }

! Interface implementation WristWatch CLASS,IMPLEMENTS(IAlarmClock),IMPLEMENTS(ITimer) ... END

Constructors / Destructors
C#
class SuperHero { private int _powerLevel; public SuperHero() { _powerLevel = 0; } public SuperHero(int powerLevel) { this._powerLevel= powerLevel; } ~SuperHero() { //Destructor code to free unmanaged resources. //Implicitly creates a Finalize method } }

Clarion#
SuperHero CLASS _PowerLevel UNSIGNED,PRIVATE Construct PROCEDURE,PUBLIC Construct PROCEDURE(UNSIGNED PowerLevel),PUBLIC Destruct PROCEDURE END SuperHero.Construct PROCEDURE CODE SELF._PowerLevel = 0 SuperHero.Construct PROCEDURE(UNSIGNED PowerLevel) CODE SELF._PowerLevel = PowerLevel SuperHero.Destruct PROCEDURE CODE !Destructor code to free unmanaged resources. ! Using INLINE SuperHero CLASS _PowerLevel UNSIGNED,PRIVATE Construct PROCEDURE,PUBLIC INLINE CODE SELF._PowerLevel = 0 END Construct PROCEDURE(UNSIGNED PowerLevel),PUBLIC INLINE CODE SELF._PowerLevel = PowerLevel END Destruct PROCEDURE INLINE CODE !Destructor code to free unmanaged resources. END END Class SuperHero Private _powerLevel As Integer Public Sub New() _powerLevel = 0 End Sub

VB.NET

Public Sub New(ByVal powerLevel As Integer) Me._powerLevel = powerLevel End Sub Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() 'Destructor code to free unmanaged resources MyBase.Finalize() End Sub End Class

Using Objects
C#
SuperHero hero = new SuperHero(); Hero SuperHero Hero2 SuperHero Obj Object CODE Hero = NEW SuperHero

Clarion#

VB.NET
Dim hero As SuperHero = New SuperHero 'or Dim hero As New SuperHero

// No "With" construct hero.Name = "SpamMan"; hero.PowerLevel = 3; hero.Defend("Laura Jones"); SuperHero.Rest();

! No "With" construct hero.Name = 'SpamMan' hero.PowerLevel = 3 Hero.Defend('Laura Jones') SuperHero.Rest()

With hero .Name = "SpamMan" .PowerLevel = 3 End With hero.Defend("Laura Jones") hero.Rest() 'Calling Shared method 'or SuperHero.Rest() Dim hero2 As SuperHero = hero hero2.Name = "WormWoman" Console.WriteLine(hero.Name) hero = Nothing If hero Is Nothing Then _ hero = New SuperHero Dim obj As Object = New SuperHero If TypeOf obj Is SuperHero Then _ Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.") 'Both reference the same object 'Prints WormWoman 'Free the object

//Calling static method

!Calling static method

SuperHero hero2 = hero; hero2.Name = "WormWoman"; Console.WriteLine(hero.Name); hero = null ; if (hero == null) hero = new SuperHero();

//Both reference the same object //Prints WormWoman //Free the object

Hero2 = Hero Hero2.Name = 'WormWoman' Console.WriteLine(Hero.Name) Hero = NULL IF Hero = NULL Hero = NEW SuperHero END

!Both reference the same object !Prints "WormWoman" !Free the object

Object obj = new SuperHero(); if (obj is SuperHero) Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.");

Obj = NEW SuperHero(); IF Obj IS SuperHero Console.WriteLine('Is a SuperHero object.') END ! Mark object for quick disposal reader StreamReader,AUTODISPOSE line STRING CODE reader = File.OpenText('test.txt') LOOP line = reader.ReadLine() IF line &= NULL THEN BREAK. Console.WriteLine(line) END

// Mark object for quick disposal using (StreamReader reader = File.OpenText("test.txt")) { string line; while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null) Console.WriteLine(line); }

' Mark object for quick disposal Using reader As StreamReader = File.OpenText("test.txt") Dim line As String Do line = reader.ReadLine() If line Is Nothing Then Exit Do Console.WriteLine(line) Loop End Using

Structs
C#
struct StudentRecord { public string name; public float gpa; public StudentRecord(string name, float gpa) { this.name = name; this.gpa = gpa; } }

