E-commerce

E-commerce is the activity of buying or

selling of products on online services or
over the Internet. Electronic commerce
draws on technologies such as mobile
commerce, electronic funds transfer,
supply chain management, Internet
marketing, online transaction processing,
electronic data interchange (EDI),
inventory management systems, and
automated data collection systems.
Modern electronic commerce typically
uses the World Wide Web for at least one
part of the transaction's life cycle although
it may also use other technologies such as
e-mail. Typical e-commerce transactions
include the purchase of online books
(such as Amazon) and music purchases
(music download in the form of digital
distribution such as iTunes Store), and to a
less extent, customized/personalized
online liquor store inventory services.[1]
There are three areas of e-commerce:
online retailing, electric markets, and
online auctions. E-commerce is supported
by electronic business.[2]
E-commerce businesses may also employ
some or all of the followings:

Online shopping for retail sales direct to

consumers via Web sites and mobile
apps, and conversational commerce via
live chat, chatbots, and voice
assistants[3]
Providing or participating in online
marketplaces, which process third-party
business-to-consumer or consumer-to-
consumer sales
Business-to-business buying and selling;
Gathering and using demographic data
through web contacts and social media
 Business-to-business (B2B) electronic
data interchange
Marketing to prospective and
established customers by e-mail or fax
(for example, with newsletters)
Engaging in pretail for launching new
products and services
Online financial exchanges for currency
exchanges or trading purposes.

Timeline
A timeline for the development of e-
commerce:

1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to

arrange a cannabis sale between
students at the Stanford Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
later described as "the seminal act of e-
commerce" in John Markoff's book What
the Dormouse Said.[4]
1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the
first online shopping system.[5]
1981: Thomson Holidays UK is the first
business-to-business online shopping
system to be installed.[6]
1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide
in France by France Télécom and used
for online ordering.
1983: California State Assembly holds
first hearing on "electronic commerce" in
Volcano, California.[7] Testifying are
CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe,
Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis.
(Not permitted to testify is Quantum
Technology, later to become AOL.)
1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C
online shopping system[8] and Mrs
Snowball, 72, is the first online home
shopper[9]
1984: In April 1984, CompuServe
launches the Electronic Mall in the USA
and Canada. It is the first
comprehensive electronic commerce
service.[10]
1989: In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp.
Introduced Compumarket, the first
internet based system for e-commerce.
Sellers and buyers could post items for
sale and buyers could search the
database and make purchases with a
credit card.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first
web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a
NeXT computer.[11]
1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in
Cleveland opens a commercial sales
website ([Link]) selling books
online with credit card processing.
1993: Paget Press releases edition No.
3[12] of the first[13] app store, The
Electronic AppWrapper[14]
1994: Netscape releases the Navigator
browser in October under the code
name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is
introduced in late 1994 with SSL
encryption that made transactions
secure.
1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the
first software available online for sale
and immediate download via a
partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and
OpenMarket.
1994: "Ten Summoner's Tales" by Sting
becomes the first secure online
purchase through NetMarket.[15]
1995: The US National Science
Foundation lifts its former strict
prohibition of commercial enterprise on
the Internet.[16]
1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the
purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield,
Product Manager for CompuServe UK,
from W H Smith's shop within
CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is
the UK's first national online shopping
service secure transaction. The
shopping service at launch featured W H
Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our
Price, Great Universal Stores (GUS),
Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC
World (retailer) and Innovations.
1995: Jeff Bezos launches [Link]
and the first commercial-free 24-hour,
internet-only radio stations, Radio HK
and NetRadio start broadcasting. eBay
is founded by computer programmer
Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1996: The use of Excalibur BBS with
replicated "Storefronts" was an early
implementation of electronic commerce
started by a group of SysOps in
Australia and replicated to global
partner sites.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be
purchased and downloaded for printing
from the Web.[17]
1999: Alibaba Group is established in
China. [Link] sold for US $7.5
million to eCompanies, which was
purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The
peer-to-peer filesharing software
Napster launches. ATG Stores launches
to sell decorative items for the home
online.
1999: Global e-commerce reaches $150
billion[18]
2000: The dot-com bust.
2001: [Link] achieved profitability
in December 2001.
2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5
billion.[19] Niche retail companies
Wayfair and NetShops are founded with
the concept of selling products through
several targeted domains, rather than a
central portal.
2003: [Link] posts first yearly
profit.
2004: [Link], China's first online
b2b transaction platform, is established,
 forcing other b2b sites to move away
from the "yellow pages" model.[20]
2007: [Link] acquired by R.H.
Donnelley for $345 million.[21]
2014: US e-commerce and Online Retail
sales projected to reach $294 billion, an
increase of 12 percent over 2013 and
9% of all retail sales.[22] Alibaba Group
has the largest Initial public offering
ever, worth $25 billion.
2015: [Link] accounts for more
than half of all e-commerce growth,[23]
selling almost 500 Million SKU's in the
US.

