PRACTICAL RECORD QUESTIONS
MICROSCOPE
QUESTIONS
1. Name the oils used for oil immersion objective.
2. How will you calculate the total magnification power of the microscope for
each objective?
3. Name the other types of microscope.
HAEMOCYTOMETER
QUESTIONS.
1. What are the other types of cell counting chambers ?
2. What are the other cells that can be counted using Neubauer’s chamber?
3. Mention the differences between RBC and WBC pipettes.
RBC COUNT
QUESTIONS
1. Name the other diluting fluids used for red cell count.
2. How will you identify the RBC counting squares?
3. What is the normal RBC count in males and females?
4. Why is the RBC count high in males?
5. Mention the physiological and pathological causes for anemia and polycythemia?
WBC COUNT
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the normal RBC : WBC ratio ?
2. In which condition is RBC pipette used for counting WBCs ?
3. Why is blood diluted only 20 times in WBC counting?
4. Mention the physiological and pathological causes of high and low WBC count.
5. What is Leucocytosis ?
6. What is Leukemia?
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
QUESTIONS
1. Draw the different WBCs using appropriate colours.
2. What other cells can you visualize in the smear?
3. Enumerate the criteria of a good blood smear.
4. Can tap water be used for dilution? why?
5. Mention the functions of various types of WBCs and their abnormalities in count.
6. Mention the clinical importance of peripheral blood smear.
HEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the other methods used to estimate Hb content of blood?
2. Which is the most reliable method for estimation of Hb?
3. What are the different types of normal Hb in adults?
4. Mention the names of abnormal hemoglobin.
5. What are the differences between adult Hb & fetal Hb?
6. What are the different RBC indices? What are their clinical significance?
BLOOD GROUP
QUESTIONS:
1. State Landsteiner’s law.
2. What is cross-matching of blood?
3. What is the preservative used to store blood in the blood bank?
4. What are the clinical applications of blood grouping and Rh typing?
5. What are the minor blood groups?
6. What is the concept of universal donor/ universal recipient?
7. What are the indications and hazards of blood transfusion?
8. What are the differences between ABO system and Rh system?
BLEEDING TIME
QUESTIONS:
1. Define bleeding time.
2. What are the other methods to determine the bleeding time?
3. What is hemostasis?
4. What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
5. What is the normal platelet count? What do you mean by thrombocytosis?
6. Name few conditions where bleeding time is prolonged?
7. What is Thrombocytopenic purpura? Comment on the clotting time in this condition.
CLOTTING TIME
QUESTIONS:
1. Define clotting time.
2. What are the other methods used to determine the clotting time?
3. Name the conditions in which clotting time is prolonged.
4. What is haemophilia? Comment on the clotting time in this condition.
5. What is clot retraction time?
6. Name the Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors.
7. What is an anticoagulant? Mention some invivo and invitro anticoagulants.
8. Name the proteins involved in fibrinolytic system.
GENERAL EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS
1. Where will you look for pallor?
2. What is cyanosis?
3. What are the types of Jaundice?
4. How do you detect clubbing?
5. What are the types of oedema and what are their causes?
6. What are the vital signs?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the normal Respiratory rate?
2. What is Tachypnoea?
3. What is dyspnoea?
4. Name the muscles of inspiration and expiration.
5. Name one condition in which vocal fremitus is increased and decreased.
6. What are the normal breath sounds?
7. What are Wheezes and Crackles?
SPIROMETRY
QUESTIONS :
1. What are the factors affecting Vital Capacity ?
2. Name the volumes and capacities that cannot be measured directly using Student’s
Spirometer.
3. What is Breathing Reserve ?
4. What is Dyspnoeic Index ?
5. Give the normal values of Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity & Expiratory Reserve Volume
in adult men and women.
6. Comment on FVC and FEV1 % in Restrictive and Obstructive lung disorders.
7. Define Dead space. Write a note on Anatomical and Physiological Dead space.
EXAMINATION OF PULSE
QUESTIONS:
1. Define pulse.
2. What is the cause for sinus bradycardia in athelets?
3. How will you examine for collapsing pulse? Name a condition producing collapsing pulse?
4. What is pulse deficit?
5. What is pulsus alternans?
6. What is pulsus paradoxus?
7. What are the waves seen in JVP?
CVS
QUESTIONS:
1. Define Apical impulse.
2. Mention the conditions in which the apex beat is abnormally placed.
3. Mention few causes for systolic and diastolic murmurs.
4. What are the characteristics of S1 and S2?
5. What is pericardial effusion?
BP
QUESTIONS:
1. Define Blood pressure.
2. What is pulse pressure ?
3. How will you calculate Mean arterial pressure.?
4. What is the importance of palpatory method ?
5. What is an auscultatory gap?
6. What are korotkoff’s sounds?
7. What is postural hypotension?
SENSORY EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS:
1. What is a dermatome?
2. Name the receptors for pain.
3. What are the types of pain?
4. Name the sensations lost in posterior column lesions of the spinalcord.
5. What are cortical sensations?.
6. What are Brodmann’s area numbers for primary and secondary sensory area?
7. What is the frequency of the tuning fork used to test vibration sense?
8. What is astereognosis?
MOTOR SYSTEM
QUESTIONS:
1. Define muscle tone.
2. Define hemiparesis, hemiplegia and paraplegia.
3. Name the descending tract that controls voluntary motor movements?
4. Name the extra-pyramidal tracts.
5. What are the differences between UMN lesion and LMN lesion?
6. List out the differences between spasticity and rigidity.
REFLEXES
QUESTIONS:
1. Describe the reflex arc.
2. What is a stretch reflex?
3. What is babinski sign and what is its significance?
4. Why are deep tendon reflexes exaggerated in UMN and lost in LMN lesion?
5. What is Jendrassik's sign?
CEREBELLAR FUNCTION TEST
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the functions of cerebellum?
2. What is dysdiadochokinesia?
3. Name the gait seen in cerebellar lesion.
4. Name few other abnormal gaits.
5. What is Resting tremor?
CRANIAL NERVES 1 to 6
QUESTIONS:
1. Trace the pathway for smell.
2. What are the factors that affect the visual acuity?
3. Name the refractory errors. How do you correct them?
4. What is the clinical significance of tests for colour vision?
5. What are the other methods for testing colour vision?
6. Define field of vision.
7. What is blind spot?
8. Mention the visual field defects produced by lesions at various levels in the visual pathway.
9. What is ptosis?
10. Trace the pathway for light reflex.
CRANIAL NERVES 7 TO 12
QUESTIONS:
1. What is Bell’s palsy?
2. What is Bell’s phenomenon?
3. Differentiate between UMN and LMN palsy of facial nerve.
4. What are the differences between UMN and LMN paralysis of twelfth cranial
nerve?
5. What are the two types of deafness? Give examples for each.
6. What is Rinne’s positive?
7. How do you differentiate nerve deafness from conduction deafness by using Weber’s test?
8. What is Barany’s caloric test?
