INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Class X
Chapter: Database Management System (DBMS)
Session: Introducing Databases
Q1. What is Database?
Answer: A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It
stores data in a structured way, usually in tables, so that it can be efficiently retrieved and manipulated.
Q2. What do you understand by Data Inconsistency?
Answer: Data inconsistency occurs when different versions of the same data give conflicting information. It
happens when data is not updated in all places, leading to mismatched or incorrect information.

Q3. What is meant by Data Redundancy?

Answer: Data redundancy refers to unnecessary repetition of the same data in multiple places. For example:
storing a customer‘s address in several tables instead of one central location. It increases storage needs and
can lead to inconsistency.
Q4. Write the key features of a DBMS.
Answer: Key features of a DBMS are:
 Provides data storage, retrieval, and update facilities.
 Ensures data security and integrity.
 Reduces data redundancy and inconsistency.
 Supports multiple users simultaneously.
 Maintains relationships between data using keys.
 Provides backup and recovery of data.
Q5. Write the basic features of LibreOffice BASE.
Answer: Basic features of LibreOffice Base are:
 Creation and management of databases.
 Ability to create tables, forms, queries, and reports.
 User-friendly interface for designing databases.
 Supports SQL commands.
 Can connect with other databases like MySQL, Oracle, etc.
 Provides data validation and relationships.
Q6. How do you interpret ‗Field‘ in context of a DBMS?
Answer: In DBMS, a field is the smallest unit of data in a table. It represents a column in a table and stores
one type of information about all records.
Example: In a student table, fields may be Roll_No, Name, Age, and Class.
Q7. What is a Primary key? What is an Alternate key?
Answer: Primary Key: A field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies each record in a table.
Example: Roll_No in a student table.
Alternate Key: The remaining candidate keys that are not chosen as primary key. They can also uniquely
identify records.
Q8. What is the need of setting relationships between tables?
Answer: Relationships between tables are needed to:
 Reduce data redundancy.
 Maintain data consistency.
 Enable linking of related data across tables.
 Simplify complex queries and reporting.
Q9. What is a DBMS? What importance does it have for an enterprise?
Answer: DBMS (Database Management System): It is software that allows creation, management, and use
of databases.
Importance for enterprises:
 Efficient data storage and retrieval.
  Improved decision-making through accurate data.
 Ensures data security and integrity.
 Supports multiple users and large volumes of data.
 Provides backup and recovery options.
Q10. What are advantages of DBMS over normal file system?
Answer: Advantages of DBMS over file system are:
 Reduces data redundancy.
 Provides data consistency.
 Ensures security and controlled access.
 Supports multiple users.
 Provides backup and recovery.
 Facilitates better data sharing.
Q11. What are — forms, queries and reports in BASE?
Answer: Forms: User-friendly interfaces for entering, editing, and viewing data.
Queries: Used to retrieve specific data from the database based on conditions.
Reports: Present data in a structured and printable format for analysis.
Q12. What are the different steps involved in ‗Designing a Database‘?
Answer: Steps in designing a database:
 Identify the purpose of the database.
 Collect and organize required information.
 Divide information into tables.
 Define fields and primary keys.
 Set relationships between tables.
 Implement constraints and validation rules.
 Test the database with sample data.
Q13. Name some popular DBMSs.
Answer: Some popular DBMSs are: MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, IBM DB2 and SQLite
Q14. How is a relational database different from a flat database?
Answer: Relational Database: Data is stored in multiple related tables with relationships among them.
Example: Student table and Marks table linked by Roll_No.
Flat Database: Data is stored in a single table without relationships. Example: An Excel sheet containing all
student data in one place.

Q15. Name different types of keys in a table.

Answer: Types of keys are:
a) Primary Key b) Candidate Key
c) Alternate Key d) Foreign Key
e) Composite Key
Q16. What is a foreign key?
Answer: A foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It is used to
establish and enforce relationships between two tables.
Q17. What is a composite primary key?
Answer: A composite primary key is a primary key formed by combining two or more fields to uniquely
identify a record in a table. Example: (Student_ID, Subject_ID) together can be a composite primary key in
a marks table.

Q18. How is a foreign key different from a primary key?

Answer: Primary Key: Uniquely identifies records in its own table. It cannot have NULL values.
Foreign Key: Refers to the primary key in another table. It can have duplicate values and may contain
NULLs.
*************************************
 Chapter: Database Management System (DBMS)
Session: Creating Database and Tables

1. How can a BASE database be created?

Answer: A BASE database can be created by opening LibreOffice Base → selecting ―Create a new
database‖ → choosing the default embedded database option → saving the file with a name and location →
and then clicking Finish.

