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www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

Crusade Texts in Translation

Volume 19

About the volume

This is the first English translation of the main contemporary accounts of the
Crusade and death of the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (ruled 1152-
90). The main text here, the ‘History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick’,
was written soon after the events described, and is a crucial, and much under-used
source for the Third Crusade. It narrates the preparations and recruitment for the
Crusade, and the Crusade itself: the journey through the Balkans and the gruelling
march through Asia Minor, beset by Turkish attack, until its arrival at Antioch on
21st July 1190, eleven days after the emperor had drowned while crossing a river
in Cilician Armenia. The ‘History’ gives a vivid account of the sufferings of the
German army as it traversed Asia Minor and appears to be, or to be based upon
an eyewitness record, cast in the form of (often) a daily memoir. A number of
subsidiary texts also translated illustrate and expand this main account, and place
the crusade in context.

About the translator

G. A. Loud is Professor of Medieval Italian History at the University of Leeds,

UK
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

To my wife, and to the memory of

Thomas Wiedemann (1950–2001)
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa

www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

Crusade Texts in Translation

Editorial Board

Malcolm Barber (Reading), Peter Edbury (Cardiff),

Bernard Hamilton (Nottingham), Norman Housley (Leicester),
Peter Jackson (Keele)

Titles in the series include

Peter Jackson
The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254
Sources and Documents

Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate

Letters from the East
Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries

Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach

The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen
A History of the Normans on the First Crusade

Colin Imber
The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45

Carol Sweetenham
Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade
Historia Iherosolimitana

Damian J. Smith and Helena Buffery

The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon
A Translation of the Medieval Catalan Llibre dels Fets
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

The Crusade of
Frederick Barbarossa
The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick
and Related Texts

Translated by

G. A. Loud
University of Leeds, UK
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

© G. A. Loud 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

G. A. Loud have asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to
be identified as the translator of this work.

Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East Suite 420
Union Road 101 Cherry Street
Farnham Burlington
Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405
England USA

www.ashgate.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor
Frederick and Related Texts. – (Crusade Texts in Translation)
1. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, ca. 1123–1190. 2. Crusades--Third, 1189-1192–
Sources. 3. Germany – History – Frederick I, 1152–1190 – Sources. I. Series
II. Magnus, of Reichersberg. III. Otto, von St. Blasien, d. 1223. IV. Loud, G. A.
943’.024-dc22

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, ca. 1123–1190.
[Historia de expeditione Frederici Imperatoris. English]
The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the expedition of the Emperor
Frederick and related texts / [translated and annotated by] G.A. Loud.
p. cm. – (Crusade Texts in Translation)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, ca. 1123–1190. 2. Frederick I, Holy Roman
Emperor, ca. 1123–1190 – Death and burial. 3. Crusades – Third, 1189–1192 – Early
works to 1800. 4. Holy Roman Empire – History – Frederick I, 1152–1190 – Early
works to 1800. 5. Crusades – Third, 1189–1192 – Sources. I. Loud, G. A. II. Title.
D163.A3F74 2009
956’.014–dc22 2009053574

ISBN 9780754665755 (hbk)

ISBN 9781409406815 (ebk) III
www.facebook.com/groups/med.history Salah Zyada

Contents

Preface   ix
Maps   xi
Genealogical Charts   xiii
Abbreviations   xvii

Introduction   1

The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick   33

The History of the Pilgrims   135

The Chronicle of Magnus of Reichersberg   149

A Letter Concerning the Death of the Emperor Frederick   169

The Chronicle of Otto of St Blasien 1187–1197   173

An Account of the Seaborne Journey of the Pilgrims Heading

to Jerusalem Who Captured Silves in 1189   193

Frederick I’s Imperial ‘Land Peace’ (issued at Nuremberg,

29 December 1188)   209

Bibliography   213
Index   221
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This page has been left blank intentionally

