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Python~~Solved..QB - Question bank

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PYTHON
PROGRAMMING
SOLVED

QUESTION
BANK

By :
NOUMYA R R
CCG

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UNIT -1
2Marks
1. How to write a comment line in Python? Mention two types.
Comments in Python are the lines in the code that the compiler ignores during
the execution of the program. Comments enhance the readability of the code
and help the programmers to understand the code very carefully. There are
three types of comments in Python –
• Single line Comments
• Multiline Comments
• Docstring Comments

2. What is Python Virtual Machine?

Python Virtual Machine (PVM) is a program that provides a programming
environment. The role of PVM is to convert the byte code instructions into
machine code so the computer can execute those machine code instructions
and display the output.

3. List any four flavors of Python.

• CPython
• Jython
• RubyPython
• Pythonxy

4. Give 2 step process of Python program execution

• Compilation: compile the program using python compiler.
• Interpreter: Python uses an interpreter called PVM (Python Virtual
Machine), which understands the byte code and converts it into machine
code.

5. List any four standard datatypes supported by Python.

• NoneType
• Numeric types
• Sequences
• Sets
• Mappings

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6. How to determine the data type of a variable? Give the syntax and
example
To know the datatype of a variable or object, we can use the type() function.
For example, type(a) displays the datatype of the variable ‘a’.
a=15
print(type(a))
<class ‘int’>

7. What is the purpose of membership operators? Give example

The membership operators are useful to test for membership in a sequence
such as strings, lists, tuples, or dictionaries. For example, if an element is
found in this sequence or not, can be asserted using these operators. There are
2 membership operators:
• in
• not in
example:
names = [‘Rani’,’Yamini’,’Ram’]
for name in names:
print (name)

8. How to input data in Python? Give syntax and example

Python provides input() function to accept input from the user. This function
takes a value from the keyboard and returns it as a string. It is always better to
display a message to the user so that the user can understand what to enter.
Example
str=input("Enter your name ")
print("Hello", str)

9. List four type conversion functions.

Function Description

It converts y to a
str(y)
string.

tuple(y) It converts y to a tuple.

list(y) It converts y to a list.

set(y) It converts y to a set.

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10. List any four categories of Operators in Python.

• Arithmetic operators.
• Assignment operators.
• Comparison operators.
• Logical operators.

11. What is indentation? Why it is required?

Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.Programs get
structured through indentation.indentation from any program code, but in
Python it is a requirement and not a matter of style. This principle makes the
code look cleaner and easier to understand and read.Any statements written
under another statement with the same indentation is interpreted to belong to
the same code block. If there is a next statement with less indentation to the
left, then it just means the end of the previous code block.

12. Give syntax of if ..elif statement in Python

The syntax for if…elif…else statement is,

if Boolean_Expression_1:
statement_1
elif Boolean_Expression_2:
statement_2
elif Boolean_Expression_3:
statement_3
:
:
:
else:
statement_last

13. What is the purpose of else suit in Python loops? Give example
Python allows the else keyword to be used with the for and while loops too.
The else block appears after the body of the loop. The statements in the else
block will be executed after all iterations are completed. The program exits
the loop only after the else block is executed.

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14. What are the rules for naming identifiers?

• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase
(A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_). Names like myCountry,
other_1 and good_morning, all are valid examples. A Python identifier can
begin with an alphabet (A – Z and a – z and _).
• An identifier cannot start with a digit but is allowed everywhere else. 1plus is
invalid, but plus1 is perfectly fine.
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
• One cannot use spaces and special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. as
identifiers.
• Identifier can be of any length.

15. What is an identifier? Give example

An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class or module.
Example:
language = 'Python'
Here, language is a variable (an identifier) which holds the value 'Python'.

16. What are python keywords? Give example

Keywords are a list of reserved words that have predefined meaning.
Keywords are special vocabulary and cannot be used by programmers as
identifiers for variables, functions, constants or with any identifier name.
EXAMPLE

17. What are python Variables?

Variable is a named placeholder to hold any type of data which the program
can use to assign and modify during the course of execution.

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Syntax: variable_name = expression

Example:
language = 'Python'
Here, language is a variable (an identifier) which holds the value 'Python'.
18. What are the rules for naming variables?
• Variable names can consist of any number of letters, underscores and
digits.
• Variable should not start with a number.
• Python Keywords are not allowed as variable names.
• Variable names are case-sensitive. For example, computer and Computer
are different variables.

19. Give syntax and example for assigning values to variables

Syntax: variable_name = expression

Example:
language = 'Python'
Here, language is a variable (an identifier) which holds the value 'Python'.

20. Give the syntax and example for str.format() method

Use str.format() method if you need to insert the value of a variable,
expression or an object into another string and display it to the user as a single
string. The format() method returns a new string with inserted values.

Syntax: str.format(p0, p1, ..., k0= v0, k1= v1, ...)

where p0, p1,... are called as positional arguments and, k0, k1,... are keyword
arguments with their assigned values of v0, v1,... respectively.

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21. What is f-string literal? Give an example

A f-string is a string literal that is prefixed with “f”. These strings may contain
replacement fields, which are expressions enclosed within curly braces {}.
The expressions are replaced with their values. An f at the beginning of the
string tells Python to allow any currently valid variable names within the
string.

22. What are syntax errors? Give example

A syntax error in computer science is an error in the syntax of a coding or
programming language, entered by a programmer. Syntax errors are
caught by a software program called a compiler, and the programmer must fix
them before the program is compiled and then run.

#The error is caused by a missing colon (':')

23. What are Exceptions? Give Example
An exception is an unwanted event that interrupts the normal flow of the
program. When an exception occurs in the program, execution gets
terminated. When the exceptions are not handled by programs it results in
error messages as shown below.

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Exceptions come in different types, and the type is printed as part of the
message: the types in the example are ZeroDivisionError ➀

24. What is use of finally statement?

A finally block is always executed before leaving the try statement, whether
an exception has occurred or not.

OUTPUT:
Something went wrong
The try...except block is finished

25. Differentiate scope and life time of a variable.

The scope of variable is a region of the program where a variable is visible or
accessible. Lifetime of a variable is the duration for which a variable exists in
the memory. The existence and accessibility depend on the declaration of a
variable in the program.

26. List any four built in functions in Python.

• len ()
• pow ()
• max ()
• min ()

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27. Give the Syntax of user defined function.

The syntax for function definition
def function_name (parameter_1, parameter_2, …, parameter_n):
statement(s)
• A function definition consists of the def keyword, followed byThe
name of the function. The function’s name has to adhere to the same
naming rules as variables: use letters, numbers, or an underscore, but
the name cannot start with a number. Also, you cannot use a keyword
as a function name.
• A list of parameters to the function are enclosed in parentheses and
separated by commas. Some functions do not have any parameters at all
while others may have one or more parameters.
• A colon is required at the end of the function header. The first line of
the function definition which includes the name of the function is called
the function header.
• Block of statements that define the body of the function start at the next
line of the function header and they must have the same indentation
level.

28. Give the syntax and example for range() function.

The syntax for range () function is,

range ([start,] stop [, step])
Both start and step arguments are optional and the range argument value should
always be an integer.
start → value indicates the beginning of the sequence. If the start argument is not
specified, then the sequence of numbers start from zero by default.
stop → Generates numbers up to this value but not including the number itself.
step → indicates the difference between every two consecutive numbers in the
sequence. The step value can be both negative and positive but not zero.
NOTE: The square brackets in the syntax indicate that these arguments are optional.
You can leave them out.
Example

#O/P: 3 4 5

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29. What is the meaning of name == main__?

name == __main is a entry point of the program. When a Python
interpreter reads a Python file, it first sets a few special variables. Then it executes the
code from the file. One of those variables is called name .When a Python module
or package is imported, name is set to the module’s name. Usually, this is the
name of the Python file itself without the .py extension.

30. Give example of function returning multiple values.

Program to Demonstrate the Return of Multiple Values from a Function Definition

31. What is keyword argument? Give example

Keyword arguments are a list of arguments of type keyword = value, that can
be accessed with the name of the argument inside curly braces like
{keyword}.

def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):

print(f"This parrot wouldn't {action}, if you put {voltage}, volts through
it.")
parrot(voltage=1000)

OUTPUT:
This parrot wouldn't voom, if you put 1000, volts through it.

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32. What is default argument? Give example

A default parameter is defined with a fallback value as a default argument.
Such parameters are optional during a function call. If no argument is
provided, the default value is used, and if an argument is provided, it will
overwrite the default value.
Example:

def add_numbers( a = 7, b = 8):

sum = a + b
print('Sum:', sum)

# function call with two arguments

add_numbers(2, 3)

# function call with one argument

add_numbers(a = 2)

# function call with no arguments

add_numbers()

OUTPUT:
Sum: 5
Sum: 10
Sum: 15
Here, we have provided default values 7 and 8 for parameters a and b
respectively

33. Differentiate *args and **kwargs?

*args **kwargs
*args as parameter in function defi- **kwargs as parameter in function
nition allows you to pass a non- definition allows you to pass
keyworded, variable length tuple keyworded,
argument list to the call-ing function. variable length dictionary argument
list to the calling function.
*args must come after all **kwargs must come right at the end
the positional parameters

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Long Answer Questions

1. Explain any five features of Python. (Any 5)
• Simple: Python is a simple programming language. When we read a
Python program, we feel like reading English sentences. It means more
clarity and less stress on understanding the syntax of the language.
Hence, developing and understanding programs will become easy.

• Easy to learn: Python uses very few keywords. Its programs use very
simplestructure. So, developing programs in Python become easy. Also,
Python resembles C language. Most of the language constructs in C are
also available in Python. Hence,migrating from C to Python is easy for
programmers.

• Open source: There is no need to pay for Python software. Python can
be freelydownloaded from www.python.org website. Its source code
can be read, modified and can be used in programs as desired by the
programmers.

• High level language: Programming languages are of two types: low

level and highlevel. A low level language uses machine code
instructions to develop programs. These instructions directly interact
with the CPU. Machine language and assembly language are called low
level languages. High level languages use English words to develop
programs. These are easy to learn and use. Like COBOL, PHP or Java,
Python also uses English words in its programs and hence it is called
high level programming language.

• Platform independent: When a Python program is compiled using a

Python compiler, it generates byte code. Python's byte code represents a
fixed set of instructions that run on all operating systems and hardware.
Using a Python Virtual Machine (PVM), anybody can run these byte
code instructions on any computer system. Hence, Python programs are
not dependent on any specific operating system.

• Open source: There is no need to pay for Python software. It can be

freely downloaded from www.python.org website. The source code can
be read, modified and used as desired by the programmers.

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• Database connectivity: Python provides interfaces to connect its

programs to all major databases like Oracle, MySql, Sybase.

2. Explain any five flavors of Python .

Flavors of Python refer to different types of Python compilers. These
flavors useful to integrate various programming languages into Python.

• CPython: This is the standard Python compiler implemented in C

language. In this, any Python program is internally converted into byte
code using C language functions. This byte code is run on the
interpreter available in Python Virtual Machine (PVM) created in
C language. The advantage is that it is possible to execute C and C++
functions and programs in CPython.
• Jython: This is earlier known as JPython. This is the implementation of
Python programming language which is designed to run on Java
platform. Jython compiler first compiles the Python program into Java
byte code. This byte code is executed by Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
to produce the output. Jython contains libraries which are useful
for both Python and Java programmers.
• RubyPython: This is a bridge between the Ruby and Python
interpreters. It encloses a Python interpreter inside Ruby applications.
• Pythonxy: This is pronounced as Python xy and written as
Python(X,Y). This is the Python implementation that can be obtained
after adding scientific and engineering related packages.
• AnacondaPython: When Python is redeveloped for handling large-
scale data processing, predictive analytics and scientific computing, it is
called Anaconda Python. This implementation mainly focuses on
large scale of data.

3. Explain various data types in Python.

Data types specify the type of data like numbers and characters to be stored and
manipulated within a program.Basic data types of Python are
• Numbers
• Boolean
• Strings
• None

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• Numeric Types: In Python, numeric data type represents the data that has a
numeric value. The numeric value can be an integer, floating number, or even
complex number. These values are defined as int, float, and complex classes
in Python.
➢ int datatype – This data type is represented with the help of int class. It
consists of positive or negative whole numbers (without fraction or decimal).
In Python, there is no limit for the size of an int datatype. It can store very
large integer numbers conveniently. Example: a=-57
➢ float datatype: The float datatype represents floating point numbers. A
floating point number is a number that contains a decimal point. Example
nm=56.994456. Floating point numbers can also be written in scientific
notations using ‘e’ or ‘E’ as x=22.55e3. The meaning is x=22.55× 103
➢ complex datatype: A complex number is a number that is written in the form
a + bj or a + bJ. Here a represents the real part and b represents the imaginary
part. The suffix j or J associated with b indicates that the square root value of -
1. Example 3 + 3j, 5.5 + 8.0J.
Example Program -1:
#Python Program to add two complex numbers
c1= 2+ 3J
c2=3-2J
c3=c1+c2
print("Sum = ", c3) # Output: Sum = (5+1j)
• Boolean
Booleans may not seem very useful at first, but they are essential when you
start using conditional statements. In fact, since a condition is really just a yes-
or-no question, the answer to that question is a Boolean value, either True or
False. The Boolean values, True and False are treated as reserved words.
• strings
A string consists of a sequence of one or more characters, which can include
letters, numbers, and other types of characters. A string can also contain
spaces. You can use single quotes or double quotes to represent strings and it
is also called a string literal. Multiline strings can be denoted using triple
quotes, ''' or """. These are fixed values, not variables that you literally provide
in your script.
For example, 1. >>> s = 'This is single quote string'

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1. >>> s = "This is double quote string"

3. >>> s = '''This is Multiline string'''
4. >>> s = "a"
In ➀ a string is defined using single quotes, in ➁ a string is defined using
double quotes and a multiline string is defined in ➂, a single character is also
treated as string ➃.
• None Type: None is another special data type in Python. None is frequently
used to represent the absence of a value.
For example,
1. >>> money = None
None value is assigned to variable money ➀.
4. Explain the Arithmetic operators, logical operators and relational operators
with an example.
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to execute arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, division, multiplication etc.

For example, 1. >>> 10+35 #O/P45

2. >>> −10+35 #O/P 25
3. >>> 4*2 # O/P 8
4. >>> 4**2 #O/P 16

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logical operators
The logical operators are used for comparing or negating the logical values of their
operands and to return the resulting logical value. The values of the operands on
which the logical operators operate evaluate to either True or False. The result of the
logical operator is always a Boolean value, True or False

EXAMPLE 1. >>> True and False #O/P False

2. >>> True or False #O/P True
3. >>> not(True) and False #O/P False
4. >>> not(True and False) #O/P True
comparison operators(Relational operator)
When the values of two operands are to be compared then comparison
operators are used. The output of these comparison operators is always a Boolean
value, either True or False.
For example, 1. >>>10 == 12 #O/P False
2. >>>10 != 12 #O/P True
3. >>> "P" < "Q" #O/P True
4. >>> "Aston" > "Asher" #O/P True
5. >>> True == True #O/P True

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4. Explain the bitwise operators with examples.

Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators treat their operands as a sequence of bits (zeroes and ones) and
perform bit by bit operation. Bitwise operators perform their operations on (1010)
binary

representations, but they return standard Python numerical values.