2. What is the need of designing tables?

Answer: Designing tables is important because:
 It organizes data properly in rows and columns.
 Avoids duplication and maintains accuracy.
 Helps in defining fields, data types, and constraints.
 Makes data retrieval and management easier.
3. How can a table be created in BASE?
Answer: A table in BASE can be created in two ways:
 Using the Table Wizard (step-by-step guided process).
 Using the Design View (manually defining fields, data types, and properties).
4. What does a Table Wizard do?
Answer: The Table Wizard helps in quickly creating a table by providing pre-defined sample fields. The
user can select fields, set their data types, define primary keys, and create the table easily without much
technical knowledge.

5. Can you set the primary key of a table through the Table Wizard?
Answer: Yes, the Table Wizard allows you to set the primary key of a table during the table creation
process.

6. What is the file extension of LibreOffice BASE database?

Answer: The file extension of a LibreOffice BASE database is .odb (Open Database).

*********************************

Chapter: Database Management System (DBMS)

Session: Creating/Editing Tables in Design view

1. What is design view? How is it useful?

Answer: Design View is a mode in LibreOffice Base used to create and edit the structure of a table. It allows
users to define field names, data types, field sizes, primary keys, and other properties. It is useful because it
gives full control over how data will be stored and ensures accuracy and proper database design.

2. What is the importance of a primary key? Can a table be created without any primary key? Why/why not?
Answer: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and prevents duplication. It is important
for maintaining data integrity and establishing relationships between tables.

Yes, technically a table can be created without a primary key, but it is not recommended as duplicate or
blank entries may cause inconsistency.

3. What all ways can a primary key be created/assigned in a table, in design view?
Answer: In Design View, a primary key can be created by:
 Right-clicking on the desired field and selecting Primary Key.
 Using the toolbar option ―Set Primary Key.‖
 Assigning it while creating the table using the Table Wizard.
4. What all checks are automatically applicable to a field designated as primary key?
Answer: When a field is set as a primary key, the following checks are applied automatically:
a) The field cannot have NULL values (must be filled).
b) The field cannot have duplicate values (must be unique).

5. Can a primary key have duplicate values? Why/why not?

Answer: No, a primary key cannot have duplicate values because it is meant to uniquely identify each record
in a table. Allowing duplicates would defeat its purpose and cause ambiguity.

6. What are field types? Discuss various field types that are available in BASE.
Answer: Field types define the kind of data that can be stored in a field of a table.
Common field types in BASE are:
a) Text (VARCHAR): For names, addresses, etc.
b) Number/Integer: For numeric values.
c) Decimal/Float: For fractional values.
d) Date/Time: For storing dates and times.
e) Boolean (Yes/No): For logical values.
f) Memo (Long text): For long descriptions.

7. How are field types Boolean and TINYINT different from one another?
Answer: Boolean: Stores only two values – TRUE/FALSE or YES/NO (logical values).
TINYINT: Stores very small integer values (range usually –128 to 127). It can store numbers, while Boolean
is strictly logical.

8. Write the difference between INT and TINYINT data types.

Answer: INT: Stores larger integer values (range approx. –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647).
TINYINT: Stores much smaller integer values (range –128 to 127).
Thus, INT is used for larger numbers, while TINYINT is memory-efficient for small numbers.

9. What do you mean by default value of a field in BASE and how can it be set?
Answer: A default value is the value automatically assigned to a field if no other value is entered by the
user. It can be set in Design View by entering the desired value in the Default Value property of that field.

10. What are the different Date/Time formats available in BASE?

Some Date/Time formats available in BASE are:
 Date: DD/MM/YYYY, MM/DD/YYYY, YYYY-MM-DD
 Time: HH:MM:SS (12-hour or 24-hour format)
 Date-Time combined format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS

11. Name the Numeric types of fields that can be used to store only
(i) integer values (no decimals)
(ii) fractional values i.e., values having a decimal.

Answer:
(i) Integer values → TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT
(ii) Fractional values → DECIMAL, NUMERIC, FLOAT, DOUBLE

****************************************

Chapter: Database Management System (DBMS)

Session: Performing operations on Tables

1. What are operations you normally do while editing data in a table?

Answer: While editing data in a table, we can:
a) Insert new records
 b) Update/modify existing records
c) Delete records
d) Sort data
e) Apply filters to view specific data

2. What is sorting?
Answer: Sorting is the process of arranging data in a specific order based on one or more fields.

3. What are two ways of sorting data?

Answer: Following are the two ways of sorting data:
a) Ascending order (A–Z, 0–9, earliest to latest)
b) Descending order (Z–A, 9–0, latest to earliest)

4. How do you sort data in a Base table?

Answer: In LibreOffice Base, open the table → select the field to sort → right-click → choose Sort
Ascending or Sort Descending from the context menu.

