3/10/2024
Software Development Fundamentals
Week 2
Dr. Loubna Mekouar
Note:
• Some of the slides of the course are based on the material provided
by the College of Technological Information, Zayed University, UAE.
• The copyrighted material belongs to their respective owners.
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Topics of Discussion
• Problem Definition to Problem Solving
• The IPO Model
• Understand simple development cycle:
• Analysis & Design
• Implement & Test
• Maintain
• Algorithms
• Learn to write algorithms
Problem Definition to Problem Solving
Analysis, Design, Coding, and Testing
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The IPO Model
• The fundamental architecture of a computer system rests on the
foundation of IPO Model.
• The Input, Process, Output (IPO) Model
• A computer processes input data to produce results/output.
• (I) Input - Data provided to the computer
• (P) Process- Actions taken on the input by the computer
• (O) Output - Results from the computer processing
• The model is also known as the IPO(S) model.
• What do you think ‘S’ stands for?
IPO(S) Model
• Input
• Computer systems include methods for accepting
data and instructions from inside and outside the INPUT
system
• Example of input devices include: Keyboard,
Mouse, Disk, and Network
• Process
• Based on instructions given, the computer systems PROCESS STORAGE
has the ability to process i.e., to change, and
transform data
• Basic data processing operations include:
• Arithmetic calculations
• Logical & Relational decisions
• Data manipulation, storage, & retrieval OUTPUT
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IPO(S) Model
• Output
• Computer systems have the ability to present
processed data in a form that is understood by the INPUT
users
• Example of output devices include: Screen/Monitor,
Printer, and Network
• Storage
• Computer systems have the ability to store data PROCESS STORAGE
and programs temporarily and permanently
• Random Access Memory (RAM) for short-term and
temporary storage
• Secondary storage devices like Hard Disk and USB
for long-term and permanent storage OUTPUT
Problem Solving
• Computers and associated programs are tools used to help in solving
scientific problems
• Steps for Problem Solving
• Analyze & Design:
• Clearly analyze and understand the requirement
• Design a sequential, step-wise approach to arrive at the solution
• Implement & Test
• Implement the designed steps in a programming language (ex. Python)
• Test the program for different input cases, to verify if all requirements are met
• Maintain
• Modify if the problem domain or requirement changes
• Modify to improve performance
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Analyze & Design
• As a first step towards problem solving, it is Problem: Add two numbers,
83 and 2.
required to:
• Clearly understand the problem and list out:
Input: Two integers that are
• Required INPUTS
given 83 and 2
• PROCESS to arrive at the solution – Write an Algorithm
Process: Addition (+)
• Expected results or OUTPUT for the input and process
Expected Output: 85
• An Algorithm Algorithm
• is a tool used to clearly understand and design the 1. Start
solution to a given problem. 2. Write 83+2
• is a step-by-step problem-solving process in which 3. Stop
a solution is arrived at, in a finite number of steps
and amount of time.
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Implement & Test
• Once the Algorithm is
developed, it can be used to # Program in Python
guide a programmer to write a
computer program. # Add and Display Result
print(83 + 2)
• The programmer implements the
program using a programming
language like Python or Java.
// Program in Java
// Add and Display Result
• The program is then executed by public class AddNum {
the computer and the result is public static void main(String[] args){
displayed System.out.println(83+2);
}
• The result is verified with the }
required solution of the
problem.
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Maintain
• Problem requirements and applications can change and therefore the
programs can be altered or modified to adapt to the changes.
• Once the program is working well for a specified set of requirements,
then it could be modified for various reasons, like:
• To use a different set of inputs
• To use a different process
• Improving performance and efficiency (faster results in shorter time)
• Improving readability
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Algorithms
Learn to write algorithms
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Al-Khwarizmi
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Definition
• An algorithm is a finite sequence of steps performing a task such that,
each step is a clear and unambiguous instruction, which can be
executed in finite time.