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5. How to read different types of input from the keyboard. Give examples
Python provides input() function to accept input from the user. This function takes a
value from the keyboard and returns it as a string. It is always better to display a
message to the user so that the user can understand what to enter.
Example
str=input("Enter your name ")
print("Hello", str)
If the inputs need to be converted to a datatype other than string then the
corresponding conversion function is to be used. For example int() for integers
float() for floating point datatype and so on. Python accepts a character as string. If
only one character is needed then indexing is to be used.
Example:
ch=input('Enter a character ')
print('You entered', ch[0])
Accepting Integers
Output:
Enter a character Asdf
You entered A

Method-1
#Accepting integers
x=int(input('Enter first number '))
y=int(input('Enter second number ‘))
y=int(input('Enter second number '))
print('X=', x, ‘Y=’, y, ‘Z=’,z)
Method-2
#Accepting three numbers
a, b, c=[int(x) for x in input("Enter three numbers ").split()]
print(a, b, c)

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To accept more than one input in the same line a for loop can be used along with the
input statement as mentioned in the above statement. The split() method by default
splits the values where a space is found. Hence, when entering numbers, the user
should separate them using a blank space. The square brackets [] indicate that
the input accepted will be in the form of elements of a list.
lst=[x for x in input('Enter strings : ').split(',')] #accepts strings separated by comma
print('Your List', lst)
a,b,c=[int(x) for x in input('Enter three numbers ').split(',')]
sum=a+b+c
print('Sum=',sum)
The eval() function
The eval() function takes a string and evaluates the result of the string by taking it as
a Python expression. Example “a+b-5” where a=10, b=15 will be evaluated as 20. If
a string expression is passed to eval() the result of the expression passed will be
returned
Example
#Use of eval() function
a, b= 5, 10
result=eval("a+b-5")
print("Result=", result)# will display 10 as Result

6. Explain use of string.format and f-string with print() function.

Use str.format() method if you need to insert the value of a variable, expression
or an object into another string and display it to the user as a single string. The
format() method returns a new string with inserted values.

Syntax: str.format(p0, p1, ..., k0= v0, k1= v1, ...)

where p0, p1,... are called as positional arguments and, k0, k1,... are keyword
arguments with their assigned values of v0, v1,... respectively.

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A f-string is a string literal that is prefixed with “f”. These strings may
contain replacement fields, which are expressions enclosed within curly
braces {}. The expressions are replaced with their values. An f at the
beginning of the string tells Python to allow any currently valid variable
names within the string.

7. Explain any five type conversion functions with example.

Explicitly convert, a variable from one type to another.

int() function :
To explicitly convert a float number or a string to an integer, cast the number using
int() function.
2. >>>numerical_value = input("Enter a number")
Enter a number 9
2. >>> numerical_value '9'
3. >>> numerical_value = int(input("Enter a number"))
Enter a number 9
4. >>> numerical_value 9
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• ➀–➁ User enters a value of 9 which gets assigned to variable numerical_value

and the value is treated as string type.
• In order to assign an integer value to the variable, you have to enclose the input()
function within the int() function which converts the input string type to integer
type ➂–➃.
• A string to integer conversion is possible only when the string value is
inherently a number (like “1”) and not a character

float() function :
The float() function returns a floating point number constructed from a number or
string.

1. int_to_float = float(4)
2. string_to_float = float("1") #number treated as string
3. print(f"After Integer to Float Casting the result is {int_to_float}")
4. print(f"After String to Float Casting the result is {string_to_float}")

Output
After Integer to Float Casting the result is 4.0
After String to Float Casting the result is 1.0

Convert integer and string values to float ➀–➁ and display the result ➂–➃

str() function
The str() function returns a string which is fairly human readable.

1. int_to_string = str(8)
2. float_to_string = str(3.5)
3. print(f"After Integer to String Casting the result is {int_to_string}")
4. print(f"After Float to String Casting the result is {float_to_string}")

Output
After Integer to String Casting the result is 8
After Float to String Casting the result is 3.5
Here, integer and float values are converted ➀–➁ to string using str() function and
results are displayed ➂–➃.

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chr() function
Convert an integer to a string of one character whose ASCII code is same as the
integer using chr() function. The integer value should be in the range of 0–255.
1. ascii_to_char = chr(100)
2. print(f'Equivalent Character for ASCII value of 100 is {ascii_to_char}')
Output
Equivalent Character for ASCII value of 100 is d
An integer value corresponding to an ASCII code is converted ➀ to the character
and printed ➁.
complex() function
Use complex() function to print a complex number with the value real + imag*j or
convert a string or number to a complex number.

1. complex_with_string = complex("1")
2. complex_with_number = complex(5, 8)
3. print(f"Result after using string in real part {complex_with_string}")
4. print(f"Result after using numbers in real and imaginary part
{complex_with_ number}")
Output
Result after using string in real part (1+0j)
Result after using numbers in real and imaginary part (5+8j)
• The first argument is a string ➀. Hence you are not allowed to specify the
second argument.
• In ➁ the first argument is an integer type, so you can specify the second
argument which is also an integer. Results are printed out in ➂ and ➃.

8. Explain while and for loops with syntax and example.

while loop: The while loop starts with the while keyword and ends with a colon.
With a while statement, the first thing that happens is that the Boolean expression
is evaluated before the statements in the while loop block is executed.

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while Boolean_Expression:
statement(s)

If the Boolean expression evaluates to False, then the statements in the while loop
block are never executed. If the Boolean expression evaluates to True, then the
while loop block is executed. After each iteration of the loop block, the Boolean
expression is again checked, and if it is True, the loop is iterated again.

Each repetition of the loop block is called an iteration of the loop. This process
continues until the Boolean expression evaluates to False and at this point the
while statement exits. Execution then continues with the first statement after the
while loop.

Flowchart of while Loop

Write Python Program to Display First 10 Numbers Using while Loop Starting
from 0
1. i = 0
2. while i < 10:
3. print(f"Current value of i is {i}")
4. i = i + 1
OUTPUT
Current value of i is 0
Current value of i is 1
Current value of i is 2

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Current value of i is 3
Current value of i is 4
Current value of i is 5
Current value of i is 6
Current value of i is 7
Current value of i is 8
Current value of i is 9

Variable i is assigned with 0 outside the loop ➀. The expression i < 10 is

evaluated ➁. If the value of i is less than 10 (i.e., True) then the body of the loop
is executed. Value of i is printed ➂ and i is incremented by 1 ➃. This continues
until the expression in while loop becomes False.

for loop: The for loop starts with for keyword and ends with a colon.
The syntax for the for loop is,

for iteration_variable in sequence:

statement(s)

The first item in the sequence gets assigned to the iteration variable
iteration_variable. Here, iteration_variable can be any valid variable name. Then the
statement block is executed. This process of assigning items from the sequence to
the iteration_variable and then executing the statement continues until all the items
in the sequence are completed.
We take the liberty of introducing you to range() function which is a built-in
function at this stage as it is useful in demonstrating for loop. The range() function
generates a sequence of numbers which can be iterated through using for loop. The
syntax for range() function is,
range([start ,] stop [, step])
Both start and step arguments are optional and the range argument value should
always be an integer.

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start → value indicates the beginning of the sequence. If the start argument is
not specified, then the sequence of numbers start from zero by default.
stop → Generates numbers up to this value but not including the number itself.
step → indicates the difference between every two consecutive numbers in the
sequence. The step value can be both negative and positive but not zero.
NOTE: The square brackets in the syntax indicate that these arguments are
optional. You can leave them out.
Program 3.16: Write a Program to Find the Sum of All Odd and Even Numbers up
to a Number Specified by the User.
1. number = int(input("Enter a number"))
2. even = 0
3. odd = 0
4. for i in range(number):
5. if i % 2 == 0:
6. even = even + i
7. else: 8. odd = odd + i
9. print(f"Sum of Even numbers are {even} and Odd numbers are {odd}")

Output
Enter a number 10
Sum of Even numbers are 20 and Odd numbers are 25
A range of numbers are generated using range() function ➃. The numbers are
segregated as odd or even by using the modulus operator ➄. All the even numbers
are added up and assigned to even variable and odd numbers are added up and
assigned to odd variable ➅–➇ and print the result ➈.

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9. Explain Exception handling in Python with try…except… finally block

Try..except...finally:

It is possible to write programs to handle exceptions by using try…except…finally

statements.An exception is an unexpected event that occurs during program
execution. For example,

divide_by_zero = 7 / 0

The above code causes an exception as it is not possible to divide a number by 0.

The syntax for try…except…finally is,

try: statement_1

except Exception_Name_1:

statement_2

except Exception_Name_2:

statement_3 . . .

else: statement_4

finally: statement_5

• A try block consisting of one or more statements is used by Python

programmers to partition code that might be affected by an exception.
• The associated except blocks are used to handle any resulting exceptions
thrown in the try block. That is, you want the try block to succeed, and if it
does not succeed, you want the control to pass to the catch block.
• If any statement within the try block throws an exception, control immediately
shifts to the catch block. If no exception is thrown in the try block, the catch
block is skipped.
• There can be one or more except blocks. Multiple except blocks with different
exception names can be chained together.
• The except blocks are evaluated from top to bottom in your code, but only one
except block is executed for each exception that is thrown.
• The first except block that specifies the exact exception name of the thrown
exception is executed.
• If no except block specifies a matching exception name then an except block
that does not have an exception name is selected, if one is present in the code.

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• Instead of having multiple except blocks with multiple exception names for
different exceptions, you can combine multiple exception names together
separated by a comma (also called parenthesized tuples) in a single except
block.

The syntax for combining multiple exception names in an except block is,

except (Exception_Name_1, Exception_Name_2, Exception_Name_3):

statement(s)

where Exception_Name_1, Exception_Name_2 and Exception_Name_3 are

different exception names.

• The try…except statement has an optional else block, which, when

present, must follow all except blocks.
• It is useful for code that must be executed if the try block does not raise an
exception. The use of the else block is better than adding additional code to
the try block because it avoids accidentally catching an exception that wasn’t
raised by the code being protected by the try…except statement.
• The try statement has another optional block which is intended to define
clean-up actions that must be executed under all circumstances.
• A finally block is always executed before leaving the try statement,
whether an exception has occurred or not. When an exception has
occurred in the try block and has not been handled by an except block, it
is re-raised after the finally block has been executed.
• The finally clause is also executed “on the way out” when any other
clause of the try statement is left via a break, continue or return
statement.
• You can also leave out the name of the exception after the except keyword.
This is generally not recommended as the code will now be catching different
types of exceptions and handling them in the same way.
• This is not optimal as you will be handling a TypeError exception the same
way as you would have handled a ZeroDivisionError exception.
• When handling exceptions, it is better to be as specific as possible and only
catch what you can handle.

Example

try:
numerator = 10
denominator = 0

result = numerator/denominator
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print(result)
except:
print("Error: Denominator cannot be 0.")

finally:
print("This is finally block.")

OUTPUT:

Error: Denominator cannot be 0.

This is finally block.

11. Give the syntax of range function. Explain use range function in for loop
with examples.
A range of numbers are generated using range() function. The range() function
returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by
default), and stops before a specified number.
Syntax: range(start, stop, step)

Start→ Optional. An integer number specifying at which position to start.

Default is 0
Stop→ Required. An integer number specifying at which position to stop
(not included).
Step→Optional. An integer number specifying the incrementation. Default is 1.

Example: Write a Program to Find the Sum of All Odd and Even Numbers up to
a Number Specified by the User.
1. number = int(input("Enter a number"))
2. even = 0
3. odd = 0
4. for i in range(number):
5. if i % 2 == 0:
6. even = even + i

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7. else: 8. odd = odd + i

9. print(f"Sum of Even numbers are {even} and Odd numbers are {odd}")

OUTPUT
Enter a number 10
Sum of Even numbers are 20 and Odd numbers are 25
A range of numbers are generated using range() function ➃. The numbers are
segregated as odd or even by using the modulus operator ➄. All the even numbers
are added up and assigned to even variable and odd numbers are added up and
assigned to odd variable ➅–➇ and print the result ➈.

12. With syntax and example explain how to define and call a function in
Python
User-defined functions are reusable code blocks created by users to perform
some specific task in the program
The syntax for function definition is
def function_name(parameter_1, parameter_2, …,
parameter_n):
statement(s)
In Python, a function definition consists of the def keyword, followed by
1. The name of the function. The function’s name has to adhere to the same
naming rules as variables: use letters, numbers, or an underscore, but the name
cannot start with a number. Also, you cannot use a keyword as a function
name.
2. A list of parameters to the function are enclosed in parentheses and
separated by commas. Some functions do not have any parameters at all while
others may have one or more parameters.
3. A colon is required at the end of the function header. The first line of the
function definition which includes the name of the function is called the
function header.
4. Block of statements that define the body of the function start at the next line
of the function header and they must have the same indentation level.

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Defining a function does not execute it. Defining a function simply names the
function and specifies what to do when the function is called. Calling the
function actually performs the specified actions with the indicated parameters.
The syntax for function call or calling function is,
function_name(argument_1, argument_2,…,argument_n)
Arguments are the actual value that is passed into the calling function. There
must be a one to one correspondence between the formal parameters in the
function definition and the actual arguments of the calling function.
When a function is called, the formal parameters are temporarily “bound” to
the arguments and their initial values are assigned through the calling
function.
A function should be defined before it is called and the block of statements in
the function definition are executed only after calling the function.

if __name == " main ":

statement(s)

The special variable, name with " main ", is the entry point to your
program. When Python interpreter reads the if statement and sees that
name does equal to " main ", it will execute the block of statements
present there.

Here,

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1. When the function is called, the control of the program goes to the function
definition.

2. All codes inside the function are executed.

3. The control of the program jumps to the next statement after the function call.
Example:
Program to Find the Area of Trapezium Using the Formula Area = (1/2) * (a + b) * h
Where a and b Are the 2 Bases of Trapezium and h Is the Height
1. def area_trapezium(a, b, h):
2. area = 0.5 * (a + b) * h
3. print(f"Area of a Trapezium is {area}")
4. def main():
5. area_trapezium(10, 15, 20)
6. if name == "__main__":
7. main()
OUTPUT
Area of a Trapezium is 250.0
Here the function definition area_trapezium(a, b, h) uses three formal parameters a,
b, h➀ to stand for the actual values passed by the user in the calling function
area_trapezium(10, 15, 20) ➄. The arguments in the calling function are numbers.
The variables a, b and h are assigned with values of 10, 15 and 20 respectively. The
area of a trapezium is calculated using the formula 0.5 * (a + b) * h and the result is
assigned to the variable area ➁ and the same is displayed ➂.

13. Explain *args and **kwargs with example

*args
*args as parameter in function defi-nition allows you to pass a non-keyworded,
variable length tuple argument list to the call-ing function. *args must come after all
the positional parameters.

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Example: Using *args to pass the variable length arguments to the function
def adder(*num):
sum = 0
for n in num:
sum = sum + n
print("Sum:",sum)
adder(3,5)
adder(4,5,6,7)
adder(1,2,3,5,6)

OUTPUT:
Sum: 8
Sum: 22
Sum: 17
In the above program, we used *num as a parameter which allows us to pass variable
length argument list to the adder() function. Inside the function, we have a loop
which adds the passed argument and prints the result. We passed 3 different tuples
with variable length as an argument to the function.

**kwargs
**kwargs as parameter in function definition allows you to pass keyworded, variable
length dictionary argument list to the calling function. **kwargs must come right at
the end
Example: Using **kwargs to pass the variable keyword arguments to the
function
def intro(**data):
print("\nData type of argument:",type(data))
for key, value in data.items():
print("{} is {}".format(key,value))

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intro(Firstname="Sita", Lastname="Sharma", Age=22, Phone=1234567890)

intro(Firstname="John", Lastname="Wood", Email="johnwood@nomail.com",
Country="Wakanda", Age=25, Phone=9876543210)

OUTPUT
Data type of argument: <class 'dict'>
Firstname is Sita
Lastname is Sharma
Age is 22
Phone is 1234567890

Data type of argument: <class 'dict'>

Firstname is John
Lastname is Wood
Email is johnwood@nomail.com
Country is Wakanda
Age is 25
Phone is 9876543210
In the above program, we have a function intro() with **data as a parameter. We
passed two dictionaries with variable argument length to the intro() function. We
have for loop inside intro() function which works on the data of passed dictionary
and prints the value of the dictionary.