Business application
An example of an older generation of avatar-style
automated online assistant on a merchandising
website.

Some common applications related to

electronic commerce are:

Conversational commerce: e-commerce

via chat
Digital Wallet
Document automation in supply chain
and logistics
Electronic tickets
Enterprise content management
Group buying
Instant messaging
Newsgroups
Online banking
Online office suites
Online shopping and order tracking
Pretail
Print on demand
Shopping cart software
Social networking
 Teleconferencing
Virtual assistant (artificial intelligence)
Domestic and international payment
systems

Governmental regulation
In the United States, certain electronic
commerce activities are regulated by the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These
activities include the use of commercial e-
mails, online advertising and consumer
privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
establishes national standards for direct
marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade
Commission Act regulates all forms of
advertising, including online advertising,
and states that advertising must be
truthful and non-deceptive.[24] Using its
authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act,
which prohibits unfair or deceptive
practices, the FTC has brought a number
of cases to enforce the promises in
corporate privacy statements, including
promises about the security of consumers'
personal information.[25] As a result, any
corporate privacy policy related to e-
commerce activity may be subject to
enforcement by the FTC.

The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy

Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which
came into law in 2008, amends the
Controlled Substances Act to address
online pharmacies.[26]

Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major

hurdle for harmonization of legal
framework for e-commerce around the
world. In order to give a uniformity to e-
commerce law around the world, many
countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model
Law on Electronic Commerce (1996).[27]

Internationally there is the International

Consumer Protection and Enforcement
Network (ICPEN), which was formed in
1991 from an informal network of
government customer fair trade
organisations. The purpose was stated as
being to find ways of co-operating on
tackling consumer problems connected
with cross-border transactions in both
goods and services, and to help ensure
exchanges of information among the
participants for mutual benefit and
understanding. From this came
[Link], an ICPEN initiative since
April 2001. It is a portal to report
complaints about online and related
transactions with foreign companies.

There is also Asia Pacific Economic

Cooperation (APEC) was established in
1989 with the vision of achieving stability,
security and prosperity for the region
through free and open trade and
investment. APEC has an Electronic
Commerce Steering Group as well as
working on common privacy regulations
throughout the APEC region.

In Australia, Trade is covered under

Australian Treasury Guidelines for
electronic commerce and the Australian
Competition and Consumer
Commission[28] regulates and offers
advice on how to deal with businesses
online,[29] and offers specific advice on
what happens if things go wrong.[30]
In the United Kingdom, The Financial
Services Authority (FSA)[31] was formerly
the regulating authority for most aspects
of the EU's Payment Services Directive
(PSD), until its replacement in 2013 by the
Prudential Regulation Authority and the
Financial Conduct Authority.[32] The UK
implemented the PSD through the
Payment Services Regulations 2009
(PSRs), which came into effect on 1
November 2009. The PSR affects firms
providing payment services and their
customers. These firms include banks,
non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank
merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc.
The PSRs created a new class of regulated
firms known as payment institutions (PIs),
who are subject to prudential
requirements. Article 87 of the PSD
requires the European Commission to
report on the implementation and impact
of the PSD by 1 November 2012.[33]

In India, the Information Technology Act

2000 governs the basic applicability of e-
commerce.

