2013

STRUCTURES
STATIONARY
INDeterminate
Statically Indeterminate Structures.
Definition
Force-Displacement Relationship, Conditions to Satisfy in the Resolution of
statically indeterminate structures, General methods of analysis of
statically indeterminate structures.

SECTION: “V” VIRTUAL

STRUCTURE II FACILITATOR: ENG. LORENZO MANTILLA

 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

INDEX.

INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES ------------------------- 3

EQUILIBRIUM

COMPATIBILITY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 11

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP --------------------------------------- 15

CONDITIONS TO BE MET ---------------------------------------------------- 16

GENERAL METHODS ------------------------------------------------------------- 19

CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

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INTRODUCTION.

Statically indeterminate structures can be studied,

using different theories of elastic deformations. Any structure
statically indeterminate can become a statically
determined and stable, by suppressing the additional ligatures called actions
surplus or hyperstatic, or simply hyperstatic, that is, those
forces that exceed the minimum necessary for the structure to be
static equilibrium.

Indeterminate structures have more reactions at the supports or

members, or both, required for static stability, the
Equations of equilibrium alone are not sufficient for determination.
of the reactions and the internal forces of those structures and must
complement each other through relationships based on configuration
geometric deformation of structures.

When a structure has more external reactions or internal forces

that can be determined with the equations of statics, the
the structure is statically indeterminate or hyperstatic or continuous
it will produce shear forces, bending moments, and deflections in the others
parts of the structure. In other words, loads applied to a column
they affect the beams, the slabs, other columns and vice versa.
Almost all reinforced concrete structures are hyperstatic.

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Statically indeterminate structures.

In statics, a structure is hyperstatic or statically

indeterminate when in equilibrium, but the equations of statics
are insufficient to determine all internal forces or the
reactions. [A stable equilibrium structure that is not hyperstatic is
isostatic]. There are various forms of hyperstaticity:

A structure is internally hyperstatic if the equations

The static equations are not sufficient to determine the stresses.
interns of the same.
A structure is externally hyperstatic if the equations
The statics are not sufficient to determine forces of
reaction of the structure to the ground or to another structure.

A structure is completely hyperstatic if it is internally and

externally hyperstatic. This type of structure is also called
hyperstatic, is known as one that is in equilibrium,
highlighting that the equations presented by statics are not sufficient to
to know the external forces and reactions it has, but that it needs more
elements necessary to remain stable; the suppression of one of
they do not lead to collapse, but modify their operating conditions
static; The degree of indeterminacies is the number of reactions
redundant from the beam. It is determined by subtracting the number of components

reactives that can be placed through static, from the total number of
reactive components of the beam.

Almost all reinforced concrete structures are hyperstatic.

The concrete slabs, the support beams, as well as part of the columns

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can fit in at the same time. The reinforcement bars extend from
element by element structural as well as clear to clear. When there are
Construction joints, the reinforcement bars are left protruding from the concrete.
to be able to be spliced to the concrete bars for pouring
later. In addition, the old concrete is cleaned so that the new
adhere to it as much as possible. The result of all this is that the
reinforced concrete structures are generally monolithic or continuous
and for that reason they are statically indeterminate.

A structure is hyperstatic when its Degree of Indeterminacy

es > 0. In that case, the number of equilibrium equations is less than the
number of static unknowns.

A hyperstatic structure has infinite configurations.

statically admissible. It will therefore be statically indeterminate.
(to obtain the actual static configuration we would have to consider the
compatibility conditions and the laws of behavior.

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We will see that, in general, bar structures are

statically indeterminate. They are then called hyperstatic and for
it is necessary to resolve them, additionally impose conditions of
compatibility regarding their movements.

If the structure is articulated, its bars work under axial stress and
solving the structure involves finding the values of the axial forces that act
about the different bars. If the structure is hyperstatic, it will be necessary
explicitly consider the movements of those who, in turn, must
to be compatible with the extensions or shortenings that they undergo
different concurrent bars, due to axial stress.