The advantages of *args and **kwargs with examples.

• The syntax *args allows to pass a variable number of arguments to the
calling function
• The syntax **kwargs allows you to pass keyworded, variable length
dictionary
arguments to the calling function
• *args and **kwargs are mostly used as parameters in function
definitions. *args and
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**kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of arguments to the

calling function.
• Here variable number of arguments means that the user does not know
in advance about how many arguments will be passed to the calling
function.
• *args as parameter in function definition allows you to pass a non-
keyworded, variable length tuple argument list to the calling function.
• **kwargs as parameter in function efinition allows you to pass
keyworded, variable length dictionary argument list to the calling
function.
• *args must come after all the positional parameters and **kwargs must
come right at the end.

14. With example explain keyword arguments and default arguments to the
function.
Keyword arguments are a list of arguments of type keyword = value, that
can be accessed with the name of the argument inside curly braces like
{keyword}.

def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom', type='Norwegian Blue'):

print(f"This parrot wouldn't {action}, if you put {voltage}, volts through
it.")
parrot(voltage=1000)

OUTPUT:
This parrot wouldn't voom, if you put 1000, volts through it.

A default parameter is defined with a fallback value as a default argument.

Such parameters are optional during a function call. If no argument is
provided, the default value is used, and if an argument is provided, it will
overwrite the default value.
Example:

def add_numbers( a = 7, b = 8):

sum = a + b
print('Sum:', sum)

# function call with two arguments

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add_numbers(2, 3)

# function call with one argument

add_numbers(a = 2)

# function call with no arguments

add_numbers()

OUTPUT:
Sum: 5
Sum: 10
Sum: 15
Here, we have provided default values 7 and 8 for parameters a and b
respectively

15. With example explain how command line arguments are passed to python
program.
A Python program can accept any number of arguments from the command line.
Command line arguments is a methodology in which user will give inputs to the
program
through the console using commands. You need to import sys module to access
command
line arguments. All the command line arguments in Python can be printed as a list of
string by executing sys.argv.

Example Program : Program to Demonstrate Command Line Arguments in

Python
1. import sys
2. def main():
3. print(f"sys.argv prints all the arguments at the command line including file
name {sys.argv}")
4. print(f"len(sys.argv) prints the total number of command line arguments
including file name {len(sys.argv)}")
5. print("You can use for loop to traverse through sys.argv")
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6. for arg in sys.argv:

7. print(arg)
8. if name == " main ":
9. main()

OUTPUT
C:\Introduction_To_Python_Programming\Chapter_4>python
Program_4.12.py arg_1
arg_2 arg_3
sys.argv prints all the arguments at the command line including file name
['Program_4.12.
p y ', 'a r g _ 1', 'a r g _ 2 ', 'a r g _ 3 ' ]
len(sys.argv) prints the total number of command line arguments including file
name 4
You can use for loop to traverse through sys.argv
Program_4.12.py
arg_1
arg_2
arg_3
To execute a command line argument program, you need to navigate to the directory
where your program is saved. Then issue a command in the format python file_name
argument_1 argu-ment_2argument_3……argument_n. Here argument_1
argument_2 and so on can be any argument and should be separated by a space.
Import sys module ➀ to access command line arguments. Print all the arguments
including file name using sys.argv ➂ but excluding the python command. The
number of arguments passed at the command line can be obtained by len(sys.argv)
➃. A for loop can be used to traverse through each of the arguments in sys.argv ➄–
➆.

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16. Write a program to check for ‘ValueError’ exception

1. while True:
2. try:
3. number = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
4. print(f"The number you have entered is {number}")
5. break
6. except ValueError:
7. print("Oops! That was no valid number. Try again…")

OUTPUT
Please enter a number: g
Oops! That was no valid number. Try again…
Please enter a number: 4
The number you have entered is 4

First, the try block (the statement(s) between the try and except keywords) is
executed ➁ –➄ inside the while loop ➀. If no exception occurs, the except block is
skipped and execution of the try statement is finished. If an exception occurs during
execution of the try block statements, the rest of the statements in the try block is
skipped. Then if its type matches the exception named after the except keyword, the
except block is executed ➅ –➆, and then execution continues after the try statement.
When a variable receives an inappropriate value then it leads to ValueError
exception.

17. Write a program to check for ZeroDivisionError Exception

1. x = int(input("Enter value for x: "))
2. y = int(input("Enter value for y: "))
3. try:
4. result = x / y
5. except ZeroDivisionError:

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6. print("Division by zero!")
7. else:
8. print(f"Result is {result}")
9. fi na l ly:
10. print("Executing finally clause")

OUTPUT
Case 1
Enter value for x: 8
Enter value for y: 0
Division by zero!
Executing finally clause
Case 2
Enter value for x: p
Enter value for y: q
Executing finally clause
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-271d1f4e02e8> in <module>()
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'p'

In the above example divide by zero exception is handled. In line ➀ and ➁, the user
entered val-ues are assigned to x and y variables. Line ➃ is enclosed within line ➂
which is a try clause. If the statements enclosed within the try clause raise an
exception then the control is transferred to line ➄ and divide by zero error is printed
➅. As can be seen in Case 1, ZeroDivisionError occurs when the second argument
of a division or modulo operation is zero. If no exception occurs, the except block is
skipped and result is printed out ➆–➇. In Case 2, as you can see, the finally clause is
executed in any event ➈– ➉. The ValueError raised by dividing two strings is not
handled by the except clause and therefore re-raised after the finally clause has been
executed.

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18. How to return multiple values from a function definition? Explain with an
example
return statement
The function to perform its specified task to calculate a valueand return the
value to the calling function so that it can be stored in a variable and usedlater.
This can be achieved using the optional return statement in the function
definition.
The syntax for return statement is,
return [expression_list]

The return statement terminates the execution of the function definition in

which it appearsand returns control to the calling function. It can also return
an optional value to its callingfunction. it makes sense to return multiple
values if they are related to each other. Ifso, return the multiple values
separated by a comma which by default is constructed asa tuple by Python.
When calling function receives a tuple from the function definition, it is
common to assign the result to multiple variables by specifying the same
number of variables on the left-hand side of the assignment as there were
returned from the function definition. This is called tuple unpacking.
EXAMPLE: Program to Demonstrate the Return of Multiple Values from a
Function Definition
1. def world_war():
2. alliance_world_war = input("Which alliance won World War 2?")
3. world_war_end_year = input("When did World War 2 end?")
4. return alliance_world_war, world_war_end_year
5. def main():
6. alliance, war_end_year = world_war()
7. print(f"The war was won by {alliance} and the war ended in
{war_end_year}")
8. if name == " main ":
9. ma i n()

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OUTPUT
Which alliance won World War 2? Allies
When did World War 2 end? 1945
The war was won by Allies and the war ended in 1945

Line ➇ is the entry point of the program and you call the function main() ➈. In the
func-tion definition main() you call another function world_war() ➅. The block of
statements in function definition world_war() ➀ includes statements to get input
from the user and a return statement ➁ –➃. The return statement returns multiple
values separated by a comma. Once the execution of function definition is
completed, the values from function definition world_war() are returned to the
calling function. At the calling function on the left-hand side of the assignment ➅
there should be matching number of variables to store the values returned from the
return statement. At ➆ returned values are displayed.

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UNIT II
Two Mark questions
1. Give two methods of creating strings in Python.
Strings are another basic data type available in Python. They consist of one or
more char-acters surrounded by matching quotation marks. To create a string,
put the sequence of characters inside either single quotes, double quotes, or triple
quotes and then assign it to a variable.
Example:

>>> single_quote_character = 'a'

>>> print(single_quote_character)
a

>>> double_quote_character ="b"

>>>print(double_quote_character)
b

>>> triple_quote_example ="""this is a sentence written in triple quotes"""

>>>print(type(triple_quote_example))
<class'str'>

2. List any two built in functions used with python strings. Mention their use.

1. islower()
2. isupper()

1. islower()
string_name.islower()
The method islower() returns Boolean True if all characters in the string are
lowercase, else it returns Boolean False.

2. isupper()
string_name.isupper()

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The method isupper() returns Boolean True if all cased characters in the string
are uppercase and there is at least one cased character, else it returns Boolean
False.

3. Why strings are called immutable?

As strings are immutable, it cannot be modified. The characters in a string

cannot be changed once a string value is assigned to string variable.

1. >>> immutable = "dollar"

2. >>> immutable[0] = "c"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

The string value "dollar" is assigned to string variable immutable ➀. If you

try to change the string by assigning a character in place of existing character
through indexing, then it results in an error as the string is immutable ➁.

4. What is use of negative indexing? Give example.

You can also access individual characters in a string using negative indexing.
If you have a long string and want to access end characters in the string, then
you can count backward from the end of the string starting from an index
number of −1.

1. >>> word_phrase[-1]
'f'
2. >>> word_phrase[-2]
'l'
By using negative index number of −1, you can print the character ‘f’ ➀, the
negative index number of −2 prints the character ‘l’ ➁.

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5. Give the output of the following Python code:

str1 = 'This is Python'
print( "Slice of String : ", str1[1 : 4 : 1] )
print ("Slice of String : ", str1[0 : -1 : 2] )

OUTPUT
Slice of String : his
Slice of String : Ti sPto
6. Give the output of following Python code
newspaper = "new york times"
print(newspaper[0:12:4])
print (newspaper[::4])

OUTPUT
ny
ny e

7. Give the syntax and example for split function.

The split() method returns a list of string items by breaking up the string using the
delim-iter string. The syntax of split() method is
string_name.split([separator [, maxsplit]])
Here separator is the delimiter string and is optional. A given string is split into list
of strings based on the specified separator. If the separator is not specified then
whitespace is considered as the delimiter string to separate the strings. If maxsplit is
given, at most max-split splits are done (thus, the list will have at most maxsplit +
1 items). If maxsplit is not specified or −1, then there is no limit on the number of
splits.

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Example:
1. >>> inventors = "edison, tesla, marconi, newton"
2. >>> inventors.split(",")
['edison', ' tesla', ' marconi', ' newton']
3. >>> watches = "rolex hublot cartier omega"
4. >>> watches.split()
['rolex', 'hublot', 'cartier', 'omega']

8. Write Python code to print each character in a string.

1. string = "characters";
2.
3. #Displays individual characters from given string
4. print("Individual characters from given string:");
5.
6. #Iterate through the string and display individual character
7. for i in range(0, len(string)):
8. print(string[i], end=" ");

OUTPUT
Individual characters from given string:
characters

9. What is list? How to create list?

Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Lists are constructed
using square brackets [ ] wherein you can include a list of items separated by
commas. A list can have integer, string or float elements. The syntax for
creating list is:
List_name=[item1,item2,….item N]

Example:
1. >>> superstore = ["metro", "tesco", "walmart", "kmart", "carrefour"]
2. >>> superstore
['metro', 'tesco', 'walmart', 'kmart', 'carrefour']

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10. List any four built-in functions used on list.

• len ()
• sum()
• all()
• sorted()
• any()
11. Write the output of the given python code :
aList = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc'];
aList.insert (3,2009)
print ("Final List:", aList)

OUTPUT:
Final List: [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 2009, 'abc']

12. Give the syntax and example for list slicing

Slicing of lists is allowed in Python wherein a part of the list can be extracted by
specifying index range along with the colon (:) operator which itself is a list.
Syntax list_name[start:stop[:step]]
Example
1. >>> fruits = ["grapefruit", "pineapple", "blueberries", "mango", "banana"]
2. >>> fruits[1:3]
['pineapple', 'blueberries']
13. What is dictionary? Give example
A dictionary is a collection of an unordered set of key:value pairs, with the
requirement that the keys are unique within a dictionary. Dictionaries are
constructed using curly braces {}, wherein you include a list of key:value
pairs separated by commas.
EXAMPLE:

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14. How to access and modify key value pairs of dictionary ?

Each individual key:value pair in a dictionary can be accessed through
keys by specifying it inside square brackets. The key provided within the
square brackets indicates the key:value pair being accessed.
The syntax for accessing the value for a key in the dictionary is,
dictionary_name[key]
The syntax for modifying the value of an existing key or for adding a new
key:value pair to a dictionary is,
dictionary_name[key] = value
For example,

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15. List any four built-in functions used on dictionary.

16. What is tuple? How it is created in Python

• A tuple is a finite ordered list of values of possibly different types
which is used to bundle related values together without having to create
a specific type to hold them.
• Tuples are immutable. Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its
values. A tuple is defined by putting a comma-separated list of values
inside parentheses ( ).
• Each value inside a tuple is called an item.
The syntax for creating tuples is,

17. What is the output of print (tuple[1:3]) if tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john',
70.2 )?
It will print elements starting from 2nd till 3rd. Output would be (786, 2.23)

18. Give syntax and purpose of two built-in functions used on tuples

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19. How to convert tuple in to List? Give example

You can convert a tuple to a list by passing the tuple name to the list()
function.
1. >>> coral_reef = ("great_barrier", "ningaloo_coast", "amazon_reef",
"pickles_reef")
2. >>> coral_reef_list = list(coral_reef)
3.>>> coral_reef_list
['great_barrier', 'ningaloo_coast', 'amazon_reef', 'pickles_reef']

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20. Differentiate tuple and set datatype.

tuple Set
A tuple also refers to a data structure A set also refers to a data structure
of the non-homogenous type that of the non-homogenous type, but it
functions to store various elements stores various elements in a single
in columns, multiple rows, and row.
single rows.
ordered sequences of elements but Unordered sequences of elements
their values can't be changed once
they're made
allows duplicates does not allow duplicates
Tuples can be created using tuple() Set can be created using set()

Example: Example:
my_tuple = (10, 20, "codes", my_set = {10, 20, "codes",
"cracker") "cracker"}

21. List any two set methods and mention purpose of each method.

Long Answer Questions

1. What is string slicing? Explain with examples

The "slice" syntax is a handy way to refer to sub-parts of sequence of
characters within an original string. The syntax for string slicing is,
string_name[start:end[:step]]

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With string slicing, you can access a sequence of characters by specifying a range of
index numbers separated by a colon. String slicing returns a sequence of characters
beginning at start and extending up to but not including end. The start and end
indexing values have to be integers. String slicing can be done using either positive
or negative indexing.
Positive index slicing

Example:
1. >>> healthy_drink = "green tea"
2. >>> healthy_drink[0:3]
'g r e'
3. >>> healthy_drink[:5]
'g r e e n'
4. >>> healthy_drink[6:]
'tea'
5. >>> healthy_drink[:]
'green tea'
Negative index slicing

Example:
1. >>> healthy_drink = "green tea"
2. >>> healthy_drink[-3:-1]
'te'
3. >>> healthy_drink[6:-1]
'te'

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2. Write a note on negative indexing and slicing strings using negative indexing.
Negative Indexing
You can also access individual characters in a string using negative indexing. If
you have a long string and want to access end characters in the string, then you
can count backward from the end of the string starting from an index number of
−1.

1. >>> word_phrase[-1]
'f'
2. >>> word_phrase[-2]
'l'
By using negative index number of −1, you can print the character ‘f’ ➀, the
negative index
number of −2 prints the character ‘l’ ➁. You can benefit from using negative
indexing when
you want to access characters at the end of a long string.

Negative index slicing

Example:
1. >>> healthy_drink = "green tea"
2. >>> healthy_drink[-3:-1]
'te'
3. >>> healthy_drink[6:-1]
'te'

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You need to specify the lowest negative integer number in the start index position
when using negative index numbers as it occurs earlier in the string ➀. You can also
combine positive and negative indexing numbers ➁.