In China, the Telecommunications

Regulations of the People's Republic of
China (promulgated on 25 September
2000), stipulated the Ministry of Industry
and Information Technology (MIIT) as the
government department regulating all
telecommunications related activities,
including electronic commerce.[34] On the
same day, The Administrative Measures
on Internet Information Services released,
is the first administrative regulation to
address profit-generating activities
conducted through the Internet, and lay the
foundation for future regulations
governing e-commerce in China.[35] On 28
August 2004, the eleventh session of the
tenth NPC Standing Committee adopted
The Electronic Signature Law, which
regulates data message, electronic
signature authentication and legal liability
issues. It is considered the first law in
China's e-commerce legislation. It was a
milestone in the course of improving
China's electronic commerce legislation,
and also marks the entering of China's
rapid development stage for electronic
commerce legislation.[36]

Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce can
be classified into two categories. The first
category is business based on types of
goods sold (involves everything from
ordering "digital" content for immediate
online consumption, to ordering
conventional goods and services, to
"meta" services to facilitate other types of
electronic commerce). The second
category is based on the nature of the
participant (B2B, B2C, C2B and C2C);[37]

On the institutional level, big corporations

and financial institutions use the internet
to exchange financial data to facilitate
domestic and international business. Data
integrity and security are pressing issues
for electronic commerce.

Aside from traditional e-commerce, the

terms m-Commerce (mobile commerce)
as well (around 2013) t-Commerce[38] have
also been used.
Global trends
In 2010, the United Kingdom had the
highest per capita e-commerce spending
in the world.[39] As of 2013, the Czech
Republic was the European country where
e-commerce delivers the biggest
contribution to the enterprises´ total
revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the
country's total turnover is generated via
the online channel.[40]

Among emerging economies, China's e-

commerce presence continues to expand
every year. With 668 million Internet users,
China's online shopping sales reached
$253 billion in the first half of 2015,
accounting for 10% of total Chinese
consumer retail sales in that period.[41]
The Chinese retailers have been able to
help consumers feel more comfortable
shopping online.[42] e-commerce
transactions between China and other
countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan
($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for
9.6% of China's total international trade.[43]
In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce
market share of 80% in China.[44] In 2014,
there were 600 million Internet users in
China (twice as many as in the US),
making it the world's biggest online
market.[45] China is also the largest e-
commerce market in the world by value of
sales, with an estimated US$899 billion in
2016.[46]

Recent research clearly indicates that

electronic commerce, commonly referred
to as e-commerce, presently shapes the
manner in which people shop for products.
The GCC countries have a rapidly growing
market and characterized by a population
that becomes wealthier (Yuldashev). As
such, retailers have launched Arabic-
language websites as a means to target
this population. Secondly, there are
predictions of increased mobile purchases
and an expanding internet audience
(Yuldashev). The growth and development
of the two aspects make the GCC
countries to become larger players in the
electronic commerce market with time
progress. Specifically, research shows that
e-commerce market is expected to grow to
over $20 billion by the year 2020 among
these GCC countries (Yuldashev). The e-
commerce market has also gained much
popularity among the western countries,
and in particular Europe and the U.S.
These countries have been highly
characterized with consumer-packaged-
goods (CPG) (Geisler, 34). However, trends
show that there are future signs of a
reverse. Similar to the GCC countries, there
has been increased purchase of goods
and services in online channels rather than
offline channels. Activist investors are
trying hard to consolidate and slash their
overall cost and the governments in
western countries continue to impose
more regulation on CPG manufacturers
(Geisler, 36). In these senses, CPG
investors are being forced to adapt e-
commerce as it is effective as a well as a
means for them to thrive.

