Prepared by:

Diana Chavarri
Mario Rangel
 INTRODUCTION

The organizational manual is a document that serves as a means of

communication and coordination allow for the systematic recording and transmission of the
information.

In accordance with the above, a manual will be developed that will cover
everything related to Civil Protection as the entity in charge of executing
the actions that involve risk management and the reduction of the effects of
disasters at each of their stages, preparation, prevention, mitigation, alert,
response, rehabilitation, and recovery, as well as managing the
public and private resources aimed at mitigating the effects of disasters,
promote and carry out community training activities in the area of
risk. As the years have gone by, the risk situation
increases with the development of human activities that in most of the
cases are poorly aligned with the physical environment, a result of the lack of planning
that harmonizes the interaction of natural factors with intricate development
socioeconomic.

This is the importance of preparing and organizing the information used by

civil protection through a manual that allows them to have detailed information
of each of the topics that are covered in their management.

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 INDEX

Page
INTRODUCTION. 2

INDEX. 3-4

UNIT I: Getting to know civil protection in Venezuela and the world.

Historical Review 5-6
Legal basis linked to civil protection and administration of
disaster 7-18

UNIT II: Risk Management.

Risk management (risk and threat)……………………………… 19
Types of threat 19
Vulnerability 20
Types of vulnerability 20-25

UNIT III: Adverse events.

Basic Definitions 26
Cycle of events 26
Stages of the cycle 27-28
Types of adverse events and their characteristics (earthquakes)
floods, mass movements)……………………………… 29-35

UNIT IV: Risk map.

Definition of risk map 36

Importance 36
Who can participate in its preparation... 37
Steps to create a risk map... 38-41

UNIT V: Planning.

Definition 42
Operational levels 42
Stages of the planning process 42
Principles of planning 43-50

UNIT VI: Emergency plan.

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 Definition of emergency plan 51
Characteristics of emergency plan 51-52
Steps to develop the emergency plan... 53-55

UNIT VII: Family plan.

Definition of family plan 56

Steps to develop the family plan... 56-61

UNIT VIII: Technical terminology used in civil protection... 61-64

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 UNIT I: GETTING TO KNOW CIVIL PROTECTION IN VENEZUELA AND THE
WORLD

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CIVIL PROTECTION IN VENEZUELA

In Venezuela, we go back to November 7, 1943, when through the

Decree No. 175 establishes the National Relief Board attached to the Ministry of
Health and Social Assistance in order to provide assistance to people who
were affected by the floods that occurred that year.

Fifteen years passed until, on May 21, 1958, the same Ministry created
the Division of Relief and Civil Defense, whose advisory committee was composed
by: The Red Cross of Venezuela, Military Health, Government of the Federal District,
social security (medical services), university hospital and two members of
ministry, subsequently expanded with representatives from the fire department
from DF, the Boy Scouts, radio club of Venezuela and Aero-club.

However, it is June 16, 1969, when the presidential decree is issued.

number 96 where an organization is created with the foundations of future civil defense,
such is the Social Solidarity Fund (FUNDASOCIAL). Which had the purpose of
mission the coordination of prevention tasks and repair work of
the damage that may be caused by events that affect the community. Like
we said earlier this organization was the first attempt to create something similar
to civil defense, therefore on September 7, 1971 by presidential decree N 702,
the national civil defense commission is created, whose functions would be to
plan and coordinate actions for prevention, education, and damage repair
that could cause any disaster.

On August 10, 1979, by presidential decree N 231, the national commission of

civil defense becomes part of the national security and defense council and
it adjusts its functions to the organization of the central public administration. Without

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embargo before a disaster, organizations were working in parallel which was
totally illogical and that is why on October 3, 1986, and by resolution N 28
FUNDASOCIAL is dissolved, leaving only the civil defense on the scene.
regulating its functions and activities on September 18, 1996 through
of presidential decree N 1636 and published in official gazette number 36136 of
date January 29, 1997, which includes the partial regulation N -3 of the law
organic security and defense related to civil defense. On the 15th of
In December 1999, the national referendum is approved, the new constitution of
Venezuela, which in a chapter IV, of the citizen security bodies,
Article 333 establishes that the national executive will organize: A ORGANIZATION
OF CIVIL PROTECTION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT doing this
effective from its appearance in the official gazette N 5557 extraordinary dated 13
of November 2001 when the decree with the force of law of the
national organization for civil protection and disaster management as of
At this moment, the change from civil defense to civil protection is being made official.

establishing in said decree, the objectives, mission and functions of the new
organization.

LEGAL BASIS RELATED TO CIVIL PROTECTION AND ADMINISTRATION OF

DISASTER

CONSTITUTION OF THE
BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

According to Official Gazette No. 36860, dated 12/30/1999

TITLE III

OF DUTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES

Chapter III

Of Civil Rights

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Article 55. Everyone has the right to protection by the State.
through the citizen security bodies regulated by law, in the face of
situations that constitute threats, vulnerability, or risk to integrity
the physicality of people, their properties, the enjoyment of their rights and the
fulfillment of your duties.

The participation of citizens in programs aimed at

prevention, citizen security and emergency management will be regulated
by a special law.

The state security forces will respect dignity and rights.

humans of all people. The use of weapons or toxic substances by
the actions of the police and security officer will be limited by principles of necessity,
convenience y proportionality as per a the law

According to Official Gazette, No. 36860, dated 12/30/1999

TITLE III

OF DUTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES

TITLE III

OF DUTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND GUARANTEES

Chapter X

Of the Duties

Article 134. Every person in accordance with the law has the duty to serve.
the civil or military services necessary for the defense, preservation, and development of
country, or to face situations of public calamity. No one can be
subjected to forced recruitment.

Every person has the duty to provide services in electoral functions that
assigned in accordance with the law.

TITLE IV

OF THE PUBLIC POWER

Chapter II

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 Of the Competence of the National Public Power

Article 156. It is within the competence of the National Public Power:

The Politics and International Action of the Republic.

2. The defense and supreme vigilance of the general interests of the Republic, the
conservation of public peace and the correct application of the law throughout the
national territory.
3. The flag, coat of arms, anthem, decorations, and honors of a character
national.
4. The naturalization, admission, extradition, and expulsion of foreigners or
foreign
5. Identification services.
6. The national police.
7. Security, defense, and national development.
8. The organization and regime of the National Armed Forces.
9. The regime of risk and emergency management.
10. The organization and regime of the Capital District and federal dependencies.
11. The regulation of central banking, the monetary system, the regime
currency, of the financial system and the capital market; the issuance and
coin minting.
12. The creation, organization, collection, administration, and control of the
income tax, inheritance tax, donations and other branches
connections, capital, production, added value, hydrocarbons and mines,
from the levies on the import and export of goods and services, the
taxes levied on the consumption of liquors, alcohols, and others
alcoholic species, cigarettes and other tobacco products and others
taxes, fees and income not attributed to the States and Municipalities for this
Constitution and the law.
13. The legislation to ensure coordination and harmonization of the different
tax powers, define principles, parameters and limitations,
especially for the determination of the tax rates or percentages of the
state and municipal taxes, as well as to create specific funds that
ensure international solidarity.
14. The creation and organization of territorial taxes or taxes on rural properties and
about real estate transactions, whose collection and control correspond to
the Municipalities, in accordance with this Constitution.
15. The regime of foreign trade and the organization and regime of customs.
16. The regime and administration of mines and hydrocarbons, the regime of the
wastelands, and the conservation, promotion, and utilization of forests,
soils, waters, and other natural riches of the country.
17. The National Executive cannot grant mining concessions for a period of time
undefined.
The law will establish a system of special economic allocations in
benefit of the States in whose territory the assets are located
that are mentioned in this number, without prejudice to the fact that they can also
establish special allocations for the benefit of other States.