3. Explain split and join methods of string with example.

The split()
The split() method returns a list of string items by breaking up the string using
the delim-iter string.
The syntax of split() method is,
string_name.split([separator [, maxsplit]])

Example:
1. >>> inventors = "edison, tesla, marconi, newton"
2. >>> inventors.split(",")
['edison', ' tesla', ' marconi', ' newton']

Here comma splited the items.

join() string
Strings can be joined with the join() string. The join() method provides a flexible
way to concatenate strings. The syntax of join() method is,
string_name.join(sequence)
Example:
1. >>> date_of_birth = ["17", "09", "1950"]
2. >>> ":".join(date_of_birth)
'17:09:1950'
Here colon is joines with date
4. Explain concatenation , repetition and membership operations on string.
concatenation:strings can also be concatenated using + sign
Example:
1. >>> string_1 = "face"
2. >>> string_2 = "book"
3. >>> concatenated_string = string_1 + string_2

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4. >>> concatenated_string
'facebook'
Two string variables are assigned with "face"➀ and "book" ➁ string values. The
string_1 and string_2 are concatenated using + operator to form a new string. The
new string concatenated_string ➃ has the values of both the strings ➂.
repetition : * operator is used to create a repeated sequence of strings.
Example
5. >>> repetition_of_string = "wow" * 5
6.>>> repetition_of_string
'wowwowwowwowwow'
You can use the multiplication operator * on a string 5. It repeats the string the
number of times you specify and the string value “wow” is repeated five times 6.
member-ship operators(in and not in)
You can check for the presence of a string in another string using in and not in
member-ship operators. It returns either a Boolean Tr u e or False. The in operator
evaluates to Tr u e if the string value in the left operand appears in the sequence of
characters of string value in right operand. The not in operator evaluates to Tr u e if
the string value in the left operand does not appear in the sequence of characters of
string value in right operand.
Example:
1. >>> fruit_string = "apple is a fruit"
2. >>> fruit_sub_string = "apple"
3. >>> fruit_sub_string in fruit_string
True
4. >>> another_fruit_string = "orange"
5. >>> another_fruit_string not in fruit_string
True
Statement ➂ returns True because the string "apple" is present in the string "apple
is a fruit". The not in operator evaluates to True as the string "orange" is not present
in "apple is a fruit" string ➄.
5. Explain any five string functions with syntax and example.
1. count():
The method count(), returns the number of non-overlapping
occurrences of substring in the range [start, end]. Optional arguments
start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

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Syntax: string_name.count(substring [,start [, end]])

Example:
>>>>>> warriors = "ancient gladiators were vegetarians"
>>> warriors.count("a")
5
2. upper():
The method upper() converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase.
Syntax: string_name.upper()

Example:
>>> "galapagos".upper()
' G A L A PAG O S '

3. lower():
The method lower() converts uppercase letters in string to lowercase.

Syntax: String_name.lower()

Example:
>>> "Tortoises".lower()
'tortoises'

4. capitalize():
The capitalize() method returns a copy of the string with its first
character capitalized and the rest lowercased.
Syntax: string_name.capitalize()

Example:
>>> species = "charles darwin discovered galapagos tortoises"
>>> species.capitalize()
'Charles darwin discovered galapagos tortoises'

5. find():
Checks if substring appears in string_name or if substring appears in
string_name specified by starting index start and ending index end.
Return position of the first character of the first instance of string

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substring in string_name, otherwise return –1 if substring not found in

string_name.
Syntax: string_name. find(substring[,start[, end]])

Example:
>>> "cucumber".find("cu")
0
>>> "cucumber".find("um")
3
>>> "cucumber".find("xyz")
-1
6.Write a note on indexing and slicing lists.
As an ordered sequence of elements, each item in a list can be called
individually, through
indexing. The expression inside the bracket is called the index. Lists use
square brackets
[ ] to access individual items, with the first item at index 0, the second item at
index 1 and
so on. The index provided within the square brackets indicates the value being
accessed.

The syntax for accessing an item in a list is,

list_name[index]
Positive Index
where index should always be an integer value and indicates the item to be
selected. For
the list superstore, the index breakdown is shown below.

Example:
>>> superstore = ["metro", "tesco", "walmart", "kmart", "carrefour"]
>>> superstore[0]
'metro'
>>> superstore[1]
'tesco'
Negative index

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In addition to positive index numbers, you can also access items from the list
with a negative
index number, by counting backwards from the end of the list, starting at −1.
Negative index-
ing is useful if you have a long list and you want to locate an item towards the
end of a list.

>>> superstore[-3]
'walmart'
If you would like to print out the item 'walmart' by using its negative index
number, you
can do so as in ➀
7. Explain any five list methods with syntax.
1. append():
The append() method adds a single item to the end of the list. This method does not
return new list and it just modifies the original.
Syntax:
list.append(item)
Example:
>>> cities.append('brussels')
>>> cities
['washington', 'paris', 'seattle', 'london', 'washington', 'delhi', 'oslo', 'brussels']
2.count():
The count() method counts the number of times the item has occurred in the list and
returns it.
Syntax:
list.count(item)
Example:
>>> cities = ["oslo", "delhi", "washington", "london", "seattle", "paris",
"washington"]
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>>> cities.count('seattle')
1

3. remove():
The remove() method searches for the first instance of the given item in the list and
removes it. If the item is not present in the list then ValueError is thrown by this
method.
Syntax:
list.remove(item)
Example:
>>>cities=['brussels', 'delhi', 'london', 'oslo', 'paris', 'seattle', 'washington', 'brussels',
'copenhagen']
>>> cities.remove("brussels")
>>> c it i e s
['delhi', 'london', 'oslo', 'paris', 'seattle', 'washington', 'brussels', 'copenhagen']
4. sort():
The sort() method sorts the items in place in the list. This method modifies the
original list and it does not return a new list.
Syntax:
list.sort()
Example:
>>> cities=['washington', 'paris', 'seattle', 'london', 'washington', 'delhi', 'oslo',
'brussels']
>>> cities.sort()
>>> c it i e s
['brussels', 'delhi', 'london', 'oslo', 'paris', 'seattle', 'washington', 'washington']
5. reverse():
The reverse() method reverses the items in place in the list. This method modifies
the original list and it does not return a new list.

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Syntax:
list.reverse()
Example:
>>> cities = ["oslo", "delhi", "washington", "london", "seattle", "paris",
"washington"]
>>> cities.reverse()
>>> cities
['washington', 'paris', 'seattle', 'london', 'washington', 'delhi', 'oslo']

8. Write a Python code to implement stack operations using lists

1. stack = []
2. stack_size = 3
3. def display_stack_items():
4. print("Current stack items are: ")
5. for item in stack:
6. print(item)
7. def push_item_to_stack(item):
8. print(f"Push an item to stack {item}")
9. if len(stack) < stack_size:
10. stack.append(item)
11. else:
12. print("Stack is full!")
13. def pop_item_from_stack():
14. if len(stack) > 0:
15. print(f"Pop an item from stack {stack.pop()}")
16. else:
17. print("Stack is empty.")
18. def main():

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19. push_item_to_stack(1)
20. push_item_to_stack(2)
21. push_item_to_stack(3)
22. display_stack_items()
23. push_item_to_stack(4)
24. pop_item_from_stack()
25. display_stack_items()
26. pop_item_from_stack()
27. pop_item_from_stack()
28. pop_item_from_stack()
29. if name == " main ":
30. main()

OUTPUT:
Push an item to stack 1
Push an item to stack 2
Push an item to stack 3
Current stack items are:
1
2
3
Push an item to stack 4
Stack is full!
Pop an item from stack 3
Current stack items are:
1
2
Pop an item from stack 2
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Pop an item from stack 1

Stack is empty.

9. Write a Python code to implement queue operations using lists

1. from collections import deque

2. def queue_operations():
3. queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"])
4. print(f"Queue items are {queue}")
5. print("Adding few items to Queue")
6. queue.append("Terry")
7. queue.append("Graham")
8. print(f"Queue items are {queue}")
9. print(f"Removed item from Queue is {queue.popleft()}")
10. print(f"Removed item from Queue is {queue.popleft()}")
11. print(f"Queue items are {queue}")
12. def main():
13. queue_operations()
14. if name == " main ":
15. main()

OUTPUT:
Queue items are deque(['Eric', 'John', 'Michael'])
Adding few items to Queue
Queue items are deque(['Eric', 'John', 'Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])
Removed item from Queue is Eric
Removed item from Queue is John
Queue items are deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])

10. Write a note on nested lists.

A list inside another list is called a nested list.

The syntax for nested lists is,

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Each list inside another list is separated by a comma. For example,

1. >>> asia = [["India", "Japan", "Korea"],
["Srilanka", "Myanmar", "Thailand"],
["Cambodia", "Vietnam", "Israel"]]
2. >>> asia[0]
['India', 'Japan', 'Korea']
3. >>> asia[0][1]
'Japan'
4. >>> asia[1][2] = "Philippines"
5. >>> asia
[['India', 'Japan', 'Korea'], ['Srilanka', 'Myanmar', 'Philippines'], ['Cambodia',
'Vietnam','Israel']]

You can access an item inside a list that is itself inside another list by chaining
two sets ofsquare brackets together. For example, in the above list variable
asia you have three lists ➀which represent a 3 × 3 matrix. If you want to
display the items of the first list then specifythe list variable followed by the
index of the list which you need to access within the
brackets, like asia[0] ➁. If you want to access "Japan" item inside the list then
you need tospecify the index of the list within the list and followed by the
index of the item in the list, like asia[0][1] ➂. You can evenmodify the
contents of the list within the list. For example,to replace "Thailand" with
"Philippines" use the code in ➃.

11. With example explain how to Access and Modify key: value Pairs in
Dictionaries?

Accessing and Modifying key: value Pairs in Dictionaries:

• Each individual key: value pair in a dictionary can be accessed through keys
by specifying it inside square brackets. The key provided within the square
brackets indicates the key: value pair being accessed.
• The syntax for accessing the value for a key in the dictionary is,
dictionary_name[key]

• The syntax for modifying the value of an existing key or for adding a new
key:value pair to a dictionary is,

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dictionary_name[key] = value
• If the key is already present in the dictionary, then the key gets updated with
the new value. If the key is not present then the new key:value pair gets added
to the dictionary.

1. >>> renaissance = {"giotto":1305, "donatello":1440,

"michelangelo":1511,"botticelli":1480, "clouet":1520}
2. >>> renaissance["giotto"] = 1310
# Modified value of giotto
3. >>> renaissance
{'giotto': 1310, 'donatello': 1440, 'michelangelo': 1511, 'botticelli': 1480, 'clouet':
1520}
# Added leonardo
4. >>> renaissance["leonardo"] = 1503
5. >>> renaissance
{'giotto': 1310, 'donatello': 1440, 'michelangelo': 1511, 'botticelli': 1480, 'clouet':
1520,
'leonardo': 1503}
• You can add a new key:value pair by specifying the name of the
dictionary followed by a bracket within where you specify the name of the
key and assign a value to it .
• If you try to access a non-existing key then it results in KeyError.

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12.Explain any five dictionary methods with syntax.

1. fromkeys():
The fromkeys() method creates a new dictionary from the given sequence of
elements with a value provided by the user.
Syntax: dictionary_name.fromkeys(seq [, value])

Example:
>>> box_office_billion = {"avatar":2009, "titanic":1997, "starwars":2015,
"harry-potter":2011, "avengers":2012}#original dictionery
.>>>box_office_billion_fromkeys = box_office_billion.fromkeys(box_office_
billion, "billion_dollar")
>>> box_office_billion_fromkeys
{'avatar': 'billion_dollar', 'titanic': 'billion_dollar', 'starwars': 'billion_dollar',
'harry-potter': 'billion_dollar', 'avengers': 'billion_dollar'}

2. Keys(): The keys() method returns a new view consisting of all the keys in the
dictionary.
Syntax: dictionary_name.keys()
Example:
>>> box_office_billion = {"avatar":2009, "titanic":1997, "starwars":2015,
"harry-potter":2011, "avengers":2012} #original dictionery
>>> box_office_billion.keys()
dict_keys(['avatar', 'titanic', 'starwars', 'harrypotter', 'avengers'])

3. Values(): The values() method returns a new view consisting of all the values in the
dictionary.
Syntax dictionary_name.values()
Example:
>>> box_office_billion = {"avatar":2009, "titanic":1997, "starwars":2015,
"harry-potter":2011, "avengers":2012} #original dictionery
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>>> box_office_billion.values()
dict_values([2009, 1997, 2015, 2011, 2012])

4. Update(): The update() method updates the dictionary with the key:value pairs
from other dictionary object and it returns None.

Syntax: dictionary_name.update([other])

Example:
>>> box_office_billion = {"avatar":2009, "titanic":1997, "starwars":2015, "harry-
potter":2011, "avengers":2012} #original dictionery
>>> box_office_billion.update({"frozen":2013})
>>> box_office_billion
{'avatar': 2009, 'titanic': 1997, 'starwars': 2015, 'harrypotter': 2011, 'avengers':
2012, ' frozen': 2013}

5. Setdefault(): The setdefault() method returns a value for the key present in the
dictionary. If the key is not present, then insert the key into the dictionary with a
default value and return the default value. If key is present, default defaults to None,
so that this method never raises a KeyError.
Syntax: dictionary_name.setdefault(key[, default])

Example:
>>> box_office_billion = {"avatar":2009, "titanic":1997, "starwars":2015,
"harry-potter":2011, "avengers":2012} #original dictionery

>>> box_office_billion.setdefault("minions")
>>> box_office_billion
{'avatar': 2009, 'titanic': 1997, 'starwars': 2015, 'harrypotter': 2011, 'avengers':
2012, ' frozen': 2013, 'minions': None}

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13. Write a Python Program to Dynamically Build dictionary using User

Input as a List
1. def main():
2. print("Method 1: Building Dictionaries")
3. build_dictionary = {}
4. for i in range(0, 2):
5. dic_key = input("Enter key ")
6. dic_val = input("Enter val ")
7. build_dictionary.update({dic_key: dic_val})
8. print(f"Dictionary is {build_dictionary}")
9. print("Method 2: Building Dictionaries")
10. build_dictionary = {}
11. for i in range(0, 2):
12. dic_key = input("Enter key ")
13. dic_val = input("Enter val ")
14. build_dictionary[dic_key] = dic_val
15. print(f"Dictionary is {build_dictionary}")
16. print("Method 3: Building Dictionaries")
17. build_dictionary = {}
18. i = 0
19. while i < 2:
20. dict_key = input("Enter key ")
21. dict_val = input("Enter val ")
22. build_dictionary.update({dict_key: dict_val})
23. i=i+ 1
24. print(f"Dictionary is {build_dictionary}")
25. if name == " main ":
26. main()

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OUTPUT
Method 1: Building Dictionaries
Enter key microsoft
Enter val windows
Enter key canonical
Enter val ubuntu
Dictionary is {'microsoft': 'windows', 'canonical': 'ubuntu'}
Method 2: Building Dictionaries
Enter key apple
Enter val macos
Enter key canonical
Enter val ubuntu
Dictionary is {'apple': 'macos', 'canonical': 'ubuntu'}
Method 3: Building Dictionaries
Enter key microsoft
Enter val windows
Enter key apple
Enter val macos
Dictionary is {'microsoft': 'windows', 'apple': 'macos'}

14 Explain with example how to traverse dictionary using key: value pair
A for loop can be used to iterate over keys or values or key:value pairs in
dictionaries. If you iterate over a dictionary using a for loop, then, by default,
you will iterate over the keys.If you want to iterate over the values, use
values() method and for iterating over the key:value pairs, specify the
dictionary’s items() method explicitly. The dict_keys, dict_values, and
dict_items data types returned by dictionary methods can be used in for loops
to iterate over the keys or values or key:value pairs.