Clarion#
StudentRecord STRUCT Name STRING,PUBLIC GPA SREAL,PUBLIC Construct PROCEDURE(STRING Name,SREAL GPA),PUBLIC INLINE CODE SELF.Name = Name SELF.GPA = GPA END END Structure StudentRecord Public name As String Public gpa As Single

VB.NET

Public Sub New(ByVal name As String, ByVal gpa As Single) Me.name = name Me.gpa = gpa End Sub End Structure

StudentRecord stu = new StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5f); StudentRecord stu2 = stu; stu2.name = "Sue"; Console.WriteLine(stu.name); Console.WriteLine(stu2.name);

//Prints Bob //Prints Sue

Stu StudentRecord('Bob', 3.5) Stu2 StudentRecord CODE Stu2.Name = 'Sue' Console.WriteLine(Stu.Name) Console.WriteLine(Stu2.Name)

Dim stu As StudentRecord = New StudentRecord("Bob", 3.5) Dim stu2 As StudentRecord = stu stu2.name = "Sue" Console.WriteLine(stu.name) Console.WriteLine(stu2.name)

!Prints Bob !Prints Sue

'Prints Bob 'Prints Sue

Properties
C#
private int _size; public int Size { get { return _size; } set { //parameter is always "value" if (value < 0) _size = 0; else _size = value; } }

Clarion#
_Size UNSIGNED,PRIVATE Size PROPERTY,UNSIGNED,PUBLIC INLINE GETTER CODE RETURN SELF._Size SETTER !parameter is always "Value" CODE IF Value < 0 SELF._Size = 0 ELSE SELF._Size = Value END END ! Rather than use INLINE in the class definition, you may define Get_PropertyName ! and Set_PropertyName methods separately in the code section: ClassName.Get_Size PROCEDURE CODE RETURN SELF._Size ClassName.Set_Size PROCEDURE(UNSIGNED pValue) CODE SELF._Size = CHOOSE(pValue < 0, 0, pValue) Private _size As Integer

VB.NET

Public Property Size() As Integer Get Return _size End Get Set (ByVal Value As Integer) If Value < 0 Then _size = 0 Else _size = Value End If End Set End Property

// Usage foo.Size++;

! Usage Foo.Size += 1

' Usage foo.Size += 1

Delegates / Events
C#
delegate void MsgArrivedEventHandler(string message); event MsgArrivedEventHandler MsgArrivedEvent; // Events must use explicitly-defined delegates in C#

Clarion#
MAP MsgArrivedEventHandler PROCEDURE(STRING Message),DELEGATE END MsgArrivedEvent EVENT,MsgArrivedEventHandler ! Events must use explicitly-defined delegates in Clarion#

VB.NET
Delegate Sub MsgArrivedEventHandler(ByVal message As String) Event MsgArrivedEvent As MsgArrivedEventHandler ' or to define an event which declares a delegate implicitly Event MsgArrivedEvent(ByVal message As String)

MsgArrivedEvent += new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback); MsgArrivedEvent("Test message"); //Throws exception if obj is null MsgArrivedEvent -= new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback); using System; using System.Windows.Forms; public class MyClass { Button MyButton;

MsgArrivedEvent += My_MsgArrivedEventCallback MsgArrivedEvent('Test message') MsgArrivedEvent -= My_MsgArrivedEventCallback

AddHandler MsgArrivedEvent, AddressOf My_MsgArrivedCallback ' Won't throw an exception if obj is Nothing RaiseEvent MsgArrivedEvent("Test message") RemoveHandler MsgArrivedEvent, AddressOf My_MsgArrivedCallback Imports System Imports System.Windows.Forms Public Class MyForm Dim WithEvents MyButton As Button

USING System USING System.Windows.Forms MyForm CLASS,TYPE,NETCLASS,PARTIAL MyButton Button Init PROCEDURE MyButton_Click PROCEDURE(Object Sender, EventArgs E) END MyForm.Init PROCEDURE CODE MyButton = NEW Button SELF.MyButton.Click += SELF.MyButton_Click MyForm.MyButton_Click PROCEDURE(Object Sender, EventArgs E) CODE MessageBox.Show('Button was clicked', 'Info', | MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)

public void Init() { MyButton = new Button(); MyButton.Click += new EventHandler(MyButton_Click); } private void MyButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { MessageBox.Show("Button was clicked", "Info", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information); } }