If the structure is lattice, its bars generally work in bending.

composed and torsion, and resolving the structure consists of determining the laws
of bending moments, shear and axial stresses and, if applicable,
torsional moments acting on the different bars. If the structure is
Hyperstatic, it will be necessary to consider movements in the resolution.
(displacement and turns) of the nodes which, in turn, must be compatible
with the deformations that the different concurrent bars undergo in them.
The multitude of forces acting on this type of structure causes
that this type of structure makes this type of process more complex
that in articulated structures.

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The figure shows two examples of hyperstatic structures.

In both cases, the unknowns that involve external reactions do not
they can be determined using only the equations, since their number is
superior to that of the equations.

For the method of analysis of hyperstatic structures is

it is necessary to jointly consider the conditions of equilibrium and
compatibility, given the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy that
they have these structures, in the diagram of the figure it shows how the
impossibility of resolving a priori the static indeterminacy, or the
kinematics creates a closed "loop" in which it is impossible to proceed from
sequential form. This difficulty is resolved in two alternative ways,
giving rise to the compatibility method and the equilibrium method, which are
described below.

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Balance

It refers to the sum of forces and the sum of moments equal to zero.
It is said that a material system is in equilibrium when all its particles
they are at rest, and remain in the same state of rest.

In order for the equilibrium to be verified and stable, there must be a.

series of conditions, whose analysis is the object of statics. This
will allow analyzing various types of problems:

1. For a system subjected to a given set of forces, establish

the existence of one or more possible equilibrium configurations and
determine these.
2. Analyze the stability of equilibrium positions. The concept of
stability consists of ensuring whether in the face of small disturbances
with respect to the equilibrium position, the movement is maintained
close to that configuration, or if on the contrary it moves away
indefinitely the same.
3. For a system in a given geometric configuration,
determine the necessary actions (both regarding forces
active as reactions) for equilibrium and its stability.

The practical applications of statics in engineering are very

numerous, perhaps being the most employed part of mechanics. This is so
especially in civil engineering and structural analysis: generally
Structures are designed to be and remain at rest under loads.
for static service, or for its movement under dynamic loads to be
small and stable (vibrations).

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Equilibrium Method

The equilibrium method is a general method of analysis of

structures, as it can also be applied to solve structures
isostatic, basically, the method consists of identifying the number of
unknown movements that determine the deformation of the structure,
satisfying a priori the conditions of compatibility of movements in the
nodes of the structure. The number of unknowns in the problem is, therefore, equal
to the degree of kinematic indeterminacy of the problem. Generally,
these are the turns and displacements of the knots, although considerations
Compatibility constraints can reduce the number of unknowns.

It is obvious that choosing these unknowns implies releasing, in

first, certain equilibrium conditions that must be met in the
knots of the original structure. Now imposing the conditions of
compatibility in the individual parts, these are kinematically
determined; therefore, they can be calculated based on the unknowns
kinematics, the forces acting on the bars and, in particular, the
values of these at the ends of the pieces. So, they can be imposed

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a posteriori the conditions of equilibrium of forces and moments at the joints

in which different bars converge and at the supports. This provides the
number of equations needed to solve the kinematic unknowns.
Once these are obtained, the structure is resolved.
This resolution procedure is shown in the diagram of the
figure. As can be seen, the sequential process consists of, starting from the
geometry of the structure and the definition of actions:

1. Identify the minimum number of unknown movements that

determine the deformation of the structure, based on considering the
corresponding compatibility conditions at the nodes.
2. Resolve the individual parts based on the unknowns.
kinematics, based on meeting the conditions of compatibility in
the pieces.

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3. Determine the kinematic unknowns by imposing the

necessary conditions of equilibrium at the nodes.
4. Determine the movements, stresses, and reactions in the structure.

It can be said that the equilibrium method resolves the 'LOOP' of the
previous figure based on traversing it, in a clockwise direction, in two iterations,
one before determining the kinematic unknowns and another after having done so
fact.
The equilibrium method was proposed and used for the first time by
Axel Bendisen in 1914. It receives this name because the equations that are ...

The proposed solutions to the problem are equilibrium equations. It is known as

also with the method names of the movements of the knots, or
stiffness method, since the coefficients that appear in the equations
What is proposed is of rigidity.