Program to Illustrate Traversing of key:value Pairs in Dictionaries Using

for Loop
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1. currency = {"India": "Rupee", "USA": "Do l l a r ", "Russia": "Ruble",

"Japan": "Ye n",
"Germany": "Euro"}
2. def main():
3. print("List of Countries")
4. for key in currency.keys():
5. print(key)
6. print("List of Currencies in different Countries")
7. for value in currency.values():
8. print(value)
9. for key, value in currency.items():
10. print(f"'{key}' has a currency of type '{value}'")
11. if name == " main ":
12. main()

OUTPUT
List of Countries
India
USA
Russia
Japan
Germany
List of Currencies in different Countries
Rupee
Dollar
Ruble
Yen
Euro
'India' has a currency of type 'Rupee'
'USA' has a currency of type 'Dollar'
'Russia' has a currency of type 'Ruble'
'Japan' has a currency of type 'Yen'
'Germany' has a currency of type 'Euro'
Using the keys() ➃–➄, values() ➆–➇, and items() ➈–➉ methods, a for loop can
iterate over the keys, values, or key:value pairs in a dictionary, respectively. By
default, a for loop iterates over the keys. So the statement for key in
currency.keys(): results in the same output as for key in currency:. When looping
through dictionaries, the key and its corresponding value can be retrieved
simultaneously using the items() method. The values in the dict_items type returned
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by the items() method are tuples where the first element in the tuple is the key and
the second element is the value. You can use multiple iterating variables in a for
loop to unpack the two parts of each tuple in the items() method by assigning the key
and value to separate variables ➈

15. Write a note on indexing and slicing tuples

Each item in a tuple can be called individually through indexing. The expression
inside the bracket is called the index. Square brackets [ ] are used by tuples to access
individual items, with the first item at index 0, the second item at index 1 and so on.
The index pro-vided within the square brackets indicates the value being accessed.
The syntax for accessing an item in a tuple is,
tuple_name[index]
where index should always be an integer value and indicates the item to be selected.

you can also access tuple items using a negative index number, by counting
backwards from the end of the tuple, starting at −1. Negative indexing is useful if
you have a large number of items in the tuple and you want to locate an item
towards the end of a tuple.

Example:
>>>holy_places = ("jerusalem", "kashivishwanath", "harmandirsahib", "bethlehem",
"mahabodhi" )
>>> holy_places[0]
'jerusalem'
>>> holy_places[2]
'harmandirsahib'
>>> holy_places[-2]

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'beth lehem'
Slicing of tuples is allowed in Python wherein a part of the tuple can be extracted by
specifying an index range along with the colon (:) operator, which itself results as
tuple type. Syntax:
tuple_name[start:stop[:step]]
where both start and stop are integer values (positive or negative values). Tuple
slicing returns a part of the tuple from the start index value to stop index value,
which includes the start index value but excludes the stop index value. The step
specifies the increment value to slice by and it is optional.

>>> colors = ("v", "i", "b", "g", "y", "o", "r")

>>> colors[1:4]
( ' i', ' b', 'g' )
>>> colors[-5:-2]
( ' b', 'g', ' y ' )

16. Write a Python program to populate tuple with user input data.
1. tuple_items = ()
2. total_items = int(input("Enter the total number of items: "))
3. for i in range(total_items):
4. user_input = int(input("Enter a number: "))
5. tuple_items += (user_input,)
6. print(f"Items added to tuple are {tuple_items}")
7. list_items = []
8. total_items = int(input("Enter the total number of items: "))
9. for i in range(total_items):
10. item = input("Enter an item to add: ")
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11. list_items.append(item)
12. items_of_tuple = tuple(list_items)
13. print(f"Tuple items are {items_of_tuple}")

OUTPUT
Enter the total number of items: 4
Enter a number: 4
Enter a number: 3
Enter a number: 2
Enter a number: 1
Items added to tuple are (4, 3, 2, 1)
Enter the total number of items: 4
Enter an item to add: 1
Enter an item to add: 2
Enter an item to add: 3
Enter an item to add: 4
Tuple items are ('1', '2', '3', '4')

17. Explain any Five set methods.

1. add(): The add() method adds an item to the set set_name.

Syntax: set_name.add(item)
Example:
1. >>> european_flowers = {"sunflowers", "roses", "lavender",
"tulips", "goldcrest"}
2. >>> american_flowers = {"roses", "tulips", "lilies", "daisies"}
3. >>> american_flowers.add("orchids")
4. >>> american_flowers.difference(european_flowers)

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{'lilies', 'orchids', 'daisies'}

2. clear(): The clear() method removes all the items from the setset_name.
Syntax: set_name.clear()
Example:
1 >>>american_flowers = {"roses", "tulips", "lilies", "daisies"}
2>>>american_flowers.clear()
3>>> american_flowers
set()
3. pop():The method pop() removes and returns an arbitrary item from the set
set_name. It raises KeyError if the set is empty.
Syntax: set_name.pop()
Example:
1>>>european_flowers = {"sunflowers", "roses", "lavender", "tulips"}
2>>>european_flowers.pop()
'tulips'
4. issubset(): The issubset() method returns True if every item in the set
set_name is in other set.

Syntax: set_name.issubset(other)

Example:
1>>>european_flowers = {"sunflowers", "roses", "lavender", "tulips"}
2>>> american_flowers.issubset(european_flowers)
False
5. issuperset()

Syntax: set_name.issuperset(other)

Example:
1>>>european_flowers = {"sunflowers", "roses", "lavender", "tulips"}
2>>> american_flowers.issuperset(european_flowers)
False
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UNIT III

2Marks
1. List file types supported by Python. Give example for each?

Python supports two types of files –

• text files
• binary files.
binary and text files contain data stored as a series of bits (binary values of 1s and
0s), the bits in text files represent characters, while the bits in binary files represent
custom data.
EXAMPLE:

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2. List any four file access modes in Python.

Example:

3. Give the syntax of with statement to open the file.

• The words with and as are keywords and the with keyword is followed by
the open() function and ends with a colon.
• The as keyword acts like an alias and is used to assign the returning object
from the open() function to a new variable file_handler.
• The with statement creates a context manager and it will automatically
close the file handler object for you when you are done with it.

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4. List any two file object attributes and mention its purpose.

5. What is use of seek() and tell() methods.

tell () :
• This method returns an integer giving the file handler’s current position
within the file, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
Syntax: file_handler.tell ()

seek ():
• This method is used to change the file handler’s position. The position is
computed from adding offset to a reference point.
• The reference point is selected by the from_what argument.
• A from_what value of 0 measures from the beginning of the file, 1 uses
the current file position, and 2 uses the end of the file as the reference
point.
• If the from_what argument is omitted, then a default value of 0 is used,
indicating that the beginning of the file itself is the reference point.
Syntax: file_handler.seek(offset, from_what)

6. Give syntax of constructor definition in Python.

Python uses a special method called a constructor method. Python allows you
to define only one constructor per class. Also known as the init ()
method, it will be the first method definition of a class.
syntax is,
def _ _init_ _(self, parameter_1, parameter_2, …., parameter_n):
statement(s)

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• The init () method defines and initializes the instance variables.

• It is invoked as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.
• Class methods that begin with a double underscore ( ) are called
special methods as they have special meaning.

7. What is self-variable ?
The self variable is used to represent the instance of the class which is often
used in object-oriented programming. It works as a reference to the object.
When an instance to the class is created, the instance name contains the
memory location of the instance. This memory location is
internally passed to 'self'.

Example:
def _ _init_ _(self, parameter_1, parameter_2, …., parameter_n):
statement(s)

8. How to return object from a method? Give example

• Python allows return objects from a method

# This function returns a dictionary

def foo():
d = dict();
d['str'] = "Tutorialspoint"
d['x'] = 50
return d
print foo()

OUTPUT: {'x': 50, 'str': 'Tutorialspoint'}

9. How to define private instance variables and methods in Python.

Instance variables or methods, which can be accessed within the same class and
can’t be seen outside, are called private instance variables or private methods.

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10. What is multipath inheritance ?

When a class is derived from two or more classes which are derived from the
same base class then such type of inheritance is called multipath inheritance.

Here's the syntax of the multipath inheritance,

class ClassA:
# Super class code here

class ClassB(ClassA):
# Derived class B code here

class ClassC(ClassA):
# Derived class C code here

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class ClassD(ClassB, ClassC):

# Derived class D code here

11. What is purpose of super() method in inheritance ?

super() function can be used to refer to base classeswithout naming them explicitly,
thus making the code more maintainable.. The super() function returns an object that
represents the parent class.
Syntax:
super(). init (base_class_parameter(s))

12.Give the general syntax of multiple inheritance.

Class Base_1()
<statement-1>
………
<statement-N>
Class Base_2()
<statement-1>
………
<statement-N>
Class Base_3()
<statement-1>
………
<statement-N>
.
.

class DerivedClassName(Base_1, Base_2, Base_3,.,.):

<statement-1>

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.
.
.
<statement-N>

13. What is operator Overloading ?

Operator overloading is where we can change the way operators work for user-
defined types.For example, the + operator will perform arithmetic addition on two
numbers, merge two lists, or concatenate two strings.This feature in Python that
allows the same operator to have different meaning according to the context is called
operator overloading.
Example:
print (14 + 32) O/P: 46
# Now, we will concatenate the two strings
print ("Java" + "Tpoint") O/P: JavaTpoint

14. What is root window? How it is created in Python?

The Root Window:
To display the graphical output, we need space on the screen. This space that is
initially allocated to every GUI program is called top level window or root window.
We can say that the root window is the highest level GUI component in any tkinter
application. We can reach this root window by creating an object to Tk class.
Code to create root window
#import all components from tkinter
from tkinter import *
#create the root window
root = Tk()
#wait and watch for any events that may take place
#in the root window
root.mainloop()

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15. What is Canvas? How it is created in Python?

A canvas is a rectangular area which can be used for drawing pictures like lines,
circles, polygons, arcs, etc.
To create a canvas, we should create an object to Canvas class as:
C = Canvas (root, bg="blue", height=500, width=600, cursor='pencil')
• c is the Canvas class object, root is the name of the parent window.
• bg represents background color,
• height and width represent the height and width of the canvas in pixels.
• The option 'cursor' represents the shape of the cursor in the canvas.

16. Differentiate Canvas and frame.

Canvas Frames
This is a container that is generally This is a container that is generally
used to draw shapes like lines, curves, used to display widgets like buttons,
arcs and circles. check buttons or menus.
C = Canvas (root, bg="blue", frame= Frame (root, height=n,
height=500, width=600, width=m, bg="color",
cursor='pencil') cursor="cursortype")
• c is the Canvas class object, root is • f is the object of Frame class.
the name of the parent window. The frame is created as a child
• bg represents background color, of root' window.
• height and width represent the • The options 'height' and width'
height and width of the canvas in represent the height and width
pixels. of the frame in pixels.
• The option 'cursor' represents the • Bg represents the back ground
shape of the cursor in the canvas. color to be displayed .
• 'cursor' indicates the type of the
cursor to be displayed in the
frame.

17. How to add a scrollbar to a Text widget?

it is useful to add scroll bars to the Text widget. A scroll bar is a bar that is
useful to scroll the text either horizontally or vertically. For example, we can
create a vertical scroll bar by creating an object to Scroll bar class as:

s = Scrollbar (root, orient=VERTICAL, Command= t.yview)

s=Scrollbar (root, orient=HORIZONTAL, command=t.xview)

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• 'orient' indicates whether it is a vertical scroll bar or horizontal scroll

bar.
• The„command‟ option specifies to which widget this scroll bar should
be connected.
• t.yview represents that the scroll bar is connected to „t‟, i.e. Text widget
and „yview‟ is for vertical scrolling.(t.xview for horizontal).

After creating the scroll bar, it should be attached to the widget like Text
widget or Listbox as:
t.configure (xscrollcommand=h.set)
Here, t'indicates Text widget. xscrollcommand calls the set() method of
horizontal scroll bar.
In the same way, we can attach vertical scroll bar as:
t.configure(yscrollcommand=v.set)
18. Differentiate Label and Text Widget.
Label Text
A label represents constant text that is Text widget is same as a label or
displayed in the frame or container. A message. But Text widget has several
label can display one or more lines of options and can
text that cannot be modified. display multiple lines of text in
different colors and fonts. It is
possible to insert text into atext
widget, modify it or delete it. We can
also display images in the Text
widget.
A label is created as an object of create a Text widget by creating an
Label class as: object to Text class as:

lbl = Label(f, text=”text to be t = Text (root, width=m, height=n,

displayed”, width=m, height=n, font=('fontname', size, 'fontstyle'),
font=('font name', size,„style‟), fg='color'
fg=‟color‟, bg=‟‟color‟) bg='color', wrap=WORD)

• f represents the frame object

to which the label is created
as a child. • t represents the object of
• 'text' representsthe text to be Text class.
displayed. • 'root' represents an object of
• „width‟ represents the width root window or frame.
of the label in number of • width' represents the width

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characters of the Text widget in

and 'height' represents the height of characters.
the label in number of lines. • ‘height’ represents The
• „font‟ represents a tuple height of the widget in lines.
that contains font name, size and • The option wrap' specifies
style. where to cut the line.
• fg and 'bg' represents the
foreground and
background colors for the text.

19. What is an entry widget? How it is created?

Entry widget is useful to create a rectangular box that can be used to enter or display
one line of text. For example, we can display names, passwords or credit card
numbers using Entry widgets. An Entry widget can be created as an object of Entry
class as:
el=Entry(f, width=m, fg='color', bg='color', font=('fontname'. 14),show=‟*‟)

• el' is the Entry class object.

• f indicates the frame which is the parent component for the Entry widget
width' represents the size of the widget in number of characters.
• 'fg' indicates the fore ground color in which the text in the widget is
displayed,
• 'bg' represents the back ground color in the widget.
• 'font' represents a tuple that contains ſont family name, size and style.
• 'show' represents a character that replaces the originally typed characters in
the Entry widget. For example, show" is useful when the user wants to hide
his password by displaying stars in the place of characters.

20. What is a spin box widget? How it is created?

A spin box widget allows the user to select values from a given set of values. The
values may be one of numbers of a set of strings The spin box appears as a long
rectangle attached with arrow heads pointing towards up and down. The user can
click on the arrowheads to see the next value or previous value The user can also
edit the value being displayed in the spin box just like he can do in case of an Entry
widget

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A spin box is created as an object of Spinbox class.

s1= Spinbox(f, from_=x to=y, textvariable= val1,width= 15,fg='blue'
,bg='yellow', font=('fontname', size, „fontface‟))
• f represents the parent widget.
• from_' indicates the starting value and „to‟ indicatesthe ending value in the
spin box.
• „textvariable' shows the control variable, i.e. Val1 that is created as an object
of the IntVar class.

21. List the values that can be assigned to selectmode property of listbox
• BROWSE
• SINGLE
• MULTIPLE
• EXTENDED

Long Answer
1. List and explain various file opening modes with examples.
1. “r” - Opens the file in read only mode and this is the default mode

Example: >>> file_handler = open("moon.txt","r")

#The text file moon.txt present in the current directory is opened in read
mode .

2. “w” - Opens the file for writing. If a file already exists, then it’ll get
overwritten. If the file does not exist, then it creates a new file.

Example: >>> file_handler = open("moon.txt","w")

# The text file moon.txt present in the current directory is opened in write
mode .If the file does not exist it create the file moon.txt.