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19. The regime of legal metrology and quality control.
20. The national censuses and statistics.
21. The establishment, coordination, and unification of norms and procedures
technicians for engineering, architecture, and urban planning works, and the
legislation on urban planning.
22. Public works of national interest.
23. The macroeconomic, financial, and fiscal policies of the Republic.
24. The regime and organization of the social security system.
25. National policies and legislation regarding health, housing,
food security, environment, waters, tourism, land use planning and
shipping company
26. The national education and health policies and services.
27. National policies for agricultural, livestock, and fishing production
forestry
28. The national transportation regime, navigation, and air transport
land, maritime, river, and lake, of national character; of the ports,
airports and their infrastructure.
29. The national road and railway system.
30. The regime of postal and telecommunications services, as well as the
regime and the administration of the electromagnetic spectrum.
31. The general regime of public utility services and, in particular,
electricity, drinking water, and gas.
32. The management of border policy with a comprehensive vision of the country, which
allow the presence of Venezuelan identity and territorial maintenance and the
sovereignty in those spaces.
33. The national organization and administration of justice, the Public Prosecutor's Office and
the Ombudsman.
34. Legislation on rights, duties, and constitutional guarantees; the
civil, commercial, criminal, penitentiary, procedural, and law
private international; that of elections; that of expropriation for utility cause
public and social; public credit; intellectual, artistic and property
industrial; that of cultural and archaeological heritage; agricultural; that of immigration
and settlement; that of indigenous peoples and territories occupied by them; that of
work, social forecasting and security; that of animal and plant health; that of
notaries and public registry; that of banks and that of insurance; that of lotteries,
racetracks and betting in general; the organization and operation of the
organs of the National Public Power and other organs and institutions
national of the State; and that relating to all matters of competence
national.
35. Any other matter that this Constitution attributes to the Public Power
National, whatever corresponds to it by its nature or character.

Chapter IV

From the Municipal Public Power

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Article 178. The government and administration of the Municipality is the responsibility of
his interests and the management of the matters assigned to him by this Constitution and the
national laws, as they pertain to local life, especially planning and
promotion of economic and social development, the provision and delivery of the
domestic public services, the application of the policy regarding the subject
cohabitation with criteria of equity, justice, and content of social interest, of
compliance with the delegation provided for in the law governing the matter, the promotion
of participation, and the improvement, in general, of living conditions of the
community, in the following areas:

1. Territorial and urban planning; historical heritage; housing of interest

social; local tourism; parks and gardens, squares, spas, and other sites of
recreation; civil architecture, nomenclature and public ornamentation.
2. Urban roadways; circulation and organization of vehicle traffic and
people on municipal roads; urban public transport services
passengers.
3. Public performances and commercial advertising, as far as it concerns the
municipal interests and specific purposes.
4. Environmental protection and cooperation with environmental sanitation; cleanliness
urban and residential, including cleaning services,
waste collection and treatment and civil protection.
5. Health and primary health care, protective services for the
early and middle childhood, to adolescence and to old age;
preschool education, family integration services for the disabled to
community development, cultural and sports activities and facilities.
Prevention and protection services, surveillance and control of goods and
activities related to municipal jurisdiction subjects.
6. Potable water service, electricity and domestic gas, sewage,
sewerage and wastewater disposal; cemeteries and services
funeral.
7. Justice of the peace, neighborhood prevention and protection, and police services
municipal, in accordance with the applicable national legislation.
8. The others attributed to it by the Constitution and the law.
9. The actions that correspond to the Municipality in the matter of its
competencies do not undermine national or state competencies that
they are defined in the law in accordance with the Constitution.

TITLE VII

FROM THE SECURITY OF THE NATION

Chapter II

Principles of National Security

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 Article 326. The security of the Nation is based on shared responsibility.
between the State and civil society to comply with the principles of
independencia, democracia, igualdad, paz, libertad, justicia, solidaridad, promoción
and environmental conservation and affirmation of human rights, as well as in the
progressive satisfaction of individual and collective needs of the
Venezuelans, on the basis of sustainable development and
productive full coverage for the national community. The principle of the
co-responsibility is exercised over the economic, social, political spheres,
cultural, geographical, environmental, and military.

Chapter IV

From the Citizen Security Bodies

Article 332. The National Executive, to maintain and restore public order,
protect the citizen, homes, and families, support decision-making
the competent authorities and ensure the peaceful enjoyment of the guarantees and
constitutional rights, in accordance with the law, will organize:

1. A uniformed national police force.

2. A body of scientific, criminal, and forensic investigations.
3. A body of firefighters and emergency management
civil character.
4. An organization for civil protection and disaster management.

The citizen security bodies are of a civilian nature and will respect dignity.
and human rights, without any discrimination.

The function of citizen security agencies constitutes a competence

concurrent with the States and Municipalities in the terms established in this
Constitution and the law.

Chapter II

Of the States of Exception

Article 338. The state of emergency may be declared when

catastrophes, public calamities or other similar events that pose
seriously endangering the safety of the Nation or its citizens or
citizens. This state of exception will last for thirty days, being
extendable for up to thirty more days.

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The state of economic emergency may be declared when situations arise
extraordinary economic circumstances that severely affect life
national economy. Its duration will be sixty days extendable by a
equal term.

The state of internal or external commotion may be declared in case of conflict.

internal or external, that seriously endangers the security of the Nation,
its citizens or citizens or its institutions. It will last for up to
ninety days, extendable for up to ninety more days.

The approval of the extension of the states of emergency corresponds to the

National Assembly. An organic law will regulate states of exception and
will determine the measures that can be adopted based on them.

Article 339. The Decree declaring the state of emergency, in which it

will regulate the exercise of the right whose guarantee is restricted, will be presented,
within eight days following its issuance, to the National Assembly, or
to the Delegated Commission, for its consideration and approval, and to the Chamber
Constitutional of the Supreme Court of Justice, to rule on its
constitutionality. The Decree will comply with the demands, principles, and guarantees
established in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in the
American Convention on Human Rights. The President or Chairperson of
the Republic may request its extension for an equal period, and it will be revoked by the
National Executive or by the National Assembly or by its Delegated Commission, before
from the indicated term, upon ceasing the causes that motivated it.

The declaration of the state of emergency does not interrupt the functioning of the
organs of the Public Power.

LAW OF THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CIVIL PROTECTION AND

DISASTER MANAGEMENT.

According to Official Gazette No. 5,557, dated 13/12/001.

TITLE I
GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1: This Law aims to regulate the organization, competence,

integration, coordination and functioning of the Civil Protection Organization
and Disaster Management at the national, state, and municipal levels.

Article 3. The National Organization for Civil Protection and Management of

Disasters have fundamental objectives:

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 1. Plan and establish policies that allow for the adoption of measures
related to the preparation and application of national potential to
disaster cases, in each of the phases that constitute it.
2. Promote in the different local organizations related to management
of risks, the necessary actions to ensure compliance with the
established norms, to safeguard the safety and protection of the
communities.
3. Design training, coaching, and education programs aimed at
promote and strengthen citizen participation and duties in cases of
emergencies and disasters.
4. Establish strategies aimed at preparing the communities, that
they guarantee the utilization of personal, family, and community potential
to face emergencies and disasters in their different phases and stages.
5. Ensure that the different branches of the state contribute the resources
necessary to ensure that the institutions responsible for attending to
emergencies, have the appropriate operational and functional support
for the ideal and timely provision of civil protection services and
disaster management.
6. Strengthen emergency response and management agencies,
to ensure an effective and timely response and to coordinate and promote the
response actions and rehabilitation of the affected areas by a
disaster.
7. Integrate efforts and functions between public or private organizations,
that should intervene in the different phases and stages of management
of disasters, allowing for timely and efficient integration
of the available resources to respond to disasters

ORGANIC LAW ON NATIONAL SECURITY

According to Official Gazette No. 37594 of 12/18/2002

TITLE II
ON THE SECURITY AND INTEGRAL DEFENSE OF THE NATION
Chapter I
From the National Security

Chapter II

From the Integral Defense of the Nation

Citizen security organs

Article 23. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the laws, the Executive
The national government will organize a uniformed body of national police, a body of
scientific, criminal and forensic investigations, a fire department and a
civil protection organization that will handle emergencies and disasters,

13
which, without prejudice to the specific functions assigned to them, must
work together in order to ensure the preservation of order
internal.