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Compatibility.

They establish conditions for geometric congruence and are known as

also as kinematic relationships.
The compatibility method is based on an intuitive approach and
easy to understand. Basically, it consists of transforming the structure
hyperstatic in another isostatic by removing the supports (or connections)
redundant and replace them with unknown forces (or efforts). The number of
the unknowns of the problem are thus equal to the degree of hyper-statism of the

problem.
It is obvious that the fact of eliminating these supports implies freeing up, in

principle, certain compatibility conditions that must be satisfied by the

deformation of the original structure. To the structure resulting from this
this process is called base isostatic; upon it, the requirements can be met
necessary conditions for prior equilibrium and, therefore, it can be
resolved following the scheme of the figure that will be shown below.
In particular, the movements of the structure can be expressed in
function of hyperstatic unknowns. Therefore, they can be imposed on
posterior compatibility conditions, previously released. This
provide the number of equations needed to solve the variables
hyperstatic. Once these are obtained, the structure is resolved.
This resolution procedure is shown in the diagram of the
figure. It is observed that the sequential process consists of, starting from the

geometry of the structure and the definition of actions:

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1. Define the base isostatic structure, selecting the unknowns.

hyperstatic and releasing the corresponding conditions of
compatibility.
2. Solve the isostatic base structure, in terms of the unknowns
hyperstatic, and satisfying the conditions of equilibrium.
3. Determine the hyperstatic unknowns by imposing the necessary ones.
compatibility conditions.
4. Determine the reactions, stress, and movement in the structures
original hyperstatic.

It can be said that the compatibility method solves the same.

previous problem by going through it, counterclockwise, in two
iterations, one before determining the hyperstatic unknowns and another
after having done it.

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The compatibility method was proposed and used for the first time
by Louis Navier in 1826. It was used extensively during the 19th century, the
expansion era of the railway, in the analysis of arches, continuous beams and
hyperstatic articulated structures. It receives this name because the
equations that are proposed to solve this problem are equations of
compatibility. It is also known by the names of method of the
forces, given that the hyperstatic unknowns selected to solve the
the problem is hyperstatic forces or moments, or the flexibility method,
since the coefficients that appear in the equations that are posed are
of flexibility.

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Force-Displacement Relationship.

This relationship is defined as vectors that contain

simultaneously forces and displacements. If the forces and the
the corresponding degrees of freedom of an element are divided into two
groups, represented by subscripts s and f, for the supports or supports and the
remaining degrees of freedom respectively, the general form of a
mixed representation can be written as:

One form of the mixed force-displacement relationship is the matrix of

transfer, in which the forces and displacements at the end of
a member {Ff Df} is transferred to the opposite end {Fs Ds} by the
matrix [Ω].

It is possible to move from a formulation in force to one of

displacement or to a mixed one.

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Consider, for example, the transformation from rigidity to flexibility. For

to build the flexibility matrix, it is required that the structure is
statically determined and stable. Ordering the system according to
the previous expression, the stiffness matrix can be described as:

Other forms of mixed force-displacement equations can

derive directly from the application of the basic concepts of the
variational formulation. The mixed formulation contains fields of
displacement and force mixed as unknowns (e.g. energy of
Reissner, mixed energetic principles, etc.). The variational principles.
multifield lead directly to mixed formulations. The method of
force or displacement can also be formulated by principles of the
potential energy, complementary energy. These concepts will only apply
to the formulation in displacements. On the other hand, the mixed formulation does not

it will be more addressed, as it is not common in the analysis of structures

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conventional (e.g. frames, grids) and generally are

Presents texts on the finite element method.

Conditions to Satisfy in the resolution of

statically indeterminate structures.

When we talk about solving a structure, we refer to finding

the relationships between the applied forces and the reaction forces, the forces
internal at all points and the deformations.

For static structures, it is only necessary to formulate the equations of

balance to find reaction forces since they do not exceed in
number the equilibrium equations. Once we have the reactions
we proceed to find the internal forces by equilibrium of sections and of
there we find the deformations from the methods of double integration or
virtual work.