3. “a” - Opens the file for appending data at the end of the file automatically.
If the file does not exist it creates a new file.

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Example: >>> file_handler = open("titanic.txt","a+")

# Opens the file titanic.txt for appending data at the end

4. “r+” - Opens the file for both reading and writing.

“w+” - Opens the file for reading and writing. If the file does not exist it
creates a new file. If a file already exists then it will get overwritten.
Example: >>> file_handler = open("titanic.txt","w+")
# The file is opened in w+ mode for reading and writing.
5. “a+” - Opens the file for reading and appending. If a file already exists, the
data is appended. If the file does not exist it creates a new file.
“x” - Creates a new file. If the file already exists, the operation fails.

Example: >>> file_handler = open("titanic.txt","a+")

If the file does not exist, then the file name titanic.txt is created. The file
is opened in a+ mode for reading, writing, and appending. If the file exists,
then the content or data is appended. If the file does not exist, then the file is
created.
Example: >>> file_handler = open("example.txt","x")
The mode is "x". The file named example.txt is created if it is not
present. If the file already exists, then the operation fails.

2. With program example explain how ‘with’ statement is used to open and
close files
we can use a with statement in Python such that you do not have to close the file
handler object.The syntax of the with statement for the file I/O is,
with open (file, mode) as file_handler:
Statement_1
Statement_2
.
.
Statement_N

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the words with and as are keywords and the with keyword is followed by the open()
function and ends with a colon. The as keyword acts like an alias and is used to
assign the returning object from the open() function to a new variable file_handler.
The with statement creates a context manager and it will automatically close the file
handler object.
In the below example, The with statement automatically closes the file after
executing its block ofstatements ➂. You can read the contents of the file japan.txt
line-by-line using a for loop without running out of memory ➃. This is both
efficient and fast.

EXAMPLE:
1. def read_file():
2. print("Printing each line in text file")
3. with open("japan.txt") as file_handler:
4. for each_line in file_handler:
5. print(each_line, end="")
6. def main():
7. r e a d _ fi l e ( )
8. if name == " main ":
9. ma i n()

OUTPUT:
Printing each line in text file
National Treasures of Japan are the most precious of Japan's Tangible Cultural
Properties.A Tangible Cultural Property is considered to be of historic or artistic
value, classified either as"buildings and structures", or as "fine arts and crafts".

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3. With code example explain any two methods to read data from the file.
read():
This method is used to read the contents of a file up to a size and return it as a
string. The argument size is optional, and, if it is not specified, then the entire
contents of the file will be read and returned.
Syntax: file_handler.read([size])
Example:
1. def main():
2. with open("rome.txt") as file_handler:
3. print("Print entire file contents")
4. print(file_handler.read(), end=" ")
5. if name == " main ":
6. main()
OUTPUT
Print entire file contents
Ancient Rome was a civilization which began on the Italian Peninsula in the 8th
century BC.
The Roman Emperors were monarchial rulers of the Roman State.
The Emperor was supreme ruler of Rome.
Rome remained a republic.

readlines():
This method is used to read all the lines of a file as list items.
Syntax: file_handler.readlines()

Example:
1. def main():
2. with open("rome.txt") as file_handler:
3. print("Print file contents as a list")

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4. print(file_handler.readlines())
5. if name == " main ":
6. main()
OUTPUT
['Ancient Rome was a civilization which began on the Italian Peninsula in the 8th
century
BC.\n', 'The Roman Emperors were monarchial rulers of the Roman State.\n', 'The
Emperor
was supreme ruler of Rome.\n', 'Rome remained a republic.']

4. With Code example explain any two methods to write data to the file.
write() : This method will write the contents of the string to the file, returning
the number of characters written. If you want to start a new line, you must include
the new line character.
Syntax: file_handler.write(string)
Example:
f = open("demofile2.txt", "a")
f.write("See you soon!")
f.close()
#open and read the file after the appending:
f = open("demofile2.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

OUTPUT:
See you soon!

writelines(): This method will write a sequence of strings to the file.

Syntax: file_handler.writelines(sequence)
Example:
f = open("demofile3.txt", "a")
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f.writelines(["See you soon!", "Over and out."])

f.close()
#open and read the file after the appending:
f = open("demofile3.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

OUTPUT:
See you soon!Over and out

5. Write Python Program to Count the Occurrences of Each Word and Also
Count the Number of Words in a text File.
Data.tat(text file)
Am python easy but not lazy
Am very particular in indentation

Source Code:
file = open("data.txt", "rt")
c = dict()
data = file.read()
words = data.split()
for t in words:
if t in c:
c[t] += 1
else:
c[t] = 1
print('Number of words in text file :', len(words))
print('Occurrences of Each Word :',c)

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OUTPUT
Number of words in text file : 11
Occurrences of Each Word : {'Am': 2, 'python': 1, 'easy': 1, 'but': 1, 'not': 1, 'lazy': 1,
'very': 1, 'particular': 1, 'in': 1, 'indentation': 1}

6. Explain declaring a class, defining an object and constructor with syntax

and example.
• A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created.
• An object is a bundle of related state (variables) and behavior (methods).
• Objects contain variables, which rep-resents the state of information about the
thing you are trying to model, and the methods represent the behavior or
functionality that you want it to have.
Syntax of Class

class ClassName:
<statement-1>
.
.
<statement-N>
• Classes are defined by using the class keyword, followed by the Class Name
and a colon. Class definitions must be executed before they have any effect.
Methods are a special kind of function that is defined within a class.

• Object refers to a particular instance of a class where the object contains

variables and methods defined in the class. Class objects support two kinds of
operations: attribute references and instantiation.
Syntax of Object:
object_name = ClassName (argument_1, argument_2, ….., argument
n)
• Class instantiation uses function notation, wherein the class name is followed
by parentheses ()
• Python uses a special method called a constructor method. Python allows you
to define only one constructor per class. Also known as the init__ ()
method, it will be the first method definition of a class.
Syntax of Constructor

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def init (self, parameter_1, parameter_2, …., parameter_n):

statement(s)
• The init () method defines and initializes the instance variables. It is
invoked as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.
• The first parameter in each of these methods is the word self. When self is
used, it is just a variable name to which the object that was created based on a
class is assigned.

Example:

class Mobile: #declaring class

def init (self): #Constructor
print("This message is from Constructor Method")
def receive_message(self):
print("Receive message using Mobile")
def send_message(self):
print("Send message using Mobile")
def main():
nokia = Mobile() #defining a object
nokia.receive_message()
nokia.send_message()
if name == " main ":
main()

Output
This message is from Constructor Method
Receive message using Mobile
Send message using Mobile

7. What is inheritance? How to implement inheritance in Python? Give an

example
• Inheritance enables new classes to receive or inherit variables and methods of
existing classes.
• A class that is used as the basis for inheritance is called a superclass or base
class. A class that inherits from a base class is called a subclass or derived
class.

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• The terms parent class and child class are also acceptable terms to use
respectively.
• A derived class inherits variables and methods from its base class while
adding additional variables and methods of its own. Inheritance easily enables
reusing of existing code.
The syntax for a derived class definition looks like this:

class DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):
<statement-1>
.
.
<statement-N>
• To create a derived class, you add a BaseClassName after the
DerivedClassName within the parenthesis followed by a colon. The derived
class is said to directly inherit from the listed base class.
• Example:
classParent():
deffirst(self):
print('first function')

classChild(Parent):
defsecond(self):
print('second function')

ob =Child()
ob.first()
ob.second()

Output:
first function
second function
# In the above program, you can access the parent class function using the child
class object.

8. Explain with example overriding superclass constructor and method

• The built-in super () function can be used to refer to base classes without
naming them explicitly, thus making the code more maintainable.
• If you need to access the data attributes from the base class in addition to the
data attributes being specified in the derived class’s init__() method, then
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you must explicitly call the base class init () method using super()
yourself, since that will not happen automatically.
• The syntax for using super() in derived class init () method definition
looks like this:

super(). init (base_class_parameter(s))

• super() is a built-in method in Python that contains the history of super
class methods.Hence, we can use super() to refer to super class constructor
and methods from a sub class .

super(). init () #call super class constructor super(). init (arguments)

#call super class constructor and pass arguments super().method() #call
super class method

• Example: #Accessing base class constructor and method in the sub class
class Square:
def init (self, x): #constructor of Base Class
self.x = x
def area(self):
print('Area of square=', self.x*self.x)
class Rectangle(Square):
def init (self, x, y): #constructor of derived Class
super(). init (x) #super class constructor
self.y = y
def area(self):
super().area() #super class method
print('Area of rectangle=', self.x*self.y)
#find areas of square and rectangle
a,b = [float(x) for x in input("Enter two measurements: ").split()]
r = Rectangle(a,b)
r.area()

#Output
Enter two measurements:
22
Area of square= 4.0
Area of rectangle= 4.0

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9. Explain multi-level inheritance with example.

• Multi-Level inheritance is possible in python like other object-oriented
languages. Multi-level inheritance is archived when a derived class inherits
another derived class.
• There is no limit on the number of levels up to which, the multi-level
inheritance is archived in python.
• Syntax:
class base:
# Members and Functions
class derived1(base):
# Members and functions of both base and derived1 classes
class derived2(derived1):
# Members and functions of base class, derived1 class, and derived2
class.
• In the above syntax base class has derived class (derived class1) which act as
a base class for derived class2 and derived class2 can access the property of
derived class1 and base class as well.
• Example: The following code of python shows multilevel inheritance:

class SuperClass:
def super_method(self):
print("Super Class method called")

# define class that derive from SuperClass

class DerivedClass1(SuperClass):
def derived1_method(self):
print("Derived class 1 method called")

# define class that derive from DerivedClass1

class DerivedClass2(DerivedClass1):
def derived2_method(self):
print("Derived class 2 method called")

# create an object of DerivedClass2

d2 = DerivedClass2()
d2.super_method() # Output: "Super Class method called"
d2.derived1_method() # Output: "Derived class 1 method called"
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d2.derived2_method() # Output: "Derived class 2 method called"

Output
Super Class method called
Derived class 1 method called
Derived class 2 method called

• In the above example, DerivedClass2 is derived from DerivedClass1, which is

derived from SuperClass.
• It means that DerivedClass2 inherits all the attributes and methods of both
DerivedClass1 and SuperClass.
• Hence, we are using d2 (object of DerivedClass2) to call methods from
SuperClass, DerivedClass1, and DerivedClass2.

10. Explain multiple inheritance in Python with an example.

• A class can be derived from more than one superclass in Python. This is
called multiple inheritance.
• Python supports multiple-class inheritance and can be defined as an
inheritance where a subclass or child class inherits from more than one
superclass.
• Syntax:
class DerivedClassName(Base_1, Base_2, Base_3):
<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>

• Derived class DerivedClassName is inherited from multiple base classes,

Base_1, Base_2, Base_3.
• You can call the base class method directly using Base Class name itself
without using the super() function. The syntax is,

BaseClassName.methodname(self, arguments)

• Use issubclass() function to check class inheritance. The syntax is,

issubclass(DerivedClassName, BaseClassName)
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• This function returns Boolean True if DerivedClassName is a derived class of

base class BaseClassName.
• The DerivedClassName class is considered a subclass of itself.
BaseClassName may be a tuple of classes, in which case every entry in
BaseClassName will be checked.
• In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised.
• Example: Example programmultiple inheritance using issubclass

class Baseclass1: #Base Class1

def display(self):
print(“hai am baseclass1”)
class Baseclass2: #Base Class2
def show(self):
print(“hai am baseclass2”)
class Derived(Baseclass1,Baseclass2): #Derived Class
def view(self):
print(“this is derived class”)
d_obj = Derived() #creating object using derived class
print(issubclass(Derived,Baseclass2)) #usage of issubclass
print(issubclass(Baseclass1, Baseclass2))

OUTPUT:
True #Derived class is subclass of Baseclass2
False # Baseclass1 & Baseclass2 both are base class.

11. Explain multipath inheritance with example.

When a class is derived from two or more classes which are derived from the same
base class then such type of inheritance is called multipath inheritance.

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Here's the syntax of the multipath inheritance,

class ClassA:
# Super class code here

class ClassB(ClassA):
# Derived class B code here

class ClassC(ClassA):
# Derived class C code here

class ClassD(ClassB, ClassC):

# Derived class D code here

Example:
#Program to demonstrate Multipath Inheritance
class University:
def init (self):
print("Constructor of the Base class")
def display(self):
print(f"The University Class display method")

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class Course(University):
def init (self):
print("Constructor of the Child Class 1 of Class University")
super(). init ()
def display(self):
print(f"The Course Class display method")
super().display()

class Branch(University):
def init (self):
print("Constructor of the Child Class 2 of Class University")
super(). init ()
def display(self):
print(f"The Branch Class display method ")
super().display()

class Student(Course, Branch):

def init (self):
print("Constructor of Child class of Course and Branch is called")
super(). init ()
def display(self):
print(f"The Student Class display method")
super().display()

# Object Instantiation:
ob = Student() # Object named ob of the class Student.
print()
ob.display() # Calling the display method of Student class.
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Output:
Constructor of Child class of Course and Branch is called
Constructor of the Child Class 1 of Class University
Constructor of the Child Class 2 of Class University
Constructor of the Base class

The Student Class display method

The Course Class display method
The Branch Class display method
The University Class display method

12. Explain method overloading and overriding with example

• It is a form of Compile time polymorphism. In the case of method
overloading, more than a single method belonging to a single class can share a
similar method name while having different signatures.
Python Method Overloading
If a method is written such that it can perform more than one task, it is called
method overloading.For example, we call a method as:
sum(10, 15)
sum(10, 15, 20)
In the first call, we are passing two arguments and in the second call, we are
passing three arguments. It means, the sum() method is performing two distinct
operations: finding sum of two numbers or sum of three numbers.This is called
method overloading.
A Python program to show method overloading to find sum of two or three
numbers.
#method overloading
class Myclass:
def sum(self, a=None, b=None, c=None):
if a!=None and b!=None and c!=None:

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print('Sum of three=', a+b+c)

elif a!=None and b!=None:
print('Sum of two=', a+b)
else:
print('Please enter two or three arguments')
#call sum() using object
m = Myclass()
m.sum(10, 15, 20)
m.sum(10.5, 25.55)
m.sum(100)

• Here the sum () method is calculating sum of two or three numbers and hence
it is performing more than one task. Hence it is an overloaded method.
• In this way, overloaded methods achieve polymorphism. When there is a
method in the super class, writing the same method in the sub class so that it
replaces the super class method is called 'method overriding'. The programmer
overrides the super class methods when he does not want to use them in sub
class. Instead, he wants a new functionality to the same method in the sub
class.
A Python program to override the super class method in sub class.
#method overriding
import math
class Square:
def area(self, x):
print('Square area= %.4f'% x*x)
class Circle(Square):
def area(self, x):
print('Circle area= %.4f'% (math.pi*x*x))
c = Circle()
c.area(15)
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13. Explain the steps involved in creating a GUI application in Python with a
suitable example.
The following are the general steps involved in basic GUI programs:
1. First of all, we should create the root window. The root window is the top level
window that provides rectangular space on the screen where we can display text
colors, images, components, etc.
2. In the root window, we have to allocate space for our use. This is done by
creating a canvas or frame: So, canvas and frame are child windows in the root
window.
3Generally, we use canvas for displaying drawings like lines, arcs,
circles,shapes, etc We use frame for the purpose of displaying components like
push buttons, check buttons, menus, etc. These components are also called
‘widgets’.
4. When the user clicks on a widget like push button, we have to handle that
event. It means we have to respond to the events by performing the desired tasks.