• The sequence in which the steps are to be executed is clearly defined.
• The process is guaranteed to stop in finite time.
• After a finite number of steps have been executed.
• The process (hence the algorithm) has a purpose.
• There is an input to the process and an output from the process.
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to display a message “Hello, How are
you?”
• Inputs: None (the problem has no unknowns)
• Output: “Hello, How are you?”
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Hello, How are you?”
3. Stop
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to determine and display the sum of 8
and -2. (Assuming that 8 and -2 are numbers)
• Inputs: None (the problem has no unknowns)
• Output: 6
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write 8 + (-2)
3. Stop
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to ask someone’s name and welcome
the person.
• Inputs: One unknown input, <name>
• Output: “Hello ” <name> “ nice to meet you.”
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Read uName
3. Write “Hello ” + uName + “ nice to meet you.”
4. Stop
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Read/Write statements and Variables
• Read/Write statements
• Write is a command/instruction given to the computer
• “+” is a command given to the computer
• The computer executes a Write statement after completing the arithmetic
operations.
• Read is command given to the computer
• The computer waits after the Read statement for the user to enter a value.
• Variables: ex. uName
• Variables are memory locations that store information for the duration of the
program execution
• When a variable is created some space in memory is reserved.
• The user input is stored in the variable or the variable can be assigned a value
within the program
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to determine and display the sum of any two
numbers.
• Inputs: Two unknown numbers, <iNum1> & <iNum2>
• Output: Sum of the two numbers given by user
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter first number: ”
3. Read iNum1
4. Write “Enter second number: ”
5. Read iNum2
6. iResult = iNum1 + iNum2
7. Write “Sum is: ” + iResult
8. Stop
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Assignment Statement
• Observe the sequence of instructions. If the particular sequence is not
followed, the output would be different.
• The variable names represent locations in memory where the data is stored
• To evaluate an assignment statement: Q=f(x)
• Evaluate the "right side" of the expression (to the right of the equal
sign).
• Place the computed result into the variable that is on the left of the
equal sign.
• Write similar algorithms in class
• For subtraction, multiplication, and division
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to determine and display the square and cube of a
number.
• Inputs: An unknown number <iNum1>
• Output:
• Square of iNum1
• Cube of iNum1
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter a number: ”
3. Read iNum1
4. iSquare = iNum1 * iNum1
5. iCube = iNum1 * iNum1 * iNum1
6. Write “Square is: ” + iSquare
7. Write “Cube is: ” + iCube
8. Stop
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Class Work
• Problem: Write and algorithm to determine and display the average
of 3 numbers.
• Inputs: Three unknown numbers <iNum1> , <iNum2> , <iNum3>
• Output: Average of 3 numbers
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter 3 numbers: ”
3. Read iNum1, iNum2, iNum3
4. iAverage = (iNum1 + iNum2 + iNum3) / 3
5. Write “Average is: ” + iAverage
6. Stop
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Class Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to determine and display the area of a
triangle where the base and height is given by the user. Ensure to
show the result as “Area = nnn”.
• Inputs: ?
• Output: ?
• Algorithm: Complete the algorithm and walkthrough with different
inputs to check the validity of the algorithm.
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Review
• Write an ALGORITHM to determine the selling price of an item in a
shop where everything is sold at 10% discount. Your algorithm must
finally display the cost, the discount amount, and the final selling
price.
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Class Work
• What would be the output of the following algorithm?
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. iNum1 = iNum2 = iNum3 = 0
3. iNum1 = 3
4. iNum2 = iNum1 * 4
5. iNum1 = iNum2
6. iNum3 = iNum3 + iNum2 + iNum1
7. Write iNum1
8. Write iNum2
9. Write iNum3
10. Stop
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Class Work
• What would be the output of the following algorithm?
