UNIT – 1

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard
drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based
computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided as a service through
the Internet to the user. The data that is stored can be files, images, documents,
or any other storable document.
The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with Cloud
Computing
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio

Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the 1950s. In
making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role. These are
distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility
computing.
 Distributed Systems:

It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are

depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to
share resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed
systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous
availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem
with this system was that all the systems were required to be present at the
same geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing
led to three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing,
cluster computing, and grid computing.

 Mainframe computing:

Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data
such as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk
processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no
downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these
increased the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very
expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframetechnology.

 Cluster computing:

In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.

Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with
high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These
were equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be
added to the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved
to some extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still
pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

 Grid computing:

In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different
systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all
were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different
organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it
solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the
nodes increased. The main problem which was encountered was the low
 availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network
associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of
gridcomputing”.

 Virtualization:

It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a

virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances
simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud
computing. It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as
Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still
one of the most common types of virtualization.

 Web 2.0:

It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the
clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web
pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web
2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social
media is possible because of this technology only. It gained major popularity in
2004.

 Service orientation:

It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible,

and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes
the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

 Utility computing:

It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for

services such as compute services along with other major services such as
storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.

History of Cloud Computing

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Cloud Computing referred as the accessing and storing of data

and provide services related to computing over the internet. It
simply referred as it remote services on the internet manage and
access data online rather than any local drives. The data can be
anything like images, videos, audios, documents, files etc.

History of Cloud Computing :

In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also
cover the history of client server computing, distributed
computing, and cloud computing.
 Before Computing was come into existence, client Server
Architecture was used where all the data and control of client
resides in Server side. If a single user want to access some
data, firstly user need to connect to the server and after that
user will get appropriate access. But it has many
disadvantages. So, After Client Server computing, Distributed
Computing was come into existence, in this type of computing
all computers are networked together with the help of this,
user can share their resources when needed. It also has
certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations faced in
distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
 During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that
“Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.”
According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people
at that time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought
the technology they are using efficient enough for them. So,
this concept of computing was not appreciated much so and
very less will research on it. But as the time fleet the
technology caught the idea after few years this idea is
implemented. So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in
1999.

 This company started delivering an enterprise application over

the internet and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was
started.

 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS),

Amazon will provide storage, computation over the internet. In
2006 Amazon will launch Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial
Service which is open for Everybody to use.

 After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud

Computing Enterprise Application as other companies will see
 the emergence of cloud Computing they also started providing
their cloud services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft
Azure and after that other companies like Alibaba, IBM,
Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In today the
Cloud Computing become very popular and important skill.
Advantages :
 It is easier to get backup in cloud.
 It allows us easy and quick access stored information
anywhere and anytime.
 It allows us to access data via mobile.
 It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily
maintainable.
 One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database
Security.
Disadvantages :
 It requires good internet connection.
 User have limited control on the data.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing



1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not

require any human administrators, user themselves are able to
provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally
provided over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources
that are able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis.
Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is scale
out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple
applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients
are provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each
application and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource
provider with an account of what has been used. This is done for
various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants
(users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology
to abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical
resources to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed
with redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high
availability and reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing
models, including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing,
allowing users to choose the option that best suits their needs.
10. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to
protect their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated,
allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual
intervention.
12. Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on
sustainable practices, such as energy-efficient data centers and the use
of renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.

Types of Cloud

Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access,

and process data. It simply refers to delivering computing resources, such as
servers, storage, databases, software, and applications, over the Internet. Cloud
computing uses a network of remote computer systems housed on the net to save
and process data rather than relying on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include

encryption, firewalls, and access restrictions, to secure your data from
unauthorized access. Moreover, because your information is saved in the cloud, it
is secure even if your nearby devices are damaged, misplaced, or stolen.
Redundancy and cloud backups guarantee that your data may be restored promptly
and effectively in case of any unexpected situations.

There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the
organization's needs-

Public Cloud

Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the
pay-per-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud
Service Provider (CSP). The CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and
ensures that the resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public
cloud, regardless of location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous
services, store their data, and run apps. By using a pay-per-usage strategy,
customers can be assured that they will only be charged for the resources they
actually use, which is a smart financial choice.
Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise,
Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

Characteristics of Public Cloud

The public cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet

connection. Users can access their data and programs at any time and from
anywhere.
o Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public
cloud settings. Cost reductions and effective resource use are made possible
by this.
o Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the resources
they need based on their requirements, allowing for quick scaling up or
down.
o Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on usage,
so users only pay for the resources they actually use. This helps optimize
costs and eliminates the need for upfront investments.
 o Managed by Service Providers: Cloud service providers manage and
maintain public cloud infrastructure. They handle hardware maintenance,
software updates, and security tasks, relieving users of these responsibilities.
o Reliability and Redundancy: Public cloud providers ensure high reliability
by implementing redundant systems and multiple data centers. By doing
this, the probability of losing data and experiencing service disruptions is
reduced.
o Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security
measures to protect user data. These include encryption, access controls, and
regular security audits.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to
worry about the maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility
approach to consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered
through the internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing
resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of
users.
o Rapid deployment of services and applications.
o Reduced time and effort in hardware procurement and setup.
 o The cloud provider offers a range of services and resources that you can
avail of.
o Built-in redundancy and resilience for enhanced reliability.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud
provider.
o The data is not under the control of the client.
o Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level
agreements.
o Compliance challenges in meeting industry