Cooling Load
Calculations
Contents
• Principle of cooling load
• Why cooling load & heat gains are different
• Design conditions
• Understand CLTD/CLF method
• An example
Cooling Load
• It is the thermal energy that must be removed from
the space to maintain the desired comfort
conditions
• HVAC systems are used to maintain thermal
conditions in the comfort range
Principles of Cooling Load Estimate
• Enclosure heat transfer characteristics
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
• Heat Gains
– Internal
– External or Solar
Space Characteristics
• orientation
• Size and shape
• Construction material
• Windows, doors, openings
• Surrounding conditions
• Ceiling
Space Characteristics
• Occupants (activity, number, duration)
• Appliances (power, usage)
• Air leakage (infiltration or exfiltration)
• Lighting (W/m2)
Indoor Design Conditions
Basic design parameters
• Air temperature
– Typically, 22-26 C
• Air velocity
– 0.25 m/s
• Relative humidity
– 30-70 %
• See ASHRAE 55 – 2004, Comfort Zone & NBC
2016.
Indoor Design Conditions
Indoor air quality
– Air contaminants
– Air cleaning
• Pressurization requirements
Outdoor Design Conditions
• ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001
– Design severity based on 0.4%, 1%, & 2% level
annually (8760h)
– For example, at 1% level, the value is exceeded in
0.01x8760h = 87.6 h in a year
Outdoor Design For Cooling
Criteria: 0.4% DB and MWB
Station Cooling DB/MWB
Miri 0.4% 1% 2%
Malaysia
DB (˚C ) MWB ( DB MWB DB MWB
˚C )
32.2 26.3 31.8 26.3 31.4 26.2
Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001
Heat Gain
• Space Heat gain
– The instantaneous rate at which heat enters into,
out of, or generated within a space. The
components are:
• Sensible gain
• Latent gain
Heat Gain
Cooling Load
• Space Cooling load
– The rate at which heat must be removed from a
space to maintain air temperature and humidity at
the design values
• Cooling load differs from the heat gain due to
– delay effect in the conversion of radiation
energy to heat
– Thermal storage lag
Heat Gain = Cooling Load
Heat Gain = Cooling Load Thermal
storage and Construction Type
Time of the Day: Solar Radiation
Time-delay Effect: Lighting
External Loads
1. Heat gains from Walls and roofs
– sensible
2. Solar gains through fenestrations
– Sensible
3. Outdoor air
– Sensible & latent
Internal Loads
1. People
– Sensible & latent
2. Lights
– sensible
3. Appliances
– Sensible & latent
Total Cooling Load
Radius of circle Is 1.5 m
Triangle is 2 m wide and 3 m high
Size of the wall is 3 x 6 m2
U value of wall = 0.2 unit, U value of glass = 0.35 units
CLTD= 15 units, Q daily max = 15 watt, CLF = 0.75
Heat from conduction = Uw Aw CLTD + Ug Ag CLTD
= 0.2 x 7.94 x 15 + 0.35 x 10.06 x 15 = 76.65 watt
Heat from Radiation = Udm x CLF
= 15 x 0.75 = 11.25 x 10.06 = 113.18
U1 = 0.2 units, U2 = 0.35, U3 = 0.15
Thermal Transmittance (U) = 1 / Thermal Resistance (R)
U = 1/R
U1 = 1/R1
Ucomposite = 1 / R1+R2+R3.