5. What is the role and importance of relationships in a database?

Answer: Relationships link data stored in multiple tables. They help in:
 Reducing data redundancy
 Maintaining data consistency
 Enabling complex queries and reports
 Supporting referential integrity

6. Discuss different types of relationships along with examples.

Answer: Different types of relationships:
 One-to-One: One record in Table A is related to only one record in Table B. Example: Passport table
↔ Person table.
 One-to-Many: One record in Table A relates to multiple records in Table B.
Example: Customer table ↔ Orders table.
 Many-to-Many: Records in Table A relate to multiple records in Table B and vice versa.
Example: Students table ↔ Courses table.

7. What is the role of a foreign key in table relationships?

Answer: A foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It establishes a
link between the two tables and enforces referential integrity.

8. Describe the process of creating table relations in LibreOffice Base.

Answer: the process of creating table relations in LibreOffice Base is as follows:
 Open LibreOffice Base and go to Tools → Relationships.
 Add the tables you want to relate.
 Drag the primary key field of one table and drop it on the matching foreign key field of the other
table.
 Define the type of relationship and enable referential integrity if required.

9. What is referential integrity?

Answer: Referential integrity ensures that relationships between tables remain consistent. It prevents orphan
records by ensuring that a foreign key always refers to an existing primary key.

10. What are the conditions for setting referential integrity in a database?
Answer: The related fields must have the same data type.
One table must have a primary key.
The foreign key must refer to a valid primary key in another table.

11. When referential integrity is enforced, what are the rules that users must observe?
Answer: When referential integrity is enforced, the rules that users must observe are:
a) Cannot add a record in the child table without a matching record in the parent table.
b) Cannot delete a record from the parent table if related records exist in the child table.
c) Cannot update a primary key if related foreign keys exist.

12. Give some examples of different types of relationships in a database.

 One-to-One → Employee ↔ EmployeeID card
 One-to-Many → Teacher ↔ Students
 Many-to-Many → Books ↔ Authors

13. Give any two benefits of creating relationships between tables in a database.
Answer: Benefits of creating relationships between tables in a database are:
a) Prevents data duplication and maintains accuracy.
b) Makes data retrieval efficient through queries and reports.

*****************************

Chapter: Database Management System

Session: Queries in Base

1. What are queries?

Answer: Queries are requests to retrieve, update, or manipulate data stored in a database. They help extract
specific information by applying conditions and filters.

2. What are the advantages of queries?

Answer: The advantages of queries are:
a) Retrieve specific information quickly.
b) Apply conditions and filters to data.
c) Perform calculations and summaries.
d) Retrieve data from multiple tables at once.
e) Save time and reduce manual searching.

3. How do you create queries in Base?

Answer:
 In LibreOffice Base, queries can be created by:
 Using Query Wizard (step-by-step process).
 Using Design View (manually selecting fields, criteria, and conditions).

4. What is the role of criteria in a query?

Answer: Criteria are conditions applied to a query to filter data. They define which records should appear in
the result (e.g., Age > 18, City = "Delhi").

5. How is Sort functionality useful in queries?

Answer: The Sort functionality arranges query results in ascending or descending order, making data easier
to read and analyze.

6. Can you specify multiple conditions for a field in a query? How?

Answer: Yes, multiple conditions can be applied using logical operators:
AND (both conditions must be true).
OR (any one condition must be true).
For example: Age > 18 AND City = "Delhi".

7. Can you create query fetching data from multiple tables? How do you do that?
Answer: Yes, queries can fetch data from multiple tables by using relationships. In Base, related tables are
joined through primary and foreign keys, and fields from both tables can be selected in the query.

8. What is a group-field?
Answer: A group-field is a field used in queries to group records with similar values together for
summarization. Example: Grouping sales data by ―Month‖ or ―Customer.‖

9. What are different types of queries?

Answer: Different types of queries are:
a) Select Query → retrieves data.
b) Action Query → updates, deletes, or appends data.
c) Parameter Query → prompts user for input at runtime.
d) Aggregate Query → performs calculations like SUM, AVG.

10. What is a summary query?

Answer: A summary query is used to calculate summary values (like totals, averages, counts) for groups of
records.