 Salah Zyada

Preface

From the time of Sir Walter Scott onwards, discussion of the Third Crusade of 1189-
92 has tended to focus on Richard the Lionheart and the Anglo-Norman Crusade.
Much more recently, the publication of English translations of primary sources in
this same series by Peter Edbury and Helen Nicholson has allowed students also
to study the siege of Acre in depth from its beginnings in the autumn of 1189.
In comparison, the German expedition led by the Emperor Frederick I, which in
contrast to those of the kings of France and England took the ‘traditional’ overland
route through the Balkans and Asia Minor, has been neglected, despite its great
intrinsic interest. The death of the emperor, drowned while crossing, or bathing in,
a river in Armenia, tends to be seen as rendering the expedition a fiasco, although
it is argued here that this was very far from being the case. My own interest in
this subject has stemmed directly from my teaching in the University of Leeds of
both Crusader history and more recently that of medieval Germany. It has been
the latter, in particular, which has encouraged me to investigate the sources and
the background to Frederick’s expedition, and my thanks must go to the students
who over the last three years have taken what was a pretty experimental module. A
number of others have made substantial contributions to this project. My publisher
John Smedley encouraged me to turn the brief extracts that I had translated for my
students into a book, and one of the series editors, Bernard Hamilton, has read and
commented on the entire manuscript, some of it more than once. Professor John
Davies of the University of Liverpool helped me with the translation of some of
the more problematic passages in the Historia de Expeditione, during what was
otherwise an entirely social occasion. I have also benefited from extensive help
from two of my colleagues at Leeds, Alan Murray and Ian Moxon, both of whom
have shown that (contrary to popular stereotypes) Scots can be the most generous
of friends. Alan has shared his knowledge of Crusader and German history, and of
German geography, and has furnished me with copies of his articles and copious
bibliographical advice. Both he and Ian have also read drafts of the introduction.
Ian meanwhile has done his best to remedy the defects of my classical education.
Time and again he has abandoned whatever he was then doing to assist me with
Latin passages where I was hopelessly confused or in error. I hope that he will
forgive some of my more free or colloquial renditions, painful as they must
be to his austere respect for the Latin language. I have striven to render these
translations as accurate as possible, but any translator must tread a fine line between
accuracy and intelligibility. Similarly, I have tried to be consistent with regard to
place and personal names, but when in doubt have tended to use the forms most
familiar to Anglophone readers. Needless to say, none of those named above bear
 The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa

any responsibility for any flaws in the finished product; although without their
assistance there would have been far more than there now are.
Finally there are the two dedicatees of this book. My wife Kate has helped with
the maps and genealogical charts, and coped with the fallout from the expiry of
my laptop halfway through the writing of this book, as well as patiently suffering
my obsession with the distant past interfering with matters domestic. The other
dedicatee, my former collaborator and close friend Thomas Wiedemann, is sadly
no longer here to read this. A brilliant classicist who died far too young, he would
have particularly encouraged my new concern with the history of the country where
he was born, not least because his father had as a student gone to the lectures of the
great Heidelberg medievalist Karl Hampe, the historian of the Salian and Staufen
emperors. Thomas’s last gift to me, his father’s copy of one of the most famous
works of medieval German history, Kantorowicz’s Friedrich der Zweite, sits on
my bookshelf as I write these words.

Leeds and Lyme Regis, September 2009.

Maps
Genealogical Charts
 Abbreviations

Clementi, ‘Calendar’ D.R. Clementi, ‘Calendar of the diplomas of the

Hohenstaufen Emperor Henry VI concerning the
kingdom of Sicily’, Quellen und Forschungen aus
italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 35 (1955),
86–225.
Dipl. Fred. I Die Urkunden Friedrichs I, ed. Heinrich Appelt (5 vols,
MGH Diplomatum Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae,
x, Hannover 1975–90).

Itinerarium Peregrinorum Itinerarium Peregrinorum, in Hans Eberhard Mayer,

Das Itinerarium Peregrinorum. Eine zeitgenössiche
englische Chronik zum dritten Kreuzzug in
ursprünglicher Gestalt (MGH Schriften 18: Stuttgart
1962), pp. 243–357.

Mainzer Urkundenbuch ii(2) Mainzer Urkundenbuch ii Die Urkunden seit dem Tode
Erzbischof Adalberts I (1137) bis zum Tode Erzbischofs
Konrads (1200), Teil II, 1176–1200, ed. Peter Acht
(Darmstadt 1978).

MGH Monumenta Germania Historica, following the usual

conventions (SRG = Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum;
SS = Scriptores, etc.).

Quellen Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser

Friedrichs I., ed. Anton Chroust (MGH SRG, n.s. V,
Berlin 1928).

Reg. Henry VI Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich VI.

1165–(1190)–1197, ed. Gerhard Baaken, after J.F.
Böhmer (Regesta Imperii IV(3), Cologne 1972).

