WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Science 9, Quarter 2, Week 2

CHEMICAL BONDING:
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT
COMPOUNDS

Name: ___________________________________ Section:

______________________

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their
properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal
conductivity. (S9MT-IIb-14)

Learning Objectives:
The learners shall be able to:
1. identify the number of valence electrons of atoms;
2. compare the periodic trends of metals and nonmetals;
3. show the relationship between the number of valence electrons,
electronegativity, and ionization energy; and
4. recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical
properties

Time Allotment: 5 days

Key Concepts:
Valence Electrons, Electronegativity, and Ionization Energy

• Valence electrons are the outermost electrons which are directly involved
in forming bonds to form compounds.
• Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons.
• Ionization energy is the energy needed to pull or remove one or more
electron/s from a neutral atom. The lower the ionization energy, the easier
it is to remove its valence electrons.
• Metals have low electronegativity and ionization energy; thus, they tend to
transfer or lose electrons. Non-metals have high electronegativity and
ionization energy. They have greater tendency to attract electrons towards
themselves. Thus, non-metals tend to gain electrons.

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Lewis Symbol

• The number of valence electrons can be shown through the Lewis Symbol.
This symbol is composed of the chemical symbol of the element and dots
that represent the number of valence electrons of an atom that can easily
be determined through the family/group number in the Periodic Table of
Elements.

Chemical Bonds

• Atoms form bonds with one another to become stable and attain the
electronic configuration of the noble gas nearest it.
• Ionic compounds conduct electricity when in solution but not in solid
phase.
• Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water and in polar solvents.
• Covalent compounds are non-conductors of electricity in the solid phase
and in solution. They have lower melting temperature than compounds
formed by ionic bonds.

Octet Rule

• Atoms always strive to attain the most stable arrangement of electrons.

Atoms are stable if their electrons have the same kind of arrangement as
that of noble gases, where the s and p orbitals are filled up. All the noble
gases except for helium have 8 valence electrons. The Octet Rule tells you
that elements gain or lose or share electrons to achieve the electronic
configuration of the nearest noble gas. Thus, after chemical bonding,
elements become isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas in the periodic
table.

Activity 1. Mapping the Periodic Table

What you need: Periodic Table of Elements, Crayons
What to do:
A. Locate the metals, non-metals, and noble gases in Figure 1. Copy Figure 1 in a
separate sheet of paper and color the area with metallic elements blue; the
nonmetallic elements yellow; and the noble gas green.

Guide Questions:
Q1. Where can you find metals, non-metals, and noble gases in the periodic
table of elements?

Q2. Which number will give you an idea on the number of valence electrons?
Q3. What do you notice in the number of valence electrons of metals, non-
metals, and noble gases?

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 Figure 1. Periodic Table of the Representative Family/Group
Source: Grade 9 Science Learner’s Material

B. Observe the number that corresponds to the valence electrons,

electronegativity and ionization energy of metals and non-metals using a
periodic table.

Guide Questions:
Q4. What kind of element has:
a. less than 4 valence electrons?
b. more than 4 valence electrons?
c. low electronegativity?
d. high electronegativity?
e. low ionization energy?
f. high ionization energy?

Activity 2. Lewis Symbol

What you need: Periodic Table of Elements

What to do:
A. Use the given Periodic Table of Elements to determine the number of valence
electrons. You may refer to the group number where it belongs in filling up Table
1.

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Table 1. Lewis Symbols of Some Elements
Ionization
Family or Lewis Electronegativit Energy
Element
Group Symbol y Value (kJ/mol)

Lithium 1 Li● 0.98 520

Boron 800
Phosphorus 1012
Sulfur 1000
Beryllium 1312
Carbon 1085

Guide Questions:
Q1. Arrange these elements in increasing order:
a. valence electrons
b. electronegativity values
c. ionization energy
Q2. What do you notice with the number of valence electrons,
electronegativity values and ionization energies of the elements?
Q3. What kind of element has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? Why?

Why?

Source:[Link]
Periodic_Table_of_Elements_w_Electronegativity_PubC [Link]

Q4. What kind of element requires high energy to remove its valence electrons?

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Activity 3. Differences of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
What you need: samples (salt, sugar, grated candle wax), tap/distilled
water, metal spoon, 4 glasses/small bottles of equal sizes What to do:
1. Put each sample to the glasses/small bottles. Add 1 spoonful of
tap/distilled water in each glass. Stir each glass 10 times. Observe the
solubility of each sample in the water. Record your observation in column
4 of Table 2.
2. Fill out the type of compound in column 5.

Table 2. Some Properties of Compounds

Compound Electrical Reaction Solubility Type of
Conductivity to Heat in Water Compound
(melted (soluble/not (ionic/polar
easily/did soluble) covalent/
not melt nonpolar
easily) covalent)
conducts
electricity
when dissolved
in water
did not melt
Salt
easily
does not
conduct
electricity in
solid form
does not
conduct
melted
Sugar electricity both
easily
in aqueous and
solid form
Potassium Alum conducts melted
(Tawas Powder) electricity easily
does not
Grated Candle conduct melted
Wax electricity in easily
solid form
Guide Questions:
Q1. What type of compound:
a. dissolves in water?
b. conducts electricity in solution?
c. melts easily?
Q2. Explain why salt conducts electricity in solution.