In 2013, Brazil's e-commerce was growing

quickly with retail e-commerce sales
expected to grow at a double-digit pace
through 2014. By 2016, eMarketer
expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil
to reach $17.3 billion.[47] India has an
Internet user base of about 460 million as
of December 2017.[48] Despite being third
largest user base in world, the penetration
of Internet is low compared to markets like
the United States, United Kingdom or
France but is growing at a much faster
rate, adding around 6 million new entrants
every month. In India, cash on delivery is
the most preferred payment method,
accumulating 75% of the e-retail
activities.[49] The India retail market is
expected to rise from 2.5% in 2016 to 5%
in 2020.[50]
The future trends in the GCC countries will
be similar with that of the western
countries. Despite the forces that push
business to adapt e-commerce as a
means to sell goods and products, the
manner in which customers make
purchases is similar in countries from
these two regions. For instance, there has
been an increased usage of smartphones
which comes in conjunction with an
increase in the overall internet audience
from the regions. Yuldashev writes that
consumers are scaling up to more modern
technology that allows for mobile
marketing. However, the percentage of
smartphone and internet users who make
online purchases is expected to vary in the
first few years. It will be independent on
the willingness of the people to adopt this
new trend (The Statistics Portal). For
example, UAE has the greatest
smartphone penetration of 73.8 percent
and has 91.9 percent of its population has
access to the internet. On the other hand,
smartphone penetration in Europe has
been reported to be at 64.7 percent (The
Statistics Portal). Regardless, the disparity
in percentage between these regions is
expected to level out in future because e-
commerce technology is expected to grow
allowing for more users. The e-commerce
business within these two regions will
result in a competition. Government
bodies at country level will enhance their
measures and strategies to ensure
sustainability and consumer protection
(Krings, et al.). These increased measures
will raise the environmental and social
standards in the countries, factors that will
determine the success of e-commerce
market in these countries. For example, an
adoption of tough sanctions will make it
difficult for companies to enter the e-
commerce market while lenient sanctions
will allow ease of companies. As such, the
future trends between GCC countries and
the Western countries will be independent
of these sanctions (Krings, et al.). These
countries need to make rational
conclusions in coming up with effective
sanctions.

The rate of growth of the number of

internet users in the Arab countries has
been rapid – 13.1% in 2015. A significant
portion of the e-commerce market in the
Middle East comprises people in the 30–
34 year age group. Egypt has the largest
number of internet users in the region,
followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco;
these constitute 3/4th of the region’s
share. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35%
in Egypt and 65% in Saudi Arabia.[51]
E-commerce has become an important
tool for small and large businesses
worldwide, not only to sell to customers,
but also to engage them.[52][53]

In 2012, e-commerce sales topped $1

trillion for the first time in history.[54]

Mobile devices are playing an increasing

role in the mix of e-commerce, this is also
commonly called mobile commerce, or m-
commerce. In 2014, one estimate saw
purchases made on mobile devices
making up 25% of the market by 2017.[55]

For traditional businesses, one research

stated that information technology and
cross-border e-commerce is a good
opportunity for the rapid development and
growth of enterprises. Many companies
have invested enormous volume of
investment in mobile applications. The
DeLone and McLean Model stated that
three perspectives contribute to a
successful e-business: information
system quality, service quality and users'
satisfaction.[56] There is no limit of time
and space, there are more opportunities to
reach out to customers around the world,
and to cut down unnecessary intermediate
links, thereby reducing the cost price, and
can benefit from one on one large
customer data analysis, to achieve a high
degree of personal customization
strategic plan, in order to fully enhance the
core competitiveness of the products in
company.[57]

Modern 3D graphics technologies, such as

Facebook 3D Posts, are considered by
some social media marketers and
advertisers as a more preferable way to
promote consumer goods than static
photos, and some brands like Sony are
already paving the way for augmented
reality commerce. Wayfair now lets you
inspect a 3D version of its furniture in a
home setting before buying.[58]
Logistics
Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns
fulfillment. Online markets and retailers
have to find the best possible way to fill
orders and deliver products. Small
companies usually control their own
logistic operation because they do not
have the ability to hire an outside
company. Most large companies hire a
fulfillment service that takes care of a
company's logistic needs.[59]

Impact on markets and

retailers
E-commerce markets are growing at
noticeable rates. The online market is
expected to grow by 56% in 2015–2020.
Traditional markets are only expected 2%
growth during the same time. Brick and
mortar retailers are struggling because of
online retailer's ability to offer lower prices
and higher efficiency. Many larger retailers
are able to maintain a presence offline and
online by linking physical and online
offerings.[60][61]

E-commerce allows customers to

overcome geographical barriers and
allows them to purchase products anytime
and from anywhere. Online and traditional
markets have different strategies for
conducting business. Traditional retailers
offer fewer assortment of products
because of shelf space where, online
retailers often hold no inventory but send
customer orders directly to the
manufacture. The pricing strategies are
also different for traditional and online
retailers. Traditional retailers base their
prices on store traffic and the cost to keep
inventory. Online retailers base prices on
the speed of delivery.