Example:
from tkinter import *
window=Tk()

# add widgets here

window.title('Hello Python')
window.geometry("300x200+10+20")
window.mainloop()

14. How to create a button widget and bind it to the event handler? Explain
with example.
A push button is a component that performs some action when clicked. These
buttons are created as objects of Button class as:

b = Button(f, text='My Button', width=15, height=2, bg='yellow', fg='blue',

activebackground='green', activeforeground='red')

• Here, „b‟ is the object of Button class. ‟ f'‟ represents the frame for which the
button is created as a child. It means the button is shown in the frame.
• The 'text' option represents the text to be displayed on the button.
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• „width‟ represents the width of the button in characters. If an image is

displayed on the button instead of text, then width represents the width in
pixels.
• 'height' represents the height of the button in textual lines. If an image is
displayed on the button, then 'height' represents the height of the button in
pixels.
• bg represents the back groundcolor color and 'fg' represents the foreground
of the button.
• 'activebackground' represents the background color when the button is
clicked.
• 'activeforeground' represents the foreground color when the button is
clicked.
We create a push button with some options and add the button to the frame. Then we
link the mouse left button with the buttonClick() method using bind() method as:
b.bind(‘<Button-1>’,buttonClick)
<Button-1> is represents the mouse left button that is linked with buttonClick()
method. It means when the mouse left button is clicked, the buttonClick() method is
called. This method is called event handler.

Program 9: A Python program to create a push button and bind it with an event
handler function.
from tkinter import *
# method to be called when the button is clicked
def buttonclick(self):
print ('You have clicked me)
# create root window
root = TkO
# create frame as child to root window
f= Frame (root, height-200, width=300)
# let the frame wil1 not shrink
f-propagate (0)
# attach the frame to root w1ndow

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f. pack()
# create a push button as child to frame
b= Button(f, text='My Button', width=15, height=2, bg='yellow' fg= ‘blue’,
activebackground= ‘green’, activeforeground=’red')

# attach button to the frame

b.packO
# bind the left mouse button with the method to be called
b.bind("<Button-1>", buttonClick)
# the root window handles the mouse click event
root.mainloop()

OUTPUT:

15. Write a note on arranging Widgets in a frame using layout managers.

Arranging Widgets in the Frame Once we create widgets or components, we can
arrange them in the frame in a particular manner. Arranging the widgets in the frame
is called layout management.
There are three types of layout managers
• Pack layout manager
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• Grid Layout manager

• Place layout manager

1. Pack layout manager

• Pack layout manager uses Pack() method. This method is useful to associate a
widget with its parent component While using the pack() method, we can
mention the position of the widget using ‘fill’ or ‘side’ options
b.pack(fill=x)
b.pack(fill=x)
• The ‘fill’ option can take the values: X, Y, BOTH, NONE. The value X
represents that the widget should occupy the frame horizontally and the
value Y represents that the widget should occupy vertically.
• BOTH represents that the widget should occupy in both the directions.
NONE represents that the widget should be displayed as it is. The default
value is NONE.
• Along with ‘fill’ option, we can use padx and pady options that represent
how much space should be left around the component horizontally and
vertically.
For example:
#occupy vertically, space on x-axis 10 px, on Y-axis 15 px
b1.pack(fill=Y, padx=10, pady=15)
# occupy horizontally. Space on x-axis 10 px, on Y-axis 15 px
b2.pack(fill=X, padu-10, pady-15
b3.pack(fill=X) # occupy horizontally, No space outside the widget
b4.pack(fill=X) # occupy horizontally, No space outside the widge
OUTPUT:

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• The pack() method can take another option ‘side’ which is used to place the
widgets side by side. „side‟ can take the values LEFT, RIGHT, TOP or
BOTTOM. The default value is TOP.
For example,
# align towards left with 10 px and 15 px spaces
b1.pack(side=LEFT, padx=10, pady=15)
# align towards bottom with 10 px and 15 px spaces
b2.pack(side=BOTTOM, padx=10, pady=15)
# align towards right with 0 px space around the widget
b3.pack(side=RIGHT)
# align towards top with 0 px space around the widget
b4.pack()

Output : Arrangement of buttons using pack() method with 'side' option

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2. Grid layout manager

• Grid layout manager uses the grid() method to arrange the widgets in a two
dimensional table that contains rows and columns.
• The horizontal arrangement of data is called „row‟ and vertical arrangement is
called „column‟. The position of a widget is defined by a row and a column
number.
• The size of the table is determined by the grid layout manager depending on
the widgets size.

Example
# display in 0th row, 0th column with spaces around
bl.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=15)
# display in Oth row, 1st column with spaces around
b2.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=15
# display in Oth row, 2nd column without spaces around
b3.grid(row=0, column=2)
# display in 1st row, 3rd column without spaces around
b4.grid(row=1, column=3)

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OUTPUT:

3. Place layout manager

• Place layout manager uses the place() method to arrange the widgets.
• The place() method takes x and y coordinates of the widget along with width
and height of the window where the widget has to be displayed.

For example:
# display at (20, 30) coordinates in the window 100 pxwidth and 50
pxheight
bl.place(x=20, y=30, width=100, height=50)
b2.place(x=20, y=100, width=100, height=50) # display at (20, 100)
b3.place(x=200, y=100, width=100,height=50)# display at (200, 100)
b4.place(x=200, y=200, width=100, height=50) # display at (200, 100)

OUTPUT:

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16. Explain the process of creating a Listbox widget with a suitable example.
Also, explain different values associated with selectmode option.
• A list box is useful to display a list of items in a box so that the user can select
1 or more items. To create a list box, we have to create an object of Listbox
class, as:

lb = Listbox(f, font="Arial 12 bold", fg='blue', bg='yellow', height=8,

width=24, activestyle='underline', selectmode=MULTIPLE)

• Here, lb is the list box object. The option 'height' represents the number of
lines shown in the list box. width represents the width of the list box in terms
of number of characters and the default is 20 characters.
• The option 'activestyle' indicates the appearance of the selected item. It may
be ‘underline', 'dotbox' or 'none'. The default value is underline'.
• The option 'selectmode' may take any of the following values:
➢ BROWSE: Normally, we can select one item (or line) out of a list box. If
we click on an item and then drag to a different item, the selection will
follow the mouse. This is the default value of 'selectmode' option.
➢ SINGLE: This represents that we can select only one item( or line) from
all available list of items.
➢ MULTIPLE: We can select 1 or more number of items at once by clicking
on the items. If an item is already selected, clicking second time on the
item will un-select it.
➢ EXTENDED: We can select any adjacent group of items at once by
clicking on the first item and dragging to the last item.

17. Write a note on

i) Text Widget ii) Entry Widget

Text Widget
• Text widget has several options and can display multiple lines of text in
different colors and fonts. It is possible to insert text into a text widget,
modify it or delete it.
• We can also display images in the Text widget. One can create a Text widget
by creating an object to Text class as:

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t = Text (root, width=20, height=10, font=('Verdana', 14, 'bold'), fg='blue'

bg='yellow', wrap=WORD)
• Here, t represents the object of Text class. 'root' represents an object of root
window or frame. width' represents the width of the Text widget in characters.
• 'height' represents the height of the widget in lines. The option wrap' specifies
where to cut the line.
• wrap=CHAR represents that any line that is too long will be broken at any
character. wrap=WORD will eak the line in the widget after the last word that
fits in the line.
• wrap=NONE will not wrap the lines. In this case, it is better to provide a
horizontal scroll bar to view the lines properly in the Text widget.
• Once the Text widget is created, we can insert any text using the insert()
method as:
• t.insert(END, „Text widget \nThis text is inserted into the text widget. \n
This is second line\n and this is third line\n‟) Here, the first argument END
represents that the text is added at the end of the previous text.
• We can also use CURRENT to represent that the text is added at the current
cursor position. The second argument is the text that is added to the Text
widget.
from tkinter import*
class MyText:
#constructor
def init (self, root):
# create a Text widget with 20 chars width and 10 lines height
self.t= Text (root, width=20, height=10, font=(„Verdana‟, 14,„bold‟), fg=‟blue‟,
bg=‟yellow‟,
wrap=WORD)
#insert some text into the Text widget
self.t.insert(END, “Text widget this text is inserted into the Text widget. \n This is
second
line widget \n and this is third line \n”)
# attach Text to the root
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self.t.pack(side=LEFT)

OUTPUT:

Entry Widget
Entry widget is useful to create a rectangular box that can be used to enter or display
one line of text. For example, we can display names, passwords or credit card
numbers using Entry widgets. An Entry widget can be created as an object of Entry
class as:
el=Entry(f, width=m, fg='color', bg='color', font=('fontname'. 14),show=‟*‟)

• el' is the Entry class object.

• f indicates the frame which is the parent component for the Entry widget
width' represents the size of the widget in number of characters.
• 'fg' indicates the fore ground color in which the text in the widget is
displayed,
• 'bg' represents the back ground color in the widget.
• 'font' represents a tuple that contains ſont family name, size and style.
• 'show' represents a character that replaces the originally typed characters in
the Entry widget. For example, show" is useful when the user wants to hide
his password by displaying stars in the place of characters.
• After typing text in the Entry widget, the user presses the Enter button. Such
an event should be linked with the Entry widget using bind() method as:
el.bind("<Return") ,self.display)

• When the user presses Enter (or Return) button, the event is passed to
display() method, Hence, we are supposed to catch the event in the display
method, using the following statement:
def display (self, event):

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• As seen in the preceding code, we are catching the event through an argument
'event' in the display() method. This argument is never used inside the method.
The method consists of the code that is to be executed when the user pressed
Enter button.

OUTPUT

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Unit4
2Marks
1. How to connect to the SQLite database ? Give example
Connect ():
To use SQLite3 in Python, first we have to import the sqlite3 module and then create
a connection object. Connection object allows to connect to the database and will let
us execute the SQL statements.
Creating Connection object using the connect () function:
import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')
#This will create a new file with the name ‘mydatabase.db’.

2. Write SQL code to create table in SQLite database.

import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')
cursorObj = con.cursor()
cursorObj.execute('''CREATE TABLE movie(title text, year int, score real)''')
con.commit()
con.close()
# In the above code, it establishes a connection and creates a cursor object to
execute the create table statement.
3. Write SQL code to insert data in SQLite table.
import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')
cursorObj = con.cursor()
cursorObj.execute('''CREATE TABLE movie(title text, year int, score real)''')
cursorObj.execute('''INSERT INTO movie VALUES ("Titanic",1997, 9.5)''')
con.commit()

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con.close()

4. Write SQL code to update SQLite table.

import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')
cursorObj = con.cursor()
cursorObj.execute("UPDATE MOVIE SET SCORE=10 WHERE
TITLE='Dil' ")
con.commit()
con.close()

5. What is NumPy in Python? Give any two uses of NumPy.

NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It stands
for
“Numerical Python.” It supports:
• N-dimensional array object
• Broadcasting functions
• Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
• Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as a multi-dimensional
con-tainer to store generic data. Arbitrary data types can also be defined.

6. Give Python code to create NumPy array using array function.

We can create a NumPy array from a regular Python list or tuple using the np.array()
function.
1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> int_number_array = np.array([1,2,3,4])
3. >>> int_number_array
array([1, 2, 3, 4])

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7. How to create two-dimensional arrays using NumPy.

To create a 2D (2 dimensional) array in Python using NumPy library using the
np.array() function, we can use any of the following methods.
• numpy.array() – Creates array from given values.
• numpy.zeros() – Creates array of zeros.
• numpy.ones() – Creates array of ones.
• numpy.empty() – Creates an empty array.

1 >>> two_dimensional_array_list = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])

2 >>> two_dimensional_array_list
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])

8. List any four NumPy array attributes.

• ndarray.ndim: Gives the number of axes or dimensions in the array
• ndarray.size: Gives the total number of elements of the array.
• ndarray.itemsize : Gives the size of each element of the array in bytes.
• ndarray.shape : Gives the dimensions of the array. For an array with n rows
and m columns, shape will be a tuple of integers (n, m).

9. Give syntax and example for NumPy arrange() function

np.arange(): Returns evenly spaced values within a given interval where start (a
number and optional) is the start of interval and its default value is zero, stop (a
number) is the end of interval, and step (a number and is optional) is the spacing
between the values and dtype is the type of output array.
The syntax for arange() is,
np.arange([start,]stop, [step,][dtype=None])
Example:
>>>np.arange(0, 2, 0.3)
array([0. , 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8])

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10. What is Pandas Library?

pandas is a Python library that provides fast, flexible, and expressive data structures
designed to make working with “relational” or “labeled” data both easy and
intuitive. It aims to be the fundamental high-level building block for doing practical,
real world data analysis in Python.
11. What is Padas Series ? Give example.
Series is a one-dimensional labeled array capable of holding any data type (integers,
strings, floating point numbers, Python objects, etc.). The axis labels are collectively
referred to as the index.
Pandas Series is created using series() method and its syntax is,
s = pd.Series(data, index= None)
s is the Pandas Series, data can be a Python dict, a ndarray, or a scalar value (like 5).
The passed index is a list of axis labels. Both integer and label-based indexing are
sup-ported. If the index is not provided, then the index will default to range(n) where
n is the length of data

1. >>> import numpy as np

2. >>> import pandas as pd
3. >>> s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(5), index=[ 'a', ' b', 'c ', 'd', 'e' ])
4. >>> t y pe(s)
<class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>
5. >>> s
a -0.367740 #O/P
b 0.855453
c -0.518004
d -0.060861
e -0.277982
index
dtype: float64
• Import NumPy and pandas libraries ➀–➁ .

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• Create a series using ndarray which is NumPy’s array class using Series()
method ➂ which returns a Pandas Series type s ➃.
• You can also specify axis labels for index, i.e., index= ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'] ➂ .
• When data is a ndarray, the index must be the same length as data. In series s
➄ , by default the type of values of all the elements is dtype: float64.

12. Write Python code to create Dataframe from a dictionary and display its
contents.

13. Write Python code to create Dataframe from a tuple and display its
contents.
# Importing pandas package
import pandas as pd
# Creating two list of tuples
data = [
('Ram', 'APPLE', 23),
('Shyam', 'GOOGLE', 25),
('Seeta', 'GOOGLE', 22),
('Geeta', 'MICROSOFT', 24),
('Raman', 'GOOGLE', 23),

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('Sahil', 'SAMSUNG', 23)

]
# Creating a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=['Name','Company','Age'])
# Display DataFrame
print("DataFrame1:\n",df,"\n")

OUTPUT

14. What is Pandas DataFame ? How it is created ?

DataFrame is a two-dimensional, labeled data structure with columns of
potentially different types. You can think of it like a spreadsheet or database
table, or a dict of Series objects. (A Pandas DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data
structure, like a 2-dimensional array, or a table with rows and columns). It is
generally the most commonly used pandas object. DataFrame accepts many different
kinds of input like Dict of one-dimensional ndarrays, lists, dicts, or Series, two-
dimensional ndarrays, structured or record ndarray, a dictionary of Series, or another
DataFrame.
df = pd.DataFrame(data=None, index=None, columns=None)
df is the DataFrame and data can be NumPy ndarray, dict, or DataFrame. Along
with the data, you can optionally pass an index (row labels) and columns (column
labels) attributes as arguments.