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 Q3. Make a general statement about the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter that corresponds to the BEST answer.
Write your answer on another sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following sets of samples has metallic bond, covalent bond
and ionic bonding in this order?
a. Bronze, paraffin wax, and salt c. gold ring, baking soda,
and starch
b. Alloy, vetsin, and water d. coins, salt, and carbon
dioxide
2. How is the bond in Br2 different from the bond in MgF2?
a. The bond in Br2 is metallic while the bond in MgF 2 is covalent.
b. The bond in Br2 is ionic while the bond in MgF 2 is covalent.
c. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
d. There is no bond difference between the two.
3. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?
a. to attain stability c. to form molecules
b. to form compounds d. to produce ions
4. Which of the following substances when dissolved in water will conduct
electricity?
a. Glucose b. oil c. gasoline d. monosodium
glutamate
5. Choose two elements that would likely form an ionic bond among the
following elements: Li, Si, F, Ne
a. Li and Si b. Si and F c. Ne and Si d. Li and F
b.

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Reference for Learners:
Alvarez, Liza [Link]. Science Learners Material 9. Pasig City: Department of
Education,
2016

Key to Corrections
Activity 1: Mapping the Periodic Table
1. Where can you find metals, non-metals, and noble gases in the periodic table
of elements?
Facing the periodic table, metals are located before the metalloids
on the left side of the zigzag line, except Hydrogen.
Facing the periodic table, non-metals are located after the
metalloids or the zigzag line, on the right side of the periodic table.
Noble gases are at the rightmost column of the periodic table (Group
8A)
2. Which number tells you the number of valence electrons?
The representative elements or main group are Group A elements
from Group 1 to Group 8. The valence electron of an element is equal
to the group number.
3. What do you notice in the number of valence electrons of metals, non-metals,
and noble gases?
Metals have lesser valence electrons than non-metals. All noble
gases have 8 valence electrons except for helium which has 2
valence electrons.

4. What kind of element has?

a. less than 4 valence electrons?
Metals have valence electrons less than 4
b. more than 4 valence electrons?
Non-metals have valence electrons of more than 4
c. low electronegativity?
Generally, metals have low electronegativity.
d. high electronegativity?
Generally, non-metals have high electronegativity.
e. low ionization energy?
Metals have low ionization energy.
f. high ionization energy?
Non-metals have high ionization energy.

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Activity 2. Lewis Symbol

Guide Questions:

Q1. Arrange these elements in increasing order:

a. valence electrons - Li ˂ Be ˂ B ˂ C ˂ P ˂ S
b. electronegativity values - Li ˂ Be ˂ B ˂ C ˂ P ˂ S
c. ionization energy - Li ˂ B ˂ S ˂ P ˂ C ˂ Be

Q2. What do you notice with the number of valence electrons, electronegativity
values and
ionization energies of the elements?
As the number of valence electron increases, electronegativity and
ionization energy also increase.
Q3. What kind of element has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? Why?
Non-metals have the greatest tendency to attract electrons because
they have high electronegativity.
4. What kind of element requires high energy to remove its valence electrons?
Non-metals have high energy requirement to pull its valence electrons.

Activity 3. Differences of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Some Properties of Compounds

Compound Electrical Reaction to Solubility to Type of

Conductivity heat water compound
(melted (soluble/ not (ionic, polar
easily/ did soluble) covalent,
not melt nonpolar
easily) covalent)
Salt Conducts Did not melt soluble ionic

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 electricity
when
dissolved in
water
easily
Does not
conduct
electricity in
solid form
Does not
conduct
electricity
Sugar Melted easily soluble Polar covalent
both in
aqueous and
solid form
Potassium
Conducts Did not melt
Alum (tawas soluble ionic
electricity easily
powder)
Does not
Grated conduct Nonpolar
Melted easily insoluble
candle wax electricity in covalent
solid form

Q1. What type of compound:

a. dissolves in water? – polar covalent and ionic compounds

b. conducts electricity in solution? Ionic compounds because they give off
ions in solutions
c. melts easily? Covalent compounds have low melting temperature.

Q2. Explain why salt conducts electricity in solution.

Ionic compounds like salt, give off positive (cation) and negative
(anion) ions in solution that is why it can conduct electricity. Salt
releases sodium cation (Na+). Salt also releases chloride ion (Cl-) in
aqueous solution.

Q3. Make a general statement about the properties of ionic and covalent
compounds.
Ionic compounds are water soluble, they have a high melting point, and
can conduct electricity in solution. Covalent compounds have a low
melting point. Nonpolar covalent compounds are insoluble in water, and
poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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