There are two ways for marketers to

conduct business through e-commerce:
fully online or online along with a brick and
mortar store. Online marketers can offer
lower prices, greater product selection,
and high efficiency rates. Many customers
prefer online markets if the products can
be delivered quickly at relatively low price.
However, online retailers cannot offer the
physical experience that traditional
retailers can. It can be difficult to judge the
quality of a product without the physical
experience, which may cause customers
to experience product or seller uncertainty.
Another issue regarding the online market
is concerns about the security of online
transactions. Many customers remain
loyal to well-known retailers because of
this issue.[62][63]
Security is a primary problem for e-
commerce in developed and developing
countries. E-commerce security is
protecting business' websites and
costumers from unauthorized access, use,
alteration, or destruction. The type of
threats include: malicious codes,
unwanted programs (ad ware, spyware),
phishing, hacking, and cyber vandalism. E-
commerce websites use different tools to
avert security threats. These tools include
firewalls, encryption software, digital
certificates, and passwords.[64]

Impact on supply chain

management
For a long time, companies had been
troubled by the gap between the benefits
which supply chain technology has and
the solutions to deliver those benefits.
However, the emergence of e-commerce
has provided a more practical and
effective way of delivering the benefits of
the new supply chain technologies.[65]

E-commerce has the capability to integrate

all inter-company and intra-company
functions, meaning that the three flows
(physical flow, financial flow and
information flow) of the supply chain could
be also affected by e-commerce. The
affections on physical flows improved the
way of product and inventory movement
level for companies. For the information
flows, e-commerce optimised the capacity
of information processing than companies
used to have, and for the financial flows, e-
commerce allows companies to have
more efficient payment and settlement
solutions.[65]

In addition, e-commerce has a more

sophisticated level of impact on supply
chains: Firstly, the performance gap will be
eliminated since companies can identify
gaps between different levels of supply
chains by electronic means of solutions;
Secondly, as a result of e-commerce
emergence, new capabilities such
implementing ERP systems, like SAP ERP,
Xero, or Megaventory, have helped
companies to manage operations with
customers and suppliers. Yet these new
capabilities are still not fully exploited.
Thirdly, technology companies would keep
investing on new e-commerce software
solutions as they are expecting investment
return. Fourthly, e-commerce would help to
solve many aspects of issues that
companies may feel difficult to cope with,
such as political barriers or cross-country
changes. Finally, e-commerce provides
companies a more efficient and effective
way to collaborate with each other within
the supply chain.[65]

Impact on employment
E-commerce helps create new job
opportunities due to information related
services, software app and digital
products. It also causes job losses. The
areas with the greatest predicted job-loss
are retail, postal, and travel agencies. The
development of e-commerce will create
jobs that require highly skilled workers to
manage large amounts of information,
customer demands, and production
processes. In contrast, people with poor
technical skills cannot enjoy the wages
welfare. On the other hand, because e-
commerce requires sufficient stocks that
could be delivered to customers in time,
the warehouse becomes an important
element. Warehouse needs more staff to
manage, supervise and organize, thus the
condition of warehouse environment will
be concerned by employees.[18]

Impact on customers
E-commerce brings convenience for
customers as they do not have to leave
home and only need to browse website
online, especially for buying the products
which are not sold in nearby shops. It
could help customers buy wider range of
products and save customers’ time.
Consumers also gain power through
online shopping. They are able to research
products and compare prices among
retailers. Also, online shopping often
provides sales promotion or discounts
code, thus it is more price effective for
customers. Moreover, e-commerce
provides products’ detailed information;
even the in-store staff cannot offer such
detailed explanation. Customers can also
review and track the order history online.
E-commerce technologies cut transaction
costs by allowing both manufactures and
consumers to skip through the
intermediaries. This is achieved through by
extending the search area best price deals
and by group purchase. The success of e-
commerce in urban and regional levels
depend on how the local firms and
consumers have adopted to e-commerce.
[66]

However, e-commerce lacks human

interaction for customers, especially who
prefer face-to-face connection. Customers
are also concerned with the security of
online transactions and tend to remain
loyal to well-known retailers.[61] In recent
years, clothing retailers such as Tommy
Hilfiger have started adding Virtual Fit
platforms to their e-commerce sites to
reduce the risk of customers buying the
wrong sized clothes, although these vary
greatly in their fit for purpose.[67] When the
customer regret the purchase of a product,
it involves returning goods and refunding
process. This process is inconvenient as
customers need to pack and post the
goods. If the products are expensive, large
or fragile, it refers to safety issues.[60]

Distribution channels
E-commerce has grown in importance as
companies have adopted pure-click and
brick-and-click channel systems. We can
distinguish pure-click and brick-and-click
channel system adopted by companies.