Civil Protection System

Article 24. The Civil Protection System shall be understood as a social management.
of risk in which the different organs of the Public Power operate at the level
national, state, and municipal, with the participation of society, and extends
from state planning to specific processes, with a view to
reduction of vulnerability to natural, technical, and social events.

Social risk management

Article 25. The social management of risk includes the objectives, programs and
actions that within the process of planning and development of the Nation, are
aimed at ensuring the quality of life of citizens
promoting the development of prevention and preparedness aspects,
mitigation, response and recovery from natural and technical events
social issues that may affect the population, their assets and environment, at a national level,
state and municipal.

Law on the Coordination of Citizen Security

According to Official Gazette No. 37318 OF 06/11/2001

TITLE I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

CHAPTER I

Object, Common Organs and Duties

Citizen Security Bodies

Article 2. The organs of citizen security are:

The National Police.

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2. The Police of each State.

3. The Police of each Municipality, and the joint police services

provided through the Metropolitan Police.

The body of scientific, criminal, and forensic investigations.

5. The fire department and civil emergency management.

6. The civil protection and disaster management organization.

TITLE II

CONCURRENT COMPETENCIES AND SHARED ACTION

Concurrent Competition

Disaster Situations

Article 15. In cases where the magnitude of the emergency exceeds the capacity
The acting organisms will notify the administrative bodies of
disasters, who will assume the responsibility of coordination and management of the
emergency.

Organic Law on States of Exception

According to Official Gazette No. 37.261, dated 11/5/2001

ABOUT STATES OF EXCEPTION

TITLE I
OF THE OBJECT, PURPOSE AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE STATES OF
EXCEPTION

Chapter I
Of the object and the purpose

Article 1. The purpose of this Law is to regulate states of exception,

its different forms: state of alarm, state of economic emergency,
state of internal commotion and state of external commotion, in accordance with
the provisions established in article 338 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of

15
Venezuela; as well as the exercise of rights that are restricted with the
purpose of restoring normalcy in the shortest possible time.

Chapter II
Of the guiding principles of states of exception

Article 2. States of emergency are circumstances of a social order,

economic, political, natural or ecological, that severely affect the security of
the Nation, of its citizens or of its institutions.

States of emergency can only be declared in the face of objective situations.

of serious gravity that render the ordinary means available insufficient
State to face them.

Article 7. They may not be restricted, in accordance with the provisions established in the
Articles 339 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 4, 2 of
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and 27, 2 of the Convention
Americana on Human Rights, the guarantees of rights to:

Life

2. The recognition of legal personality.

3. The protection of the family.

4. Equality before the law.

5. Nationality.

6. Personal freedom and the prohibition of enforced disappearance practices

people.

7. Personal, physical, mental, and moral integrity...

8. Not to be subjected to slavery or servitude.

9. Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.

10. The legality and non-retroactivity of laws, especially of laws

penal.

11. Due process.

12. The constitutional protection.

13. Participation, suffrage, and access to public office.

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14. The information.

Chapter III
From the state of internal commotion

Article 13. The state of internal commotion may be decreed in case of conflict
internal, that seriously threatens the security of the Nation, of its
citizens or citizens and their institutions, which shall not exceed
ninety days, extendable for up to ninety more days.

They constitute causes, among others, to declare a state of internal commotion,

all those exceptional circumstances that involve great
disturbances of internal public order that signify a notable or imminent
danger to institutional stability, citizen coexistence, security
public, the maintenance of free and democratic order, or when the
the functioning of the Public Powers is interrupted.

INTERINSTITUTIONAL AGREEMENTS AND PROGRAMS

MULTILATERAL MECHANISMS

Mitigation programs for the effects of natural disasters and

recovery (PNDU).
Strategic framework for the prevention and evaluation of emergencies
preparation and response for emergency cases and the mitigation of it
consequence.
HABITAD program, for human settlements that includes in its
Chapter IV, Global Action Plan: called 'Prevention Capacity'
Disaster, mitigation of its effects, preparation for disaster cases and
posterior rehabilitation.
World Parliament for Peace and Territorial Security.

INTERINSTITUTIONAL AGREEMENTS AND PROGRAMS

REGIONAL MECHANISMS

Ratification process of the 'Agreement between Member Countries and Members

Members of the Association of Caribbean States in Disaster Matters
Naturals (AEC)

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Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Creation of the Andean Committee for the
Disaster Prevention and Attention (CAPRADE), Based on the
Andean Program for Risk Prevention and Mitigation (PREANDINO).
Andean Community of Nations (CAN), Creation of the Andean Committee for the
Disaster Prevention and Attention (CAPRADE), Basis under the
Andean Program for Risk Prevention and Mitigation (PREANDINO).
Ibero-American Association of Governmental Protection Organizations
Civil Defense.
OAS, Inter-American Committee on Natural Disaster Reduction,
Hemispheric Security Commission: Strategic Reaction Plan in response to
disasters and vulnerability reduction.
AEC, under the Special Committee on Natural Disasters. Project named
Promotion of Technical Cooperation Exchange in Emergency Management
among the Member countries”. Being coordinated by the National Directorate of
Civil Protection and Disaster Administration (DNPCAD).

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 UNIT II: RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk management

The Civil Protection system will be understood as a RISK MANAGEMENT.

in which the different organs of public power act at the national, state and
municipal, with the participation of society and extends from planning
from the State to specific processes, with a view to reduction of the
vulnerability to natural, technical, and social events includes the
objectives, programs and actions that are part of the planning process and
development of the nation is aimed at ensuring the quality of life of the
citizens of our country.

Risk

It is the probability of occurrence of social economic consequences or

environmental factors in a particular site and during a specified period of expression.
It is obtained by relating the threat to the vulnerability of the elements.
exposed

Threat

Probability of occurrence of a potentially disastrous event during a certain

period of time and in a given place.

Types of threats

Natural Anthropic Technological

Earthquakes Dams.
Floods. Gas stations. Wars
technological.
Movements of Warfare conflicts.
dough. Nuclear plants.
Concentrations
Hurricanes. massive. Sabotages
cybernetic.
Tornadoes. Stations of
services. Others.
Vaguadas.
Volcanoes. Others.
Otros.
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 Vulnerability

It is the susceptibility to the loss or damage of an element or group of elements.

in the face of a specific threat.

Factor internode risk, of a subject or system exposed to a threat that

corresponds to its intrinsic disposition to be damaged.

Types of Vulnerability.

The physical (or locational) vulnerability.

Economic vulnerability.
Social vulnerability.
The political vulnerability.
The technical vulnerability.
Cultural vulnerability.
The educational vulnerability.
The ecological vulnerability.
The institutional vulnerability.

Natural Vulnerability: Every living being, by the mere fact of being, possesses a
intrinsic vulnerability determined by the environmental limits within the
what is possible life, and by the internal demands of its own organism

Physical vulnerability (or locational): It refers to the location of

large contingents of the population in physically risky areas; condition triggered
partly due to poverty and the lack of options for a less risky location, and
on the other hand, due to the high productivity (particularly agricultural) of a large number
from these areas (volcano slopes, river flood zones, etc.), which
It has traditionally encouraged the settlement of the same.