In the solution of statically indeterminate structures we have

to simultaneously solve the equations of equilibrium, compatibility
of deformations and the relationships of forces and displacements (laws
constitutive of the material). Note that for static structures the
methods of finding deformations involve compatibility and
force-displacement relations concluding that these equations must be
fulfill in all types of structure.

The way these three types of equations are manipulated in the

solution process determines the method. For example, in the method of the
forces we saw that we formulated some compatibility equations of
deformations in the sense of the redundant ones and then we replace in

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these equations, the displacements as a function of the redundant forces,

leaving the redundant forces to be solved as unknowns. Note that
here part of the structure has been resolved, that is, only the part of bringing it to

be statically determined, hence we must complete the solution by

through the equations of static equilibrium. In conclusion, it is proposed
as many equations as there are redundancies, therefore in this method the
the number of unknowns is the number of redundants, and the matrices to be solved
they are in that order.

The advantages of hyperstatic structures over isostatic ones,

for similar typologies subjected to the same loads, they are mainly,
three

1. Greater rigidity: structures are more rigid when the

hyperstetism introduces a greater number of conditions of
compatibility. Thus, a beam fixed under uniform lateral load
exhibits much smaller deflections than a simply supported beam
of the same light and with the same load. The condition of zero rotation in

the supports result in a much higher flexural rigidity.

2. Material saving: a higher number of conditions for
continuity and balance in the knots often leads to a better
distribution of loads and stress laws with values
minimum maxima. Thus, a beam fixed under lateral load
the uniform supports reflectors (positive and negative) smaller than the
that appear (always positive) on a doubly supported beam
of the same light and with the same load. Lesser efforts tend to
translate into material savings by properly sizing the
pieces.

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3. Greater safety: the fact that it is hyperstatic provides it with

structure a reserve of resistance and a relative capacity of
redistribution of efforts in exceptional situations. Thus, if a
A beam fixed under uniform lateral load suffers a degree of
figure that comes to split it into two parts, each of these is
isostatic and maintains its capacity to bear loads. If it happens to you
the same to a doubly supported beam, the piece becomes
two separate mechanisms and collapses.

General methods of structural analysis

statically indeterminate.

Regardless of whether a structure is statically determinate or

indeterminate, its complete analysis requires the use of three types of
relationships:

1. Equilibrium Equations.
2. Compatibility Conditions.
3. Force relationships. Deformation of the members.

The equilibrium equations relate the forces acting on the

structure or its parts), ensuring that the complete structure as well as
its parts remain in balance.

The compatibility equations relate the displacements of the

structure so that its various parts fit together.

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The force-deformation relationships in the members, which

they understand the properties of materials and sections
transverse (E, I and A) of the members provide the necessary link
between the forces and the displacements of the structure.

In the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the

Equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient for determination.
of the reactions and internal forces. Therefore, it becomes necessary
solve the equilibrium equations in conjunction with the conditions of
compatibility of the structure, to determine its response. By virtue of
that the equations contain the unknown forces, while the
compatibility conditions include displacements such as
unknowns, the force-deformation relationships of the members are used
to express the unknown forces in terms of the displacements
unknown or vice versa.

Then the resulting system of equations is solved, which only

it contains a type of unknowns for forces or displacements
unknowns, which are then replaced in the relationships
fundamentals for determining the remaining characteristics of responses of the
structure.

Analysis methods

Since the mid-19th century, many methods have been developed

to analyze statically indeterminate structures. These methods are
they can be broadly classified into two categories, namely:

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The methods of the forces (flexibility).

The methods of displacements (stiffness).

Depending on the type of unknowns (force or displacement,

respectively) involved in the solution of the governing equations.