Pure-click or pure-play companies are

those that have launched a website
without any previous existence as a
firm.
Bricks-and-clicks companies are those
existing companies that have added an
online site for e-commerce.
Click-to-brick online retailers that later
open physical locations to supplement
their online efforts.[68]
Types of digital channels
E-commerce may take place on retailers'
Web sites or mobile apps, or those of e-
commerce marketplaces such as on
Amazon, or Tmall from AliBaba. Those
channels may also be supported by
conversational commerce, e.g. live chat or
chatbots on Web sites. Conversational
commerce may also be standalone such
as live chat or chatbots on messaging
apps[69] and via voice assistants.[3]

Recommendation
The contemporary e-commerce trend
recommends companies to shift the
traditional business model where focus on
"standardized products, homogeneous
market and long product life cycle" to the
new business model where focus on
"varied and customized products". E-
commerce requires the company to have
the ability to satisfy multiple needs of
different customers and provide them with
wider range of products.

With more choices of products, the

information of products for customers to
select and meet their needs become
crucial. In order to address the mass
customization principle to the company,
the use of recommender system is
suggested. This system helps recommend
the proper products to the customers and
helps customers make the decision during
the purchasing process. The
recommender system could be operated
through the top sellers on the website, the
demographics of customers or the
consumers' buying behavior. However,
there are 3 main ways of
recommendations: recommending
products to customers directly, providing
detailed products' information and
showing other buyers' opinions or
critiques. It is benefit for consumer
experience without physical shopping. In
general, recommender system is used to
contact customers online and assist
finding the right products they want
effectively and directly.[70]

See also
Alternative payments
Comparison of free software e-commerce
web application frameworks
Comparison of shopping cart software
Comparison of payment systems
Digital economy
E-commerce credit card payment system
Electronic bill payment
Electronic money
Non-store retailing
 Paid content
Payments as a service
Types of e-commerce
Timeline of e-commerce

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Further reading
Laudon, Kenneth C.; Guercio Traver, Carol
(2014). E-commerce. business. technology.
society. 10th edition. Pearson. ISBN 978-013-
302444-9.
Chaudhury, Abijit; Kuilboer, Jean-Pierre
(2002). e-Business and e-Commerce
Infrastructure. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-
247875-6.
Frieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (19
December 2006). "E-Commerce: Legal Issues
of the Online Retailer in Virginia" (PDF).
Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 13
(2).
Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies
of Development: The Internet and Theories of
Economic Development" (PDF). Geography
Compass. 2 (3): 771. doi:10.1111/j.1749-
8198.2008.00093.x . Archived from the
original (PDF) on 2008-10-29.
Humeau, Philippe; Jung, Matthieu (21 June
2013). In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce
solutions (PDF).
Kessler, M (22 December 2003), "More
shoppers proceed to checkout online" , USA
today, retrieved 13 January 2004.
Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Wells, Taylor; Moody,
Gregory D.; Humpherys, Sean; and Kettles,
Degan (2006). "Online payment gateways
used to facilitate e-commerce transactions
and improve risk management ,"
Communications of the Association for
Information Systems, vol. 17(6), pp. 1–48
([Link] ).
Kotler, Philip (2009). Marketing Management.
Pearson: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-81-317-
1683-0.
Miller, Roger (2002). The Legal and E-
Commerce Environment Today (hardcover
 ed.). Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-324-06188-
9. 741 pp.
Nissanoff, Daniel (2006). FutureShop: How
the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the
Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really
Want (hardcover ed.). The Penguin Press.
ISBN 1-59420-077-7. 246 pp.
Seybold, Pat (2001). [Link]. Crown
Business Books (Random House). ISBN 0-
609-60772-3.

External links

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