Urkunden HL Die Urkunden Heinrichs des Löwen, Herzogs von

Sachsen und Bayern, ed. Karl Jordan (MGH, Weimar
1949).

Urkundenbuch für Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins, ed.

Niederrheins Theodor J. Lacomblet (4 vols, Düsseldorf 1840–58).
This page has been left blank intentionally
 Introduction

Although the Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa has been, to some extent

anyway, neglected by Anglophone historians, the contemporary sources for that
expedition are surprisingly full. We are indeed much better informed, especially
from German sources, about this expedition to assist the Holy Land than we are
about the corresponding one led by Frederick’s uncle, Conrad III, some 40 years
earlier, in which the later Emperor Frederick had taken part as a young man.
However, all three of the principal contemporary sources describing Barbarossa’s
Crusade must be treated with some caution. Neither their composition nor their
transmission is entirely straightforward, and the interrelationship between the
three texts is complex. In this respect, the German sources for the Third Crusade
resemble the equally complex and interrelated Anglo-Norman texts that describe
this same Crusade.
The longest, richest and most important of these three sources is the Historia
de Expeditione Friderici Imperatoris. This is a strictly contemporary text,
completed c. 1200 at the latest, and quite possibly earlier. Parts of this account
survive in two very early manuscripts, one written at the Benedictine monastery
of St Lamprecht in Styria c. 1200, the other at the Praemonstratensian abbey
of Mühlhausen in Bohemia (now Milevsko in the Czech Republic), probably
before 1221. Unfortunately, neither of these manuscripts is complete; indeed,
the Styrian one contains only about a third of the text, while the Mühlhausen
one, although fuller, still has substantial omissions. We are dependent for our
knowledge of the complete text, or at least as complete a text as now survives, on
two copies made in Moravia, presumably from a different archetype, during the
mid-eighteenth century under the supervision of Josef Bonaventura Piter (1708–


The most detailed modern account is by Ekkehard Eickhoff, Friedrich Barbarossa
im Orient. Kreuzzug und Tod Friedrichs I. (Tübingen 1977). This is particularly useful
for its careful analysis of the route followed by the expedition. There is also a full and
interesting discussion, especially valuable for the preparations for the expedition, by Rudolf
Hiestand, ‘“Precipua tocius christianismi columpna”. Barbarossa und der Kreuzzug’, in
Friedrich Barbarossa. Handlungsspielräume und Wirkungsweisen des Staufischen Kaisers,
ed. Alfred Haverkamp (Vorträge und Forschungen 40: Sigmaringen 1992), pp. 51–108.
By contrast, Edgar N. Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’,
in A History of the Crusades, ed. Kenneth Setton, ii The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, ed.
R.L. Wolff and H.W. Hazard (Madison 1969), 87–122, offers little more than a summary
and paraphrase of the Historia de Expeditione. For a more general context, see Rudolf
Hiestand, ‘Kingship and Crusade in twelfth-century Germany’, in England and Germany
in the High Middle Ages: in Honour of Karl J. Leyser, ed. Alfred Haverkamp and Hanna
Vollrath (Oxford 1996), pp. 235–65.
 The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa

64), noted antiquarian and Abbot successively of the monasteries of Brewnov and
Raigern (now Rajhrad, not far from Brno). One of these manuscripts indeed has
corrections in the abbot’s own hand.
The authorship of this account is similarly problematic, and more so than
might seem at first sight. The Mühlhausen manuscript has a title heading, written
by Gerlach, Abbot of that monastery 1187–1221, which describes the text as
‘The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick, written by an Austrian
cleric who was present on this same’. A later thirteenth-century hand has then
added ‘called Ansbert’ (nomine Ansberte). But while some later historians
have accepted this identification, and identified the author of the Historia de
Expeditione as Ansbert, this identification cannot be unequivocally accepted. One
might in default of other evidence still be cautious in following such a later, even
if only somewhat later, attribution, but this is not the principal reason why one
should be sceptical. More to the point, the Historia de Expeditione is undoubtedly
a composite text, which is the work of more than one author. The bulk of the
History is indeed a contemporary, and at first sight an eyewitness account of
the Crusading expedition of 1189–90, after a brief preface describing the fall of
Jerusalem and the calling of the Crusade. But appended to this is an account (only
a quarter as long) of the later consequences and ramifications of the Crusading
expedition as these affected the German empire. These include the attempts of
Barbarossa’s son and successor the Emperor Henry VI to conquer the kingdom
of Sicily, ultimately successful in December 1194; the capture and subsequent
ransoming and liberation of Richard the Lionheart; the death of Duke Leopold of
Austria after a riding accident, also in December 1194; and the various plans made
by Henry VI for a new expedition to the east. The work concludes with a brief
account of his attempts to transform Germany into a hereditary monarchy; the
last event mentioned is his departure for Italy in the summer of 1196. This section
would appear to have been finished before Henry’s sudden death in September
1197: he is throughout referred to as though still alive.
Not only is the focus of these two parts very different, but they are also
embellished in subtly different styles at the ends of phrases, and especially of
sentences, with one or another of the main accentual clausulae that became
fashionable during the twelfth century, and that were known to contemporaries
as the cursus. More than half of the account of the Crusade itself employs the
cursus velox style (seven syllable units, stress on first, fourth and sixth syllables,
thus óoo II óoóo) and just under 30 percent the so-called tritrochaeus or cursus
trispondaicus rhythm (six syllable units, stress on first and fifth syllables:
óoo II oóo). However, in the later part, these proportions are more or less exactly


Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I., ed. Anton Chroust
(MGH SRG, n.s. 5, Berlin 1928; reprint Munich 1989), pp. ix–xiv.

Gerlach quoted a few brief passages from the Historia de Expeditione in his
continuation of the annals of Vincent of Prague, Continuatio Gerlaci Abbatis Milovicensis,
MGH SS xvii.706.
 Introduction 

reversed. Matters are admittedly further complicated by two small sections: the
page of introduction, which relies far more than the rest of the text on the cursus
tardus (six syllable units, stress on first and fourth syllables: óoo II óoo), and the
brief account of the death of the Emperor Frederick, which like the later section
relies primarily on the tritrochaeus. Whatever quibbles one might make as to the
exact significance of these stylistic details, the conclusion is clear: these variations
in the prosody surely point to more than one authorial hand at work. The Historia
de Expeditione would thus appear to be based upon, or a combination of, different
works, and not necessarily all written at the same time. And as for the ‘certain
Austrian cleric’, whether or not he be called Ansbert, one should note that while
a letter to Duke Leopold of Austria was included at the start of the Historia, in
the account of the Crusade itself the duke was only mentioned once, and that not
by name, for although he had taken the Cross he did not accompany the main
expedition. Indeed, this account said nothing at all about the expedition’s brief
stay in Vienna, whereas the later Historia Peregrinorum praised Duke Leopold’s
generosity there. However, in the last part of the Historia de Expeditione,
Leopold played a central role, and indeed was to a considerable extent the hero
of this section. Thus, if ‘a certain Austrian cleric’ may have put the text, as it now
stands, together, he almost certainly only wrote the last part, which one is tempted
to style ‘the appendix’, himself.
Not only this, but behind a significant part of the text, the narrative of the
Crusade once it had crossed into Asia Minor, there lies another, and even more
strictly contemporary, account, by one who did indeed participate in the Crusade.
The narrative of the Historia de Expeditione draws heavily upon a record of the
Crusade, described as a memoria, but which is effectively a diary, written by a
Bavarian cleric, Tageno, dean of the cathedral of Passau, who took part in the
expedition and who died at Tripoli in the autumn of 1190 (his death was noted
in passing in the later text). For a substantial section, covering the three and
a half weeks until the eve of the death of the Emperor Frederick (16 May to 9
June 1190), the Historia de Expeditione copies the diary of Tageno more or less
verbatim.
However, the relationship between the ‘diary’ of Tageno and the Historia de
Expeditione is, in fact, more complicated than this brief summary suggests.


Quellen, pp. xix–xxi.

Quellen, p. 130 [and see below, p. 147].

Below, p. 118. Tageno became dean of Passau in 1187, having previously been
a minor member of the clergy of the cathedral, Die Regesten der Bischöfe von Passau i
731–1206, ed. Egon Boshof and Franz-Reiner Erkens (Munich 1992), 273–4 no. 893 (July
1183), 278–9 no. 915 (1172 x 1187), 279 no. 916.

Ferdinand Güterbock, ‘Il Diario di Tageno e altre fonti della terza Crociata’,
Bullettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per le Medio Evo 55 (1941), 223–69; here at 254–
60. The early pages of Güterbock’s study conveniently summarise the arguments of an
older generation of German-language study of these texts.
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