The objective of structural analysis is based on a structure with

geometric and mechanical characteristics known, subjected to actions
(loads or imposed deformations), determine the displacements
(translations and/or rotations) of all its points, the internal forces and
support reactions. This analysis is classified as linear, when the
structure has linear behavior, it is nonlinear otherwise. For
for a structure to have linear behavior, it must undergo small
displacements and specific deformations and its material must be elastic
linear (validity of Hooke's law). This allows the application of the principle of
the superposition of effects.
This type of structures cannot be analyzed solely
through the equations of statics or equilibrium, since the latter
they provide an insufficient number of equations. Theproblems
hyperstaticrequire conditions additional usually
callscompatibility equations that involve forces orefforts
internalsand displacements of points of the structure.
There are several general methods that can provide these
equations

Matrix method of stiffness

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It is a calculation method applicable to hyperstatic structures of

bars that behave elastically and linearly. The matrix method is
based on estimating the components of the stiffness relationships to solve
the forces or displacements using a computer.

The method consists of assigning an object to the bar structure.

mathematician, called stiffness matrix, which relates the displacements of
a set of points in the structure, called nodes, with the forces
outdoors that need to be applied to achieve those displacements (the
components of this matrix are generalized forces associated with
generalized displacements). The stiffness matrix relates the forces
equivalent nodal displacements and displacements over the structure's nodes,
through the following equation:

Where: they are the equivalent nodal forces associated with the forces
exteriors applied to the structure; they are the hyperstatic reactions
initially unknown about the structure; the nodal displacements
unknown of the structure and the number of degrees of freedom of the
structure.

The energy of elastic deformation can also be expressed in terms of

the stiffness matrix using the relationship:

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From the Maxwell-Betti theorem, it is deduced that the stiffness matrix must be
symmetric and therefore:

Castigliano's Theorems
First theorem of Castigliano

Be an elastic body about which the set acts

forcesP1...Pnapplied to the points of solid A1,...,Any
we call to elastic potential energy or potential
internal where it is the movement - displacement or rotation - at point Aiin
the direction of force PiThen the force exerted PIat point Aicomes
given by:

Second theorem of Castigliano

Be an elastic body about which a set acts on

forcesP1,...,Pnapplied to the points of solid A1Any
we call elastic potential energy or internal potential.
So the movement - displacement or rotation - δifrom point Aiprojected
about the direction of Piis given by:

Mohr's theorems

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The Mohr's circle describes the relationship between the moment

the bending and the deformations it produces on a structure allow
calculate deformations from the moment and vice versa. These are methods of
valid calculations for isostatic and hyperstatic structures governed by a
elastic behavior of the material.
First Mohr's theorem: angular variations

The angle formed between two tangents at two points

Any A and B of the flat elastic curve is equal to the total area of the piece.
corresponding to the reduced moments diagram:

(1)

Where the angles must be expressed in radians. Mohr's theorem states

that the rotation of a point of an elastic (the deformed) with respect to another

The elastic point can be obtained through the moment area.

reflectors between A and B, divided by the bending stiffness "EI".

Deduction

This formula can be obtained directly by integrating the equation of the

linearized elastic curve:

Considering that the derivatives of the arrow transversal to the axis can
approximately match the angles rotated by the section, the equation
previously leads us to:

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Non-linearized expression

The "first theorem of Mohr" actually provides an expression

approximate for small displacements. If the expression is considered
Completing the elastic (non-linearized) the first theorem of Mohr would result in:

(1b)

To test this expression, the procedure is the same as before, integrating the

expression of the elastic curve, considering this time the complete expression:

Considering now that:

From which the expression is trivially deduced(1b)

Second Mohr's theorem: arrows

Given points A and B belonging to an elastic line, and given a line.

vertical line passing through the x-coordinate of A, the vertical distance between the curve

elastic at A and the intersection of the tangent that passes through B and the line

vertical anterior is equal to the static moment with respect to A of the area of
reduced moments understood between A and B:

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(2)

The recently mentioned static moment can be calculated in the form

very simple by multiplying the total area of the reduced moments diagram
understood between A and B by the distance between A and its center of gravity.
On the other hand, if the figure that represents the diagram can be decomposed
in elemental figures such as rectangles, triangles, parabolas, etc., the
the total static moment will be the sum of those corresponding to each
one of the elemental figures.