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. iNum1 = iNum2 = iNum3 = iNum4 = 0
3. iNum1 = 2
4. iNum2 = iNum1 * 2
5. iNum3 = iNum2 + iNum1 * 4
6. iNum4 = (iNum2 + iNum1) * 4
7. Write iNum1
8. Write iNum2
9. Write iNum3
10. Write iNum4
11. Stop
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Home Work
• Problem: Write an algorithm to evaluate the expression:
f(x) = 15x2 + 4x + 2.
• Inputs: ?
• Output: ?
• Algorithm: Complete the algorithm and walkthrough with different inputs
to check the validity of the algorithm.
• Note: Arithmetic Operator Precedence
• ()
• */
• +-
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Algorithms to Programs
Basic Python statements
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Learning Python
• Write an algorithm to display • Python
a message. # Print a String
#
• Algorithm print("Hello how are you?")
1. Start
2. Write “Hello, How are you?”
3. Stop
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Learning Python
• Write an algorithm to add • Python
two numbers, 8 and -2 # Addition
#
• Algorithm print(8 + (-2))
1. Start
2. Write 8 + (-2)
3. Stop
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Learning Python
• Write an algorithm to ask someone’s name and greet her/him.
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter name: ”
3. Read uName
4. Write “Hello ” + uName + “ nice to meet you.”
5. Stop
• Python
# Reading user input
#
uName = input("Enter name: ")
print("Hello "+uName+" nice to meet you.")
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Learning Python
• Write an algorithm to add any • Python
two numbers given by user. # Add two numbers given by user
#
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter first number: ”
3. Read iNum1
4. Write “Enter second number: ”
5. Read iNum2
6. iResult = iNum1 + iNum2
7. Write “Sum is: ” + iResult
8. Stop
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Learning Python
• Write an algorithm to • Python
determine and display the # Program to find square and cube of
square and cube of a a user given number
#
number.
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter a number: ”
3. Read iNum1
4. iSquare = iNum1 * iNum1
5. iCube = iNum1 * iNum1 * iNum1
6. Write “Square is: ” + iSquare
7. Write “Cube is: ” + iCube
8. Stop
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Learning Python
• Write and algorithm to determine • Python
and display the average of 3 # Program to find average of
numbers. three numbers
#
• Algorithm
1. Start
2. Write “Enter 3 numbers: ”
3. Read iNum1, iNum2, iNum3
4. iAverage = (iNum1 + iNum2 + iNum3) / 3
5. Write “Average is: ” + iAverage
6. Stop
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Learning Python
• Python
Refer to the algorithm completed earlier and write a
python program to determine and display the area of a
triangle where the base and height is given by the user.
Ensure to show the result as “Area = nnn”.
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Learning Python
• Algorithm • Python
1. Start Convert the algorithm into a Python
2. iNum1 = iNum2 = iNum3 = 0 program and verify the results.
3. iNum1 = 3
4. iNum2 = iNum1 * 4
5. iNum1 = iNum2
6. iNum3 = iNum3 + iNum2 + iNum1
7. Write iNum1
8. Write iNum2
9. Write iNum3
10. Stop
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Learning Python
• Algorithm • Python
1. Start
2. iNum1 = iNum2 = iNum3 = iNum4 = 0 Convert the algorithm into
3. iNum1 = 2 a Python program and verify
the results
4. iNum2 = iNum1 * 2
5. iNum3 = iNum2 + iNum1 * 4
6. iNum4 = (iNum2 + iNum1) * 4
7. Write iNum1
8. Write iNum2
9. Write iNum3
10. Write iNum4
11. Stop
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Learning Python
• Problem: Write a python program to evaluate the expression:
f(x) = 15x2 + 4x + 2.
• Inputs: ?
• Output: ?
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In Summary
• The IPO(S) model describes how problems are solved by computers
• The different stages of problem solving
• Analysis and Algorithm Design
• Implementation and Testing
• Maintenance
• Algorithms are step-by-step process to solve a given problem.
• Read/Write
• Assignment statements
• Variables
• Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
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