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15. Give the Python code to create dataframe from .csv file
You can read from CSV and Excel files using read_csv() and read_excel() methods.
Also, you can write to CSV and Excel files using to_csv() and to_excel() methods.
Example:

16. How to add new column to dataframe?

Pandas DataFrame presents data in tabular rows and columns. Adding new columns
is an important task in data analysis. By using insert() method we can add new
column to dataframe.
1>>>import numpy as np #O/P
2>>>import pandas as pd
3>>>df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2, 3, 4],
"B": [5, 6, 7, 8]})
4>>>df
ADDING COLUMNS ON THE END
#O/P
5>>>df["C"] = [10, 20, 30, 40]
6>>>df

ADD COLUMNS AT A SPECIFIC

INDEX(INSERT()) #O/P
7>>>df.insert(1, "D", 5)
8>>>df

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ADD COLUMNS WITH LOC

#O/P
9>>>df.loc[:, "E"] = list("abcd")
10>>>df

ADD COLUMNS WITH THE ASSIGN FUNCTION

O/P
11>>>df = df.assign(F = df.C * 10)
12>>>df

17. Give the Python code to create datafram from Excel file.
You can read from CSV and Excel files using read_csv() and read_excel() methods.
Also, you can write to CSV and Excel files using to_csv() and to_excel() methods.

18. Give Python code to find maximum and minimum values for particular
column of dataframe.
• min() Compute minimum of group values
• max() Compute maximum of group values
1>>>import pandas as pd # Import pandas library
# Create pandas DataFrame
2>>>data = pd.DataFrame({'x1':[5, 2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 9, 1, 7, 5], 'x2':range(10, 20),
'group':['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'A', 'B']})
3>>>print(data) # Print pandas DataFrame
4>>>print(data['x1'].max()) # Get max of one column

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#9
5>>>print(data['x1'].min()) # Get min of one column
#1

19. What is Data Visualization ?

When data is shown in the form of pictures,it becomes easy for the user to
understand it.Representing the data in the form of pictures or graphs is called data
visualization.The importance of data visualization is simple: it helps people see,
interactwith, and better understand data. Whether simple or complex, the
rightvisualization can bring everyone on the same page, regardless of their level
ofexpertise.

20. What is matplotlib and pyplot ?

Pyplot is an API (Application Programming Interface) for Python’s matplotlib that
effectively makes matplotlib a viable open source alternative to MATLAB.

matplotlib is another important package in Python that is useful to produce good

quality 2D graphics. It is mostly used for the purpose of showing data in the form of
graphs and also for designing electronic circuits, machinery parts, etc. To download
and install this package, we should go to System prompt and then use 'pip' (Python
Installation of Packages) command as shown :C:\> pip install matplotlib.

LONG Answer
1. Explain four SQLite module methods required to use SQLite database.

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2. Explain any four SQLite database operations with example.

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3. Write a Python Program to demonstrate various SQLite Database

operations.

#importing the module

import sqlite3

#create connection object

con = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db')

#crete a cursor
cursorObj = con.cursor()

#creating the table

cursorObj.execute('''CREATE TABLE movie(title text, year int, score real)''')

#inserting the data

cursorObj.execute('''INSERT INTO movie VALUES ("Titanic",1997, 9.5)''')
cursorObj.execute('''INSERT INTO movie VALUES ("KGF",2020, 9.1)''')
cursorObj.execute('''INSERT INTO movie VALUES ("Dil",1990, 8.5)''')

#Print the Initial Data

print("Initial Data...")
cursorObj.execute("SELECT * FROM movie ")
[print(row) for row in cursorObj.fetchall()]

#Updating
cursorObj.execute("UPDATE MOVIE SET SCORE=10 WHERE
TITLE='Dil' ")

#Print the after updating

print("After updating...")
cursorObj.execute("SELECT * FROM movie ")
[print(row) for row in cursorObj.fetchall()] #Deleting
cursorObj.execute("Delete from movie where title='Titanic' ")

#Print the after Deleting

print("After deleting...")
cursorObj.execute("SELECT * FROM movie ")
[print(row) for row in cursorObj.fetchall()]

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#Drop the table

cursorObj.execute(" DROP TABLE IF EXISTS MOVIE ")

#commit changes in the database

con.commit()

#close the connection

con.close()

4. Explain any five NumPy array attributes with syntax.

1. ndarray.ndim : Gives the number of axes or dimensions in the array

Syntax: ndarray.ndim
Example:
import numpy as np
array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])
array_attributes.ndim
O/P: 2
2. ndarray.shape : Gives the dimensions of the array. For an array with n rows and
m columns, shape will be a tuple of integers (n, m).
Syntax: ndarray.shape
Example:
import numpy as np
array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])
print a.shape
O/P: (2, 3)
3. ndarray.size : Gives the total number of elements of the array.
Syntax : ndarray.size
Example:
import numpy as np

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array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])

array_attributes.size
O/P: 6
4. ndarray.dtype : Gives an object describing the type of the elements in the array.
One can create or specify dtype’s using standard Python types. Additionally,
NumPy provides its own types like np.int32, np.int16, np.float64, and others.
Syntax: ndarray.dtype
Example:
import numpy as np
array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])
array_attributes.dtype
O/P: dtype('int32')
5. ndarray.itemsize: Gives the size of each element of the array in bytes.
Syntax: ndarray.itemsize
Example:

import numpy as np
array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])
array_attributes.itemsize
O/P: 4
6. ndarray.data : Gives the buffer containing the actual elements of the array.
Normally, we will not use this attribute because we will access the elements in an
array using indexing facilities.
Syntax : ndarray.data
Example:
import numpy as np
array_attributes = np.array([[10, 20, 30], [14, 12, 16]])
array_attributes.data
O/P: <memory at 0x000001E61DB963A8>

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5. Explain any four NumPy array creation functions with example.

np.zeros() : Creates an array of zeros
Syntax: np.zeros()
Example:
import numpy as np
np.zeros((2,3))
O/P: array([[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])
np.linspace() : Returns evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval where start
is the starting value of the sequence, stop is the end value of the sequence, and num
(an integer and optional) is the number of samples to generate. Default is 50. Must
be non-negative. The optional dtype is the type of the output array.
The syntax for linspace is,
numpy.linspace(start, stop, num= 50, dtype= None)

6. Write a note on Indexing, slicing, and iterating operations on NumPy array.

Contents of ndarray object can be accessed and modified by indexing or slicing.

NumPy indexing is used for accessing an element from an array by giving it an
index value that starts from 0.Slicing in python means taking elements from one
given index to another given index. Use the Plus (+) operator to refer to an index
from the beginning. Use the minus (-) operator to refer to an index from the
end.Iterating means going through elements one by one. As we deal with multi-
dimensional arrays in numpy, we can do this using basic for loop of python.

Example: Integer Indexing, Array Indexing, Boolean Array Indexing, Slicing

and Iterating in Arrays
1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> a = np.arange(5)
3. >>> a
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])

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4. >>> a[2]
2
5. >>> a[2:4]
array([2, 3])
6. >>> a[:4:2] = -999
7. >>> a
array([-999, 1, -999, 3, 4])
8. >>> a[::-1]
array([ 4, 3, -999, 1, -999])
9. >>> for each_element in a:
10.print(each_element)
-999
1
-999
3
4
Indexing, slicing, and iterating operations on one-dimensional NumPy arrays
➀–➉.

7. Explain basic arithmetic operations on NumPy array with examples.

Basic mathematical functions perform element-wise operation on arrays and
are available both as operator overloads and as functions in the NumPy
module. For example,
1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> a = np.array( [20, 30, 40, 50] )
3. >>> b = np.arange(4)
4. >>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])

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5. >>> a + b
array([20, 31, 42, 53])
6. >>> np.add(a, b)
array([20, 31, 42, 53])

7. >>> a – b
array([20, 29, 38, 47])
8. >>> np.subtract(a, b)
array([20, 29, 38, 47])

9. >>> A = np.array( [[1, 1], [6, 1]] )

10. >>> B = np.array( [[2, 8], [3, 4]] )
11. >>> A * B
array([[2, 8],
[18, 4]])
12. >>> np.multiply(A, B)
array([[ 2, 8],
[18, 4]])

13. >>> A / B
array([[0.5 , 0.125],
[2. , 0.25 ]])
14. >>> np.divide(A, B)
array([[0.5 , 0.125],
[2. , 0.25 ]])
15. >>> np.dot(A, B)
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array([[ 5, 12],
[15, 52]])
16. >>> B**2
array([[ 4, 64],
[ 9, 16]], dtype=int32)
Element-wise sum, subtract, multiply, and divide operations are performed resulting
in an array 5 –14. Matrix product is carried out in 15. Every element is squared in
array B as shown in 16.

8. With code examples explain creating pandas series using Scalar data and
Dictionary. (Refer Q.No:10)

9. Explain any four string processing methods supported by Pandas Library

with example.
The Pandas Series supports a set of string processing methods that make it easy to
operate on each element of the array. These methods are accessible via the str
attribute and they generally have the same name as that of the built-in Python string
methods.
1. Str.lower(): convert to lower case
1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> import pandas as pd
3. >>> empires_ds = pd.Series(["Vijayanagara", "Roman", "Chola", "Mongol", "A
k k a d i a n" ] )
4. >>> empires_ds.str.lower()
0 vijayanagara
1 roman
2 chola
3 mongol
4 akkadian
dtype: object
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2. str.upper(): convert to upper case

1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> import pandas as pd
3. >>> empires_ds = pd.Series(["Vijayanagara", "Roman", "Chola", "Mongol", "A
k k a d i a n" ] )
4. >>> empires_ds.str.upper()
0 VIJAYANAGARA
1 ROMAN
2 CHOLA
3 MONGOL
4 AKKADIAN
dtype: object
3. str.len(): displays the length
1. >>> import numpy as np
2. >>> import pandas as pd
3. >>> empires_ds = pd.Series(["Vijayanagara", "Roman", "Chola", "Mongol", "A
k k a d i a n" ] )
4>>> empires_ds.str.len()
0 11
1 5
2 5
3 6
4 8
dtype: int64
4. str.count: no of times the character occurrence
>>> names_ds = pd.Series(['Jahnavi', 'Adelmo', 'Pietro', 'Alejandro'])
>>> names_ds.str.count('e')

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0 0
1 1
2 1
3 1
dtype: int64

10. Explain with example any two methods of creating DataFrame.

You can create a Pandas Series from scalar value. Here scalar value is five ➂. If data
is a scalar value, an index must be provided. The value will be repeated to match the
length of the index.

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Series can be created from the dictionary. Create a dictionary ➂ and pass it to
Series() method ➃. When a series is created using dictionaries, by default the keys
will be index labels. While creating series using a dictionary, if labels are passed for
the index, the values corresponding to the labels in the index will be pulled out ➄.

11. Explain any five operations on Dataframe with example.

1. Insert():The insert function is available to insert at a particular location in
the columns

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Column goal difference inserted

2. Rename():You can rename the column label using therename() method

Column team renamed as club team

3. Pop(): columns can be poped.

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Column drawn poped out

4. Arithmatic operation: we can do arithmetic operation like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division.

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Arithmetic multiplication function applied in column won.

5. Del()( delete() ):Columns can be deleted

Example:

Column year deleted

12. Explain Bar Graph creation using Matplot Library module.

To create a bar graph using the Matplotlib library in Python, you can usethe
`matplotlib.pyplot.bar()` function. The bar graph is a visual representation
ofcategorical data with rectangular bars, where the length of each bar represents
aspecific value. Here's an example that demonstrates how to create a bar graphusing
Matplotlib:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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# Sample data
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
values = [10, 20, 15, 25]
# Create a bar graph
plt.bar(categories, values)
# Add labels and title
plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Bar Graph')
# Display the graph
plt.show()

In this example, we start by importing the `matplotlib.pyplot` module as`plt`. We

define the sample data we want to plot, where `categories` representsthe categories
on the x-axis and `values` represents the corresponding values foreach
category.Next, we create a bar graph using the `plt.bar()` function. We pass
the`categories` and `values` as the first two arguments to the function.
To enhance the graph, we add labels and a title using the `plt.xlabel()`,`plt.ylabel()`,
and `plt.title()` functions, respectively.Finally, we display the graph using
`plt.show()`.
Running this code will generate a bar graph with the categories on the x-axis and the
corresponding values on the y-axis. Each category will berepresented by a
rectangular bar, and the length of each bar will represent itscorresponding value.You
can customize the appearance of the bar graph further by adjusting thecolor, width,
alignment, and other properties using additional parameters in the`plt.bar()` function.
Matplotlib offers extensive customization options to createvisually appealing and
informative bar graphs.

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13. Write a program to display histogram .

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Sample data
data = [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80]
# Create a histogram
plt.hist(data)
# Add labels and title
plt.xlabel('Values')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('Histogram')
# Display the histogram
plt.show()
OUTPUT

In this example, we start by importing the `matplotlib.pyplot` module as`plt`. We

define the sample data that we want to visualize using a histogram.The `data` list
contains the values for which we want to create a histogram.Next, we create a
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histogram using the `plt.hist()` function. We pass the`data` as the first argument to
the function.
To enhance the histogram, we add labels and a title using the
`plt.xlabel()`,`plt.ylabel()`, and `plt.title()` functions, respectively. These labels
provideinformation about the x-axis, y-axis, and the title of the histogram.Finally,
we display the histogram using `plt.show()`.
Running this code will generate a histogram with bins representing therange of
values and the frequency of occurrence for each bin. The x-axisrepresents the values,
and the y-axis represents the frequency or count of valuesfalling within each bin.

14. Write a Python program to display Pie Chart showing percentage of

employees in each department. Assume there are 4 departments namely
Sales , Production , HR and Finance.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data
departments = ['Sales', 'Production', 'HR', 'Finance']
employee_counts = [40, 30, 20, 10]
# Create a pie chart
plt.pie(employee_counts, labels=departments, autopct='%1.1f%%')
# Add title
plt.title('Percentage of Employees in Each Department')
# Display the pie chart
plt.show()

OUTPUT:

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```
In this example, we start by importing the `matplotlib.pyplot` module as`plt`. We
define the sample data that we want to visualize. The `departments` listcontains the
department names, and the `employee_counts` list contains thecorresponding
number of employees in each department.Next, we create a pie chart using the
`plt.pie()` function. We pass the`employee_counts` as the first argument and the
`departments` as the `labels`parameter to the function. The `autopct='%1.1f%%'`
parameter is used to displaythe percentage values on each slice of the pie chart.To
enhance the pie chart, we add a title using the`plt.title()` function.Finally, we display
the pie chart using `plt.show()`.
Running this code will generate a pie chart where each department isrepresented by
a slice. The size of each slice represents the percentage ofemployees in that
department. The legend labels indicate the department names,and the percentage
values are displayed on each slice.
You can further customize the appearance of the pie chart by adjustingparameters
such as colors, explode (to highlight a particular slice), shadow, and more using
additional arguments in the `plt.pie()` function. Matplotlib provides various options
to create visually appealing and informative pie charts.

15. Write a Python Program to create Line Graph showing number of students
of a college in various Years. Consider 8 years data.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Sample data
years = [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022]
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student_counts = [500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200]

# Create a line graph
plt.plot(years, student_counts, marker='o')
# Add labels and title
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel('Number of Students')
plt.title('Number of Students in College Over Years')
# Display the line graph
plt.show()

OUTPUT:

In this example, we start by importing the `matplotlib.pyplot` module as `plt`.

We define the sample data that represents the years and the corresponding number of
students in the college. The `years` list contains the years, and the `student_counts`
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list contains the respective number of students in each year. Next, we create a line
graph using the `plt.plot()` function.
We pass the `years` as the first argument and `student_counts` as the second
argument to the function. The `marker='o'` parameter is used to display circular
markers at each data point.To enhance the line graph, we add labels and a title using
the `plt.xlabel()`, `plt.ylabel()`, and `plt.title()` functions, respectively.
Finally, we display the line graph using `plt.show()`. Running this code will
generate a line graph where the x-axis represents the years, and the y-axis represents
the number of students in the college. Each data point is connected by a line, and
circular markers are displayed at each data point. You can further customize the
appearance of the line graph by adjusting parameters such as line color, line style,
marker type, and more using additional arguments in the `plt.plot()` function.
Matplotlib offers various options to create visually appealing and informative line
graphs.

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