Public Sub Init MyButton = New Button End Sub Private Sub MyButton_Click(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As EventArgs) Handles MyButton.Click MessageBox.Show(Me, "Button was clicked", "Info", _ MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information) End Sub End Class

Console I/O
C# Clarion#
Name STRING Age UNSIGNED C UNSIGNED CODE Console.Write('What's your name? ') Name = Console.ReadLine() Console.Write('How old are you? ') Age = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()) Console.WriteLine("{{0} is {{1} years old.", Name, Age); ! or Console.WriteLine(Name + 'is '+ age + 'years old.');

VB.NET

Console.Write("What's your name? "); string name = Console.ReadLine(); Console.Write("How old are you? "); int age = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.", name, age); // or Console.WriteLine(name + " is " + age + " years old.");

Console.Write("What's your name? ") Dim name As String = Console.ReadLine() Console.Write("How old are you? ") Dim age As Integer = Val(Console.ReadLine()) Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.", name, age) ' or Console.WriteLine(name & " is " & age & " years old.") Dim c As Integer c = Console.Read() Console.WriteLine(c)

int c = Console.Read(); Console.WriteLine(c);

//Read single char //Prints 65 if user enters "A"

C = Console.Read() Console.WriteLine(C)

!Read single char !Prints 65 if user enters "A"

'Read single char 'Prints 65 if user enters "A"

File I/O
C#
using System.IO; // Write out to text file StreamWriter writer = File.CreateText("c:\\myfile.txt"); writer.WriteLine("Out to file."); writer.Close(); USING System.IO ! Write out to text file Writer StreamWriter CODE Writer = File.CreateText('c:\myfile.txt') Writer.WriteLine('Out to file.') Writer.Close() ! Read all lines from text file Reader StreamReader Line STRING CODE Reader = File.OpenText('c:\myfile.txt') LOOP Line = Reader.ReadLine() IF Line &= NULL THEN BREAK. Console.WriteLine(Line) END Reader.Close() ! Write out to binary file Str STRING Num SIGNED(123) BinWriter BinaryWriter CODE Str = 'Text data' BinWriter = NEW BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite('c:\myfile.dat')) BinWriter.Write(Str) BinWriter.Write(Num) BinWriter.Close() ! Read from binary file BinReader BinaryReader CODE BinReader = NEW BinaryReader(File.OpenRead('c:\myfile.dat')) Str = BinReader.ReadString() Num = BinReader.ReadInt32() BinReader.Close()

Clarion#
Imports System.IO

VB.NET

' Write out to text file Dim writer As StreamWriter = File.CreateText("c:\myfile.txt") writer.WriteLine("Out to file.") writer.Close()

// Read all lines from text file StreamReader reader = File.OpenText("c:\\myfile.txt"); string line; while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null) { Console.WriteLine(line); line = reader.ReadLine(); } reader.Close();

' Read all lines from text file Dim reader As StreamReader = File.OpenText("c:\myfile.txt") Dim line As String Do line = reader.ReadLine() IF line Is Nothing Then Exit Do Console.WriteLine(line) Loop reader.Close()

// Write out to binary file string str = "Text data"; int num = 123; BinaryWriter binWriter = new BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c:\\myfile.dat")); binWriter.Write(str); binWriter.Write(num); binWriter.Close();

' Write out to binary file Dim str As String = "Text data" Dim num As Integer = 123 Dim binWriter As New BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c:\myfile.dat")) binWriter.Write(str) binWriter.Write(num) binWriter.Close()

// Read from binary file BinaryReader binReader = new BinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c:\\myfile.dat")); str = binReader.ReadString(); num = binReader.ReadInt32(); binReader.Close();

' Read from binary file Dim binReader As New BinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c:\myfile.dat")) str = binReader.ReadString() num = binReader.ReadInt32() binReader.Close()

Based upon a document by Frank McCown (www.harding.edu/fmccown/vbnet_csharp_comparison.html). Licensed under a Creative Commons License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0). Clarion# examples provided by Mike Hanson (www.boxsoft.net). Last updated April 17, 2008.