Deduction

There are many different deductions based on physical principles. Without

embargo, really the second theorem of Mohr can be considered a
particular case of Taylor series expansion up to first order with remainder in
integral form. If we approximate the arrow or transverse displacement to the axis
from the beam using Taylor's theorem we obtain:

Rewriting the second derivatives in terms of the elastic curve and the
first derivatives in terms of angular turns:

It is necessary to:

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And interpreting the terms geometrically, it is noted that the difference

between the descent in and the tangent cutoff point in crossing the

vertical a it is precisely :

What is precisely the expresion2).

The theorem of the three moments

The theorem of the three moments or Clapeyron's theorem is a relationship

deduced from the beam bending theory and used in structural analysis for
solving certain problems of hyperstatic bending. The resolution of the
compatibility equations of the Method of Forces for continuous beams
it is notably simplified by choosing the isostatic structure
fundamental to the set of simply supported beams obtained
introducing joints in the supports.

In this way, a repetitive sequence is obtained that facilitates the calculation of

coefficients of the flexibility matrix, since it is possible to deduce a form
general of those that does not require explicitly solving the integrals
involved in its formulation.

Choosing the hyperstatic unknowns as the bending moments on the

supports, the compatibility equations establish that the 'relative rotation'
between the ends of the bars that come together at the joint is null (for
maintain elastic continuity).

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It is important to emphasize that this method is a particular way

of the Method of Forces, in which the compatibility equations are
They are systematically formulated by choosing hyperstatic unknowns.
And the bending moments on the supports. The compatibility equation.
for the turn in support 'i' it results:

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Cross method

The moment redistribution method or Cross method is a

structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and
flat frames/porticos, developed by Hardy Cross. The method only calculates
the effect of bending moments and ignores the axial and shear effects, which
what is sufficient for practical purposes in slender bars.

Implementation

in a position to apply the moment redistribution method for

analyze a structure, the following must be considered.

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Moments of fixation at fixed ends

Moments of embedding at fixed ends are the moments produced

at the end of the limb due to external loads when the joints are fixed.

Flexural Rigidity

The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product

of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the Second moment of area, also
known as Moment of Inertia (I) divided by the length (L) of the
member, which is necessary in the moment distribution method, is not
the exact value but it is the arithmetic ratio of the flexural rigidity of all
members.

Distribution coefficients

The distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of

the unbalanced moments carried by each of the members.

Transmission coefficients

The unbalanced moments are carried over to the other end of the
member when the rotation is allowed in the support. The moment reason
carried over the other end between the moment at the fixed end of
The initial extreme is the transmission coefficient.

Typical values:
0.5 for nodes without fixing
0 for embedded nodes
Convention of signs

A moment acting clockwise is considered positive. This

it differs from the usual [convention of signs] in engineering, which uses a

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Cartesian coordinate system with the positive X axis to the right and the axis
positive and upward, resulting in positive moments about the Z axis
counterclockwise.

Frame structures

Frame structures with or without bracing can be analyzed using the

method of moment distribution.

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CONCLUSION.

It is demonstrated in what has been seen in this work that the structures

Hyperstatic structures are more complex to analyze than isostatic structures.

and all the more so the greater its degree of hyperstimulation and/or its degree of

translatability.

When we talk about solving a structure, we are talking about finding

the relationships between the applied forces and the reaction forces, the forces
internal at all points and the deformations.

The main disadvantage of hyperstatic structures compared to

isostatic systems consist of their inability to adapt without generating stresses and
tensions, to movements and imposed deformations. When this type of
actions is foreseeable, the degree of should be carefully considered
static and kinematic indeterminacy of the structures being designed.

For static structures, it is only necessary to establish the equations of

equilibrium to find reaction forces since they do not exceed in
number the equilibrium equations. Once we have the reactions
we proceed to find the internal forces by equilibrium of sections and of
there we find the deformations by the methods of double integration or
virtual work.

In the solution of statically indeterminate structures we have

to simultaneously solve the equations of equilibrium, compatibility
of deformations and those of force and displacement relations (laws
constitutive of the material). Note that for static structures the
methods of finding the deformations involve compatibility and the

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force-displacement relations concluding that these equations must be

fulfill in all types of structure.

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