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 Economic vulnerability: There is an inverse relationship between income per
per capita at the national, regional, local or population level and the impact of the phenomena
extreme physical conditions. That is, poverty increases the risk of disaster. Beyond the
the income problem, economic vulnerability refers, sometimes
correlated, to the problem of national economic dependence, the absence of
appropriate budgets, national, regional, and local public budgets, the lack of
diversification of the economic base, etc.

Social vulnerability: Referring to the low degree of organization and cohesion

internal issues of communities at risk, which hinder their ability to prevent, mitigate or
respond to disaster situations.

Political vulnerability: In the sense of the high degree of centralization in the

decision-making and in government organization, and the weakness at levels
of autonomy to decide at regional, local, and community levels, which
prevents a greater adaptation of actions to the perceived problems in these
territorial levels.

The technical vulnerability: Referring to inadequate construction techniques

of buildings and basic infrastructure used in risk areas.

The ideological vulnerability: Referring to the way in which men conceive

world and the environment they inhabit and with which they interact. Passivity, the
fatalism, the prevalence of myths, etc., all these factors increase the
vulnerability of populations, limiting their ability to act appropriately
in the face of the risks presented by nature.

Cultural vulnerability: Expressed in the way individuals see themselves

themselves in society and as a national group. Furthermore, the role that they play
media in the consolidation of stereotyped images or in the
transmission of deviant information about the environment and disasters
(potential or real).

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 The educational vulnerability: In the sense of the absence, in the programs of
education, of elements that properly instruct about the environment or the
environment that the inhabitants live in, its balance or imbalance, etc. In addition, it
refers to the level of education that the population receives about ways of a
appropriate behavior at the individual, family, and community level in case of
threat or occurrence of disaster situations.

Ecological vulnerability: Related to the way in which the models of

development is not based on 'coexistence, but on domination through the way of
the destruction of environmental reserves (which necessarily leads to)
ecosystems that are on one hand highly vulnerable, incapable of
self-adjust internally to compensate for the direct or indirect effects of the
human action, and on the other hand, highly risky for the communities that
"they exploit or inhabit". (Wilches-Chaux, 1989: 3-39).

Institutional vulnerability: Reflected in the obsolescence and rigidity of the

institutions, especially the legal ones, where bureaucracy, the prevalence of the
political decision, the dominance of personalist criteria, etc., prevent responses
adequate and agile to the existing reality.

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The different combinations of these vulnerability levels have a clear and
differentiated effect in terms of the impact of a physical event on a matrix
social particular. Examples of the most aggregated or classificatory approaches in
As for the levels or components of vulnerability that have been proposed by
Cannon (1991) and Anderson and Woodrow (1989). These complement and expand
the scheme offered by Wilches-Chaux. Cannon classifies vulnerability in
three basic types:

1) Vulnerability in life systems, which is related to the way in

that a particular system of life unique to an individual or group becomes more or
less resistant or strong and able to withstand the impact of a risk
(income opportunities, savings, health and nutritional levels, etc.)

2) Aspects of self-protection, related to the degree of protection achieved by

an individual or group in terms of their level of preparedness against risk
(housing location)

3) Aspects of social protection, related to the level of protection provided by

the State or other institutions (including the influence that they may have
about the resilience of living systems and aspects of self-protection, and
also about factors such as the legal regulations regarding Codes of
Construction, land use zoning and technical interventions.

While Cannon's scheme is not as comprehensive as that of

Wilches-Chaux (for example, little consideration is explicitly given to the
motivational, psychosocial, educational or organizational aspects), Cannon
introduce the important aspect of the composition by class, gender, and ethnicities of
the populations at risk, stating that "the most important aspects of the
vulnerability rests on the characteristics of individuals and groups

23
 derived from their class, gender or ethnicity condition. The differences in these
socioeconomic factors result in different degrees of impact of a
physical threat." Furthermore, this clarifying approach has the virtue of
highlight the types of social actors responsible for the different categories
of vulnerability (individual, family, community, state, etc.)

Anderson and Woodrow (1988), as a diagnostic tool in the

analysis of various cases of post-disaster reconstruction schemes, defines the
vulnerabilities as "the long-term factors that affect the
the ability of a community to respond to events, or those that cause them
susceptible to suffering a calamity (...) precede disasters, contribute to
its severity hinders effective responses to disasters and remains.
Three areas or classes of vulnerabilities are identified:

1) Physical - Material, which refers to the characteristics of the land, the climate and the
environment; levels of health, the skills and characteristics of the force
work; infrastructure, food and housing; capital and physical technologies.
2) Social - Organizational, which includes formal political structures and the
informal systems through which people manage to make decisions,
establish leadership and organize social and economic activities.
3) Motivational - Attitudinal, related to the ways in which communities
they see themselves and their abilities to effectively deal with the physical environment
and sociopolitical (victimization, fatalism, and dependence in contrast to a
sense of purpose, power, and awareness.

As in the case of the scheme developed by Cannon, Anderson, and Woodrow,

they cross their classes or categories of vulnerability with concerns regarding the
gender, class, ethnicity, and differences in migration and age. Additionally, they highlight

also the use of its scheme to consider not only the vulnerabilities
of families or communities, regions or nations, but also of their
capacities; that is, those physical, material, social aspects,

24
organizational, attitudinal or motivational, which constitute aspects
positive when considering the responses or resistances to agents
disaster potentials. The development process is then seen as "a
process through which vulnerabilities are reduced and increases are made
"capacities". Both the level-based approach discussed by Wilches-Chaux, as well as the...
generic clarification approach proposed by Cannon, Anderson, and Woodrow
they have their own inherent advantages and should be properly inclined from
a methodological perspective when dealing with urban population groups.

25
 UNIT III. ADVERSE EVENTS

Adverse event

Intense alterations in people, goods, services, and the environment

environment, caused by a natural event or generated by man.

Emergency

Intense alterations in people, goods, services, and the environment,

caused by a natural event or generated by human activity that does not exceed
the response capacity of the affected community.

Disaster

Intense alterations in people, goods, services, and the environment

environment, caused by a natural event or generated by activities
humanitarian, that exceed the response capacity of the affected community.

Event Cycle

26
 Stages of the Cycle

BEFORE

Prevention
A set of actions aimed at preventing events
natural or generated by human activity, cause disasters.

Mitigation
Result of an intervention aimed at reducing risks.

Intervention: measure or action aimed at modifying certain

circumstance.

Preparation
Set of measures and actions to minimize loss
human lives and other damages, organizing timely and effectively the
response and rehabilitation.

Alert
Declared state in order to take specific precautions, due to
to the likely and imminent occurrence of an adverse event.

In the face of the immediacy of occurrence, or with the event already underway, there is the

alarm, warning or signal to follow specific instructions, in

27
 immediate action, due to the real or imminent presence of the event
adverse.

The alarm is transmitted through the human voice, sirens, lights,

colored flags, firecrackers, bells.

DURING

Response
Actions taken in response to an adverse event that aim to
object to save lives, reduce suffering, and decrease losses.

AFTER

Rehabilitation
Short-term recovery of basic services and initiation of the
repair of physical, social, and economic damage.

Reconstruction
Medium and long-term repair process of physical, social damage
and economic, to a level of development equal to or higher than the existing one

before the event.

28
 TYPES OF ADVERSE EVENTS

SEISMOS:

An earthquake is the sudden movement of the Earth caused by the abrupt

release of energy accumulated over a long period.

The movements of the Earth's crust generate intense deformations in the

the interior of the earth, accumulating energy, which is suddenly released in the form of
waves that shake the Earth's surface.