11. What is aggregate function? What is its other name?

Answer: Aggregate functions perform calculations on a set of values and return a single value. Other name:
Summary functions.

12. Name some summary functions and their usage.

 SUM() → adds up values.
 AVG() → calculates average.
 MIN() → finds smallest value.
 MAX() → finds largest value.
 COUNT() → counts the number of records.

**************************************

Chapter: Database Management System

Session: Structured Query Language (SQL) assignment.

1. How are SQL commands classified?

Answer: SQL commands are classified into:
a) SQL commands are classified into the following categories:
b) DDL (Data Definition Language) → Defines database structure (e.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
c) DML (Data Manipulation Language) → Manages data inside tables (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE).
d) DQL (Data Query Language) → Retrieves data (e.g., SELECT).
e) DCL (Data Control Language) → Manages access/permissions (e.g., GRANT, REVOKE).
f) TCL (Transaction Control Language) → Manages transactions (e.g., COMMIT, ROLLBACK).

2. Differentiate between DDL and DML commands.

Feature DDL (Data Definition Language) DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Purpose Defines structure of database objects. Manages and modifies data.
Examples CREATE, DROP, ALTER INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
Effect Changes table/database structure. Changes records inside tables.
Auto Commit Automatically saved. Needs explicit COMMIT.

3. What is the use of UPDATE statement in SQL?

Answer: The UPDATE statement is used to modify existing records in a table.
Example: UPDATE Students SET Grade = '11th' WHERE ID = 3;
4. Write an SQL command to add a new student with ID 102, name ‗Jonita Sharma‘, and grade ‗10th‘ to the
Students table.
Answer:
INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name, Grade)
VALUES (102, 'Jonita Sharma', '10th');

5. Write an SQL command to update the salary of an employee with ID 4 to 60000.

Answer:
UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 60000 WHERE ID = 4;

6. Write an SQL command to delete the record of a book with ID 5 from the Books table.
Answer:
DELETE FROM Books WHERE ID = 5;

7. How do you retrieve only the Name and Grade columns from the Students table? Write SQL command.
Answer:
SELECT Name, Grade FROM Students;

8. Write an SQL command to update the grade of a student with ID 3 to ‗11th‘.

Answer:
UPDATE Students SET Grade = '11th' WHERE ID = 3;

***********************************

Chapter: Database Management System

Session: Form Wizard

1. What is a form and what are its uses?

Answer: A form is a database object used to enter, display, modify, and delete data stored in a table. It
provides a user-friendly interface with text boxes, drop-down lists, and buttons instead of directly working
with tables.

Uses of a form:
a) To enter new data easily into a table.
b) To view existing data in a structured way.
c) To modify or update data without opening the table directly.
d) To delete records safely.
e) To create interactive applications for end-users.

2. Write steps to modify a form.

Answer: Steps to modify a form in Form Wizard / Design View:
 Open the database.
 Go to the Forms section.
 Select the form you want to modify.
 Right-click the form → choose Design View.
 Make required changes (add/delete fields, change layout, format controls).
 Save the form.

3. Write steps to edit existing data using a form.

Answer: Steps to edit existing data using a form are:
Open the database.
 Go to the Forms section and open the desired form.
 Navigate to the record you want to edit using navigation buttons.
 Place the cursor in the field to be modified.
 Type the new value and press Enter/Tab.
 The changes are automatically saved in the underlying table.
4. Write steps to insert a record using a form.
Answer: Steps to insert a record using a form are:
 Open the required form.
 Click on the New Record button (usually a blank row or ―> *‖ at the bottom navigation bar).
 Enter the details in the fields provided.
 Press Tab/Enter to move through fields.
 Save the record (it is usually saved automatically).

5. Write steps to delete a record using a form.

Answer: Steps to delete a record using a form are:
 Open the form that contains the record.
 Navigate to the record you want to delete.
 Click the Delete Record button (or right-click → Delete).
 Confirm the deletion when prompted.
 The record is removed from both the form and the underlying table.

**********************************

Session: Report Wizard

1. What are reports?

Answer: Reports are formatted and organized presentations of data taken from a database. They are designed
to display information in a clear, structured, and printable manner. A report can summarize, group, and
present data in tables, charts, or text form to make it easier for users to understand and analyze.

2. How are reports useful?

Answer: Reports are useful because:
 They help in summarizing large amounts of data into meaningful information.
 They make data easier to read, analyze, and interpret.
 They can be printed and shared with others for decision-making.
 They present data in a professional and standardized format.
 They allow grouping, sorting, and filtering of data as per requirements.

*********************************