Lecture 1
Research
Research is a systematic investigation to discover, interpret, and revise new
knowledge or understandings by applying new and creative ways to existing
knowledge. It involves collecting and analyzing data to establish facts,
principles, or theories, aiming to generate new concepts, methodologies, and
generalizable knowledge for sharing with others.
ﺗﻨﻘﯿﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎرف وﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وھﻮ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ:Research اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﯿﺎة وﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎد طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ
Experiment:
A way of getting an answer to a question which the experimenter wants to know.
. ﻫﻲ وﺴیﻠﺔ ﻻﺨت�ﺎر اﻟﻔرﻀ�ﺔ واﻟكشﻒ ﻋن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒین اﻟمتﻐییرات:Experiment اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ
An experiment involves the planning, execution and collection of measurements or
observations.
ﻻﺠرء ﺘجر�ﺔ ﻤﻌینﺔ ﻟﻠحصول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒ�ﺎﻨﺎت �مكن ﺘحﻠیﻠﻬﺎ واﻟتوﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ
ا اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ) :(Designﻫو اﻟتخط�ط اﻟ�حثﻲ
أﺴتنتﺎج ﻤﻌین.
Experimental unit:
This is the smallest to which a treatment is applied, and on which an observation is
made e.g. an animal bird, an object, a cage, a field plat and so on.
.ﻫﻲ أﺼﻐر ﺠزء ﻓﻲ اﻟتجر�ﺔ وﺘتمثﻞ �ﺎﻟحیوان أو اﻟن�ﺎت اﻟذي ﺘطبق ﻋﻠ�ﻪ اﻟتجر�ﺔ
The difference among experimental units treated alike is called experimental
error, this error is the primary basis for deciding whether an observed difference is
real or just due to chance. Clearly every experiment must be designed to have a
measure of the experimental error.
ھﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ أﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ وﯾﻌﻮد ﻻﺳﺒﺎب ﻓﻨﯿﺔ أو اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس أو اﻟﺨﺒﺮة
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد
اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪات وأﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﺣﺪث اﻟﻄﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس وأدق اﻻﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻗﺪر اﻻﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف
اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ.