In general, the term earthquake is associated with seismic movements of

considerable dimension, although rigorously its etymology means
movement of the Earth

The main effects of an earthquake are:

Destruction by vibration
Liquefaction occurs in sandy soils, saturated with water, usually.
located near rivers or seas, or places where they existed in the past
lakes and lagoons; these lands lose their
consistency and while the earthquake vibration lasts they lose the ability
it is important to say, to sustain the structures that have been built there
Side effects, fires, landslides, floods, due to rupture
of pipes, water dam breaks, and reservoir of watercourses.

29
Characteristics:

Earthquakes occur suddenly, often followed by aftershocks that

they can last from hours to days, depending on the depth where it is generated
movement

To compare one earthquake with another, two measures are used:

Magnitude: It is the measure of the energy released at the focus or hypocenter (point
from within the earth where the movement originates and is the very cause
of the earthquake).

It is calculated by tracing seismic waves on a device called

seismograph, located at a defined distance from the epicenter (point of the
Earth's surface located from the focus.

The intensity expresses the destructive effects at the location where it is evaluated.
the most well-known scale is the twelve-degree one called MODIFIED OF
MERCALLI.

30
 TYPES OF FAILURES

SCALE OF EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT.

The most well-known magnitude scale is the RICHTER scale, according to which,
the magnitude of the smallest earthquakes is close to zero and the corresponding to
the largest recorded earthquakes are of 8.9.

The intensity expresses the destructive effects in the place where it is evaluated.
the most well-known scale is the twelve-tone scale called MODIFIED FROM
MERCALLI.

31
MASS MOVEMENTS

Mass movements occur as a result of sudden changes or

gradual changes in the composition, structure, hydrology, or vegetation in a terrain
slope or incline.

These changes can be triggered by:

Vibrations such as those caused by earthquakes, explosions

machinery, traffic
Removal of the lateral support due to erosion, existing geological failures in
the slope, excavations, constructions, deforestation and loss of the
vegetation.
Soil overload caused by the weight of water, ice, of the
snow, accumulation of rocks or volcanic material.
Heavy downpours, increase in groundwater levels or saturation of
waters.

32
Characteristics:

In most cases, mass movements occur as effects.

secondary effects of other events such as strong storms, earthquakes and even
volcanic eruptions. They can manifest through rockfalls or
other materials on steep terrains, such as mud flows that can move
quickly covering great distances.

They produce destruction of the infrastructure and settlements located in the

route of it. It is common to block communication routes and rivers,
with the consequent risk of damming and flooding.

Due to the nature of the circumscribed events, morbidity and mortality will be directly

proportional to the existing population density and the mass of material

displaced.
Mortality is high when landslides occur in areas of
high population density, which can occur as a direct effect of movement of
land or by destruction of homes or structures, with the corresponding collapse
the collapse on people and property.

FLOOD: Gradual and/or violent increase in the water flow of a drainage

natural or artificial, that exceeds the capacity of the channel and overflows.

33
TYPES

THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOODING:

1. Due to river overflow (plain watershed);

2. sudden floods (steep slopes);
3. flooding due to heavy rains and lack of absorption, runoff or
drainage;
4. flooding on coastal areas

CHARACTERISTICS:

A flood is dangerous because it is usually very fast and sweeps away everything in its path.

everything it finds with immense force, dragging people,

constructions, vehicles, roads, and large portions of land in some
cases can be due to rising water levels

Flash floods result from localized torrential rains.

accompanied or not by slides, where the soil roughly saturates,
converging the precipitated water, in its entirety, to the riverbed.

Coastal floods are caused by the incursion of seawater into the land.
length of the exposed coastlines.

Floods generally have a seasonal nature. It is possible

appreciate how the river levels are slowly rising, reaching the height
of overflow.

34
35
 UNIT IV: RISK MAP

RISK MAP
The risk map is a particularly useful tool in all programs.
of community participation for the improvement of living conditions and not
only in case of emergencies or disasters.

With the creation of risk maps, the goal is to ensure that the inhabitants
Locate on a map (either made or crafted) all the threats that
they exist in your community and the infrastructure that could be damaged if it happens

phenomenon.

What is a risk map?

It is a graphic, sketch or model, where the areas can be identified and located.
from the community, pointing out the dangers or threats to which it is exposed
community, serving as guidance to take preventive measures and
mitigation for each identified risk.

IMPORTANCE OF THE RISK MAP

Allow all individuals to participate in how to perceive their situation of

danger.
By doing so, the dangers and threats that are known and identified are defined.
they are held in the community.

It allows to locate where the risks and threats are.

The map offers community and authority ideas to organizations.
shared for decision making.
It allows recording historical events that have negatively affected the
community.

36
WHO CAN PARTICIPATE IN ITS ELABORATION

Everyone who wishes to participate in its preparation can do so; it is not exclusive.
from a particular group, however, if the community desires, they can designate the
I work in the damage assessment brigade. It is important to have the space.
in time and in place so that the largest number of people can collaborate, in a way
organized.

HOW TO CREATE A RISK MAP?

The steps followed to develop a risk map depend on the

community and the type of threat and risk that exists. It is the community itself that
It will say which work procedure best fits their conditions and what steps.
The steps to follow to make the map are indicated below.
example of how to make a risk map:

STEP 1: WORK ORGANIZATION

In this, the general community is invited, representatives of institutions,

local authorities and those who wish to participate. Everyone's contribution is important.

STEP 2: IDENTIFICATION OF THE COMMUNITY

To begin developing the community risk map, the first thing that
we need to either obtain or hand-draw a sketch of the sector and note down
on the map of the area:

-Community name.

37
location or placement: state, municipality, sector (urbanization, hamlet, etc.)

jurisdiction of the locality (sector boundaries).

STEP 3: ANALYSIS OF PAST EXPERIENCE:

It consists of recalling with the participants and with the collaboration of everyone

community those disasters that occurred in the community especially the

that were repeated several times.

For the analysis of past experience, the questions must be considered.

following:

What was the adverse event or occurrence?

What problem did the adverse event or occurrence produce?

What service needs did the community have?

What problems arose after the incident?
-How did they face or address these problems?
-Which organizations intervened
The community helped in the care tasks.

Then we need to locate on the map or plan of the area each threat with its
corresponding area it occupies at that moment.

STEP 4: THREAT IDENTIFICATION

This stage consists of the preparation of a hazard inventory to which this ...
exposed the community.

38
The community, already organized into working groups, must observe everything that
it can pose dangers to the community. To obtain information about the threats
that exists, a field investigation must be conducted, which will be done through a
tour of the community with the location map, identifying the
threats. The direct observation and geographical location of the threats,
stimulates the curiosity of the other inhabitants, which in this way can be
informed and involved in the work.

Then a list of threats is prepared, whether caused by the

human action or by natural phenomena.

After identifying the threats, it is necessary to prioritize which of them

present a greater risk to our community, knowing their causes well and
the possible consequences.

Example:
Threat: the river

STEP 5: VULNERABILITY AND RISK ANALYSIS

At this step, it is important to remember that the concept of vulnerability is the exposure of

people, their goods, and their environment in the face of a threat.

Likewise the community must identify the weaknesses it has in order to
face possible threats. The unfavorable aspects that are identified will
they are called vulnerability factors. If we recognize these factors well
we can define appropriate actions to avoid or lessen the effects of a
disaster. To determine vulnerability, it is necessary to carry out the work.
next:

It is essential to first identify the elements exposed to threats.

For this, we need to draw the infrastructure that this community has: such as:

39
housing areas, schools, health establishments, commercial
industrial areas, churches, sports fields, service networks, bridges, all of that
that belongs to the community or its inhabitants. When we finish realizing
this will make it easy to see the threatened areas as well as the infrastructure on the map

what is found in those areas and are in danger.

To determine the vulnerability, it is necessary to carry out a new assessment.

for the community, as one travels through the area that is in danger
, we are observing and carefully detailing the weaknesses or vulnerabilities.
what each sector has to face the threats.

When the tour is finished, they return to the place where they were gathered.
initially. So using the map with the threat information and
exposed elements, we proceed to work on the risk diagnosis table, which
is indicated below.

RISK DIAGNOSIS: EXAMPLE

Threat vulnerability Magnitude of N- families and

risk. people in
risk
THE RIVER HOMES 30 homes 150 people and
THE MARGINS 30 families.

The community can prioritize the risk with the analysis of the previous information.
high, medium, and low, indicated on the plan using colors.

40
STEP 6: COLLECTIVE CREATION OF THE RISK MAP:

With all the previous information, the community gathers to discuss and analyze everything.
the data for the final preparation of the risk map, which is being indicated
on the map with colors and symbols.

41
 UNIT V: PLANNING

PLANNING.

Planning is an analytical process.

Which includes an estimate of the future based on courses of action.

alternatives (optimistic, intermediate, and pessimistic), in a temporal scenario
(short, medium, and long term).

Planning is a comprehensive process that includes:

. Objectives and goals to be achieved within a specified period.

. Just like economic and social policies, within a process of
concertation.

Operational Levels of Planning.

Plan

Programs

Projects
Actividades

STAGES OF THE PLANNING PROCESS

Requires an analysis of reality or diagnosis, which includes:

Strengths and weaknesses,

Opportunities and risks (threats) of the development of an organization.

42
It also includes the formulation of plans, which define:

They define policies,

Objectives,

Goals and strategies of the plan.

This process would be incomplete if it does not include: programs and budgets, for the
allocation of human, material, financial, and technological resources for the
compliance with the designed objectives.

The budget forecast guarantees the execution of plans, programs and

budgets, whose objective is the fulfillment of actions and responsibilities
assigned to different agents or institutions.

Another stage is the evaluation of plans, programs, and budgets, which consists of
the verification of compliance with the plans, programs, and budgets, and their
impact on society and economy.

Finally, there is the reformulation of plans, programs, and budgets, which

consists of its modification and adjustment for structural and circumstantial situations.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

Contribution to the objectives: (achievements).

Primacy of Administration elements: (planning–organization–direction)

coordination-control.

Initiation of the business management process.

Efficiency of operations.

Flexibility, unforeseen variables due to cyclical and structural actions that

they require rescheduling.

Synchronization, at the vertical and horizontal level of the organization.

The planning process must consider key elements such as the

following

Objectives.
Strategies.
Action programs.

43
Internal policies.
-. Procedure.
- Control standards.

AND THESE ELEMENTS CONTAIN QUESTIONS TO WHICH

THEY WILL FIND THE MOST ASSERTIVE ANSWERS.

Objectives: What do we want to achieve?

Strategies: How to achieve the objectives and what alternatives should be employed?

Action programs: What operations need to be achieved?

Internal policies: What guidance and priorities should be achieved?

Procedure: How is it done?

Control standards: What parameters, measures are used in the evaluation?

STRATEGIC PLANNING

In this type of planning, strengths must be taken into account objectively.

opportunities, weaknesses and threats. Where strengths and weaknesses are
inherent or internal to the institution, plans, programs, and projects to be executed
while opportunities and threats are inherent to the institution,
Plans, programs, and projects, but these are external to them.

STRATEGIC PLANNING

The strategic approach is the analysis of both the opportunities that it offers.
the environment as well as its own strengths and weaknesses.

It is projected into the future by defining the objectives, goals, and strategies that will make
possible achievement.

It is also a systematic and permanent process.

It has a significant impact on the future of the entity, involves decision, risks and
organization of efforts to implement decisions.

Includes multidisciplinary teams and subjects to ongoing evaluation.

The success of strategic planning lies in the ability of those who analyze the
possible risks and how to neutralize them.

44
Just like opportunities and how to take advantage of them.

Strategic planning helps to identify the desired future.

This means that the organization focuses its attention on the essence of leading
change, involving all its components in this task.

To achieve this, it is necessary to establish real communication with them regarding: value
of team aspirations and providing any new information in a timely manner
information to stimulate change.

No one really exempts themselves from planning.

Every entity or organizational unit plans its activities, regardless.

of its size.

It is also true that when it comes to smaller organizations, the process is more
simple.

This activity is usually quite intuitive, but as the organization grows and
it becomes more complex will require planning much more
sophisticated.

PROCESSES AND PHASES

PROCESS.

A process is understood as the set of successive and integrated phases that

lead to the achievement of a previously established result or product.
The actions or activities that are carried out, whether simultaneously or successively,
they will generate one type of result or another.

EXAMPLE:

PHASE 1: Preparation of the initial diagnosis Questionnaire Collection of

Processing and reporting information

PHASE 2: Feedback Interview with department directors Meetings

Group discussions review the challenges and priorities of the area.

PHASE 3: Development of the improvement and monitoring plan Establishment of

improvement actions Follow-up Motivation and commitment.

PHASE 4: Diagnosis Update

45
PLANNING AS A PROCESS

Planning, under the strategic approach, is conceived as a process

through which the decision-makers in an organization analyze and process
information about your internal and external environment, evaluating the different situations
linked to organizational performance to anticipate and decide on the
future direction.

In a large part of the definitions that the authors propose regarding the
planning has the following more or less common characteristics:

Planning is a methodology for decision-making.

Planning tries to optimize the achievement of objectives.
Planning is about making the objectives consistent with availability.
of resources and needs.
Planning is a reflection of the present to turn it into a reflection on
the future.
Planning is a social process.
Planning is a deliberate effort to change a situation that
result is unsatisfactory.
Planning seeks to rationally choose the alternatives that are best
they adjust to the values of those who choose them.

Planning is a component of the management process, understood as

management of the operation and development of a system, whether it is a
organization or part of it and the processes it involves. Management, and therefore,
Planning is related to the governance of systems.

Planning becomes a tool for management, negotiation, and

organizational control. In this sense, the plan allows guiding the decision-making
decisions, as it contains a series of scheduled decisions to be executed
in the future. When setting the objectives and the path to follow as a result of the
search for consensus among actors, the plan allows to communicate expectations and
aspirations of groups and individuals within the organization. Finally, the plan indicates
goals and indicators that become references or standards for control
of management.

In terms of process, different authors present it as integrated by

various stages, some sequential, others incorporating feedback
of stages. All authors agree that the process begins with a
diagnosis, study or investigation of the situation or reality to be planned.

46
Subsequently, it moves on to a stage of programming, development, or formulation.
of alternatives that are discussed and decided collectively to then move on to
an execution or application and control stage. Finally, once it is executed
The plan proceeds to its evaluation. In summary, the process is outlined in the
next steps:

Diagnosis, study, or research of reality.

Programming, development or formulation.
Discussion and decision.
Execution or application.
Control.
Assessment.

As shown in the set of stages, they overlap with others.

administrative processes. The execution or implementation of the plan corresponds more to
management process that uses the formulated aspects as input to be
carried out. Control is a process related to planning but
it contains its own method and the evaluation is a control mechanism. From there
that, in this case, only the following are accepted as stages of the planning process
diagnosis, programming, discussion, and decisions of the options that
will be part of the plan.

The process can be summarized in two major phases that incorporate the
communication and the respective decisions. Those phases are the analysis and the
design. In the first phase, the planning team defines the problems that
they must be resolved, it describes them, establishes the relationships between them, the
diagram to communicate them in summary form, it organizes and selects
critical knots. Once agreements are reached on what needs to be resolved,
proceed to design objectives and resolution strategies. The objective refers to the
global situation that is expected to be reached by the end of the plan and the strategy is presented
like the combination of resources, procedures, and the path to follow from the
current situation to the defined target situation.

PHASES OF THE PROCESS

AWARENESS

To disseminate the program in a comprehensive manner, philosophy, objectives, scope and

benefits.

47
IMPLEMENTATION

Organize action plans and strategies, human and physical resources.

maintenance of software equipment, clarification of commitments for the
achievement of the supply basket, and the adequate service to the community
educational of the twenty official educational institutions involved in the program.

DEVELOPMENT

Training of guide personnel

Preparation, monitoring, and evaluation of facilitating and dynamic agents.

EVALUATION

Systematization of the experience, evaluation, monitoring, and improvement of

projects.

What is a collaborative planning process?

Collaborative Processes are those that unite individuals and groups of

different perspectives, and they support them in working together towards common goals or
compatible.

Common goals can vary greatly from one process to another.

For example:

Participants may have different perspectives to analyze for

make a decision, or they could be in conflict and need to reach a
solution of the same resolver.
They could try to come to an agreement on actions to formulate.
recommendations, or they could simply come together to understand each other
better than others.
It could focus on a single simple topic or on many complex ones.
They could be many or few, individuals or groups.
The process could take a few hours, several months, or years.
I could employ a staff and a facilitator in very complex processes or
conflictive, or I could be guided on simple treatment issues, of
lower aggressiveness and conflict, directly by the participants.

48
STAGES

It is useful to divide the Collaborative Process into stages that systematize and plan the
same in a whole agreement.

As a way of classification, it is useful to think of at least 4 stages that encompass the

following stadiums:

Initial Evaluation and Situation Analysis

2. Process Design (Strategy and Plan)
3. Implementation of the Design carried out
4. Monitoring of the results obtained

Although the content of the first stage: 'Initial Evaluation and Analysis', is
focused on gathering information to be able to carry out a 'process design'
after the diagnosis of the situation, in truth, that first stage is also
somehow "designed" by someone, be it in the role of facilitator, caller or
global process conductor.

While the first stage of Initial Situation Assessment is usually

led by an individual or a team in one of these mentioned roles, the
The second stage, the subsequent Process Design, is frequently
developed in consultancy or in collaboration with some or all of those who
they will participate as key actors.

For the purposes of understanding, when referring to design in general

The Initial Situation Assessment stage is also usually included.
When referring to the second stage, the Design will be distinguished in
two phases, the Strategy Design and the Plan Design.

Aspects related to the General Design of Collaborative Processes

What is a Process Design?

The design of a process is an activity that allows identifying:

The goals of a particular collaborative process;

Who should be involved in it;
How they should organize themselves to work together;
How they should conduct and govern their interaction;
What activities should be taken to move as a group towards the
achievement of the goals of the process; and,

49
 The resources that will be necessary.

The Design of a Process seeks to create an environment and a series of activities and
interactions that can help participants in the collaborative process
to work towards their common goals

Why is process design important?

In complex or controversial issues, it is very unlikely that the participants

they spontaneously agree on how to talk about the problem, and
consequently neither in how to proceed to make it effective and
efficiently.

Additionally, process design provides a 'roadmap' for

those participants or observers in the process. The design provides the
required information to interpret what the process has achieved so far
date and to understand where the heading should be.

Who should design the Process?

Individuals with different abilities can drive or lead activities of

process design. Process Design is sometimes undertaken by officials
public, or with direct responsibility to address a problem. More and more
frequently, a facilitator or another external person who is perceived as

As initially stated, while the 'Initial Assessment of the

"Situation" is usually led by a team or an individual in one of these.
capabilities, the subsequent 'Process Design' is often
developed in consultancy or in collaboration with some or all who
they will participate.

We use the term "facilitator" to describe individuals who are involved in

the process design activities. In reality, whatever their positions may be
formally, those who are carrying out this activity are "facilitating" collaboration
and assuming at least some aspects of the facilitator's role.

50
 UNIT VI: EMERGENCY PLAN

EMERGENCY PLAN

Creating an emergency plan is a task that must be carried out following a

ordered procedure in a logical manner with the particularity that they themselves
events or innovations that are presented in the community will generate
constant revisions and adaptations of the plan developed for which also
we must be prepared.

Set of measures to be applied before, during, and after it occurs.

disaster as a response to the impact of it, and establishes the coordination of
the resources and means both public and private.

All of this properly integrated for prevention and action in the face of
situations of serious risk, catastrophe, or public calamity.

Characteristics of an emergency plan.

Every emergency plan must be basic, flexible, known, and practiced.

having been tested and updated.

Basic: every emergency plan must allow for a first response of

emergency to all assumptions that are considered reasonably
possible. This answer should be complete despite its simplicity, which is what it is
it must work on its own. This means that it must include the tasks of
rescue, classification, care, and evacuation of the injured

Flexible: the response of the plan to each of the contemplated facets must be
flexible to the needs of the moment, allowing for a rapid transfer of
the resources towards other facets that may require another type of resource or
simply more resources

51
Known: if the emergency plan is not known by the person who initiated it
mind will respond to it, it can hardly be effective. Therefore, any plan
The emergency that is required must consider the ways in which it is communicated.
to the people who are going to act like this as well as the frequency of these actions.

Exercised: if it is intended that a certain person carries out an action, it is

necessary, apart from this person knowing their role in the plan, to train them
in order to be able to carry it out with the necessary effectiveness

Proven: once the plan is known and the staff has been trained in the
response that is expected from them, the plan must be tested through simulations
in an emergency in a partial or complete manner.

Updated: every plan must be regularly updated in order to

adjust to the changes that have arisen in the community. The frequency with the plan
It must be reviewed depending on the changing circumstances, but with
The annual nature of this type is generally accepted as good.
revisions.

SCHEME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMERGENCY PLAN.

1. Title.
1.1. Geographic Scope.
1.2.

2. HOW TO CREATE THE MAP OF POTENTIAL RISKS

2.1. Description of the Type of Risk.
2.2. Geographical Location of Risk.
2.3. Analysis of the Consequences.

52
2.4. Delimitation of Risk Areas.
. High-risk area.
. Monetized risk zone.
. Low risk area.
. Evacuation area.
. Concentration zone.
2.5. Codes and signs.

3. CATALOGING OF MEDIA AND RESOURCES.

3.1. Permanent Available Means.
3.2. Means Activated in Case of Emergency.
3.3. Movable Means in Case of Emergency.
3.4. Natural Resources.
3.5. Infrastructure Resources.

4. HOW TO ACTIVATE THE PLAN

4.1. Organization of Information.
4.2. Sources of Information.
4.3. Alert Mechanism.
4.4. Application of the Plan.
4.5. Classification of Situations. Pre-emergency or yellow phase.
Emergency-alert or green phase
Emergency-alarm or red phase.

5. STRUCTURE OF THE PLAN

5.1. Organizational chart.

5.2. Function chart.

5.3. Operational Coordination Center.
5.4. Governing Body. Composition.
Missions.
5.5. Executive Body. Composition

53
 Missions.
Means.
5.6. Support Body. Composition.
Missions.
Media.

6. INFLUENCE OF THE EMERGENCY ON THE POPULATION

6.1. Affected Population.
6.2. Standards of Action for the Population.
6.3. Evacuation Procedure.
6.4. Shelter and Control of Evacuated Groups.

7. COMMUNICATIONS IN THE PLAN

7.1. Available Communication Networks in Normal Situation.
7.2. Emergency Needs Forecast.

8. INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC

8.1. Objectives.
8.2. Media.
8.3. Content of the Information.

9. TRAINING AND EDUCATION

9.1. Groups to Form.
9.2. Training Objectives.
9.3. Effectiveness of the Training Action.

10. EVALUATION, REVIEW, AND UPDATE OF THE PLAN

54
10.1. Review and Update.
10.2. Evaluation.
10.3. Characteristics of the Simulations.
10.4. Characteristics of the Exercises.

11. MECHANISMS FOR COORDINATION WITH OTHER PLANS

AREAS
11.1. Autonomy of Organization and Management.
11.2. Coordination.
11.3. Complementarity.
11.4. Subsidiarity.
11.5. Solidarity.
11.6. Integrability.
11.7. Warranty on Information.

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 UNIT VII: FAMILY PLAN

FAMILY PLAN

It is a tool that allows the family to organize themselves before it is presented.

an emergency, to respond to it, and establish coordination of
the resources and means both public and private that they will have at the
time to present the event.

STEPS TO DEVELOP THE FAMILY PLAN:

1-DETermine THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS OF THE HOUSING:

Review the structure of the house.

If there are cracks in the walls.
If the house is near a river or a slope, factories, hills, very tall trees
large, poorly maintained buildings, etc.
Review the electrical installations (where they are located).
Repair pipes or some damages in your home.
Check the type of material from which your house is built, wood,
block, concrete, adobe etc.
Location or condition of the furniture.

Observe what is in the community that may be useful to us at the time of a

in case of emergency.

Check the existing risks in your community (the threats that exist)
and what their location is.

What are the safest places in case of an emergency.

What are the entry and exit routes of the community and what forms
alternatives can be used.

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 What types of organizations exist in the community to address
an emergency.

After reviewing our house and analyzing the community we can

identify

What threats are present in the community?

Which ones are we exposed to?
-How prepared are we in case of an emergency?

2-MAKE AN ACTION PLAN:

The task is to decide the measures to be taken to prevent an emergency or reduce it.
impact, and what should be done during and after it, for this is only
it's necessary to be informed and well organized, as it's better to prevent than
to lament.

The plan should serve not only for emergency situations, but also for
improve the living conditions and make our home a better place
sure. In this way we must:

Reinforce the structures.

Repair the facilities.
Remove or fix furniture.
And others that are deemed necessary to reduce the impact that
It would have a specific event happening to her.

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3-ELABORATE THE SKETCH OR PLAN OF THE HOUSE: indicating the most important sites

safe and the most dangerous within it, the fastest and safest routes;
locate the water, gas, and electricity shut-off valves.

This plan must be made simple, large in size, and visible;

marking the information with different colors and symbols that allow
distinguish it. For example:

The dangers in red

The safe places in blue.

What to do in case of an emergency?

Stay calm
2. Do not let fear overwhelm you
3. Try to avoid panic
4. Never run out
I acted quickly but without haste
6. Close the water, electricity, and gas shut-off valves.
7. If you must vacate your home, please follow the instructions given to you.
from for that moment IMPRADEM
8. Remember to dial the emergency number in case of any event (171).

What to do after the emergency?

First of all, make sure all family members are okay.

Check the condition of your home before re-entering it
Do not touch broken wires
Check the emotional state and help calm those most affected
Avoid smoking and lighting matches inside the house.
Contact your community emergency committee.

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Do not generate unfounded rumors or repeat unconfirmed information.
Listen to the radio and do not use the phone

OTHER IMPORTANT MEASURES.

In the case of a fire, it is obvious that we must evacuate the home, but in other...
types of emergencies this decision depends on various factors:

Possible areas of protection that the house offers.

The dangers of the area
The time it would take to reach a safe place
If the decision is to leave the house, the following should be taken into account:

1. Plan how to leave safely and in an orderly manner

2. Take into account the special needs that some may have.
family members (babies and other individuals who cannot move)
by oneself
3. Decide on a meeting place and the way to communicate in case there is one.
to evacuate the house.

Emergency provisions:

COUNT ON A SERIES OF ARTICLES SUCH AS:

Flashlight with spare batteries.

Hygiene products.
Hermetic bag for storing document copies.
Battery radio.
Can opener, chlorine, water.
Telephone and emergency directory guides

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 Matches
Water
Long-lasting foods

Have a first aid kit that contains the following:

sales
hydrogen peroxide
alcohol bandages
analgesics
sterile gloves
gauze
.

4-TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PLAN:

The plan must be in writing and all family members must

to meet him
Imagine a hypothetical situation.
Conduct a drill
Once the drill is finished, an assessment is made of what happened:
How they acted, if what was proposed was fulfilled, what went well and
above all improve the things that were done wrong.
Invite other families to make their own plan.
Let's integrate into the community organization for emergencies.

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UNIT VIII: TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY USED IN CIVIL PROTECTION

Disaster Management: It is the planning, organization, direction and the

control of activities related to disaster management in any of
its phases: before, during and after.

Disaster and Emergency Administrator: A person who possesses capability,

responsibility and authority for decision-making in any of the phases
of the disaster cycle.

Threat: Probability of occurrence of a potentially disastrous event

for a certain period of time in a given place.

Vulnerability Analysis: It is the process by which the degree is determined.

of susceptibility to the loss or damage of an element or group of elements to
a specific threat.

Anthropic: Of human origin or of human activities.

Self-protection: Actions that individuals or organizations develop to

protect yourself from threats that can cause you harm.

Damage: Direct losses or degree of destruction caused by an event.

Disaster: Intense disruptions in people, goods, services, and

environment, caused by a natural event or generated by activities
humanitarian, which exceed the response capacity of the affected community.

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Direct Effects: Those that have a direct causal relationship with the event.

Emergency: Intense disruptions in people, goods, services, and the environment.

environment, caused by a natural event or generated by human activity
that does not exceed the response capacity of the affected community.

State of Emergency: Condition declared, resulting from the direct impact of a

phenomenon of natural, technical, or social order, which has generated the commitment of
all the resources available and belonging to the municipality, to the state or to the
nation, for emergency response.

Damage Assessment: Identification and qualitative and quantitative recording of the

extent, severity, and location of the effects of an adverse event.

Events: It is the description and recording in time and space of the manifestation.
of a natural, technological, or man-made phenomenon in terms of its
characteristics, magnitude, location, and the area of influence.

Adverse Event: Intense alterations in people, property, services

and the environment, caused by a natural event or generated by humans.

Risk Management: Ability to develop and lead a proposal

conscious, coordinated, and planned intervention, to prevent or avoid, mitigate or
reduce the risk in a locality or region to lead it to development
sustainable.

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Mitigation: It is any action aimed at reducing the impact of an event.
generator of damage to the population and the economy.

Organization: 'Comprehensive service provision for the benefit of the community under
your responsibility

Direct Losses: Assessment of the direct adverse effects due to a

disaster, such as loss of life, injuries, loss of property and services,
depreciation of assets and others.

Emergency plan: Set of measures to be applied before, during, and after

that a disaster presents itself as a response to the impact of it, and establishes the
Coordination of resources and means both public and private.

Contingency Plan: Components of the plan for emergencies and disasters that
it contains the procedures, levels of responsibility, and participation of the
different actors that must intervene in the response in case of disaster.

Preparation: A set of measures and actions to minimize loss

of human lives and other damages, organizing promptly and effectively the
response and rehabilitation.

Prevention: A set of measures aimed at stopping or avoiding events.

natural or human-generated causes disasters.

Reconstruction: Process of repairing, in the medium and long term, physical damage.
social and economic, at a level of development equal to or higher than that existing before the

event.

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Rehabilitation: Short-term recovery of basic services and the start of
repair of physical, social, and economic damage.

Response: Care stage that corresponds to the execution of actions

foreseen in the preparation phase and that, in some cases, have already been
preceded by preparation and mobilization activities, motivated by the
Declaration of different alert states. Corresponds to immediate reaction.
for the timely attention of the population.

Risk: It is the probability of occurrence of economic and social consequences.

or environmental factors in a particular site and during a determined period of expression.
It is obtained by relating the authorization to the vulnerability of the elements.
exposed.

Vulnerability: It is the susceptibility to the loss or damage of an element or group.

of elements in the face of a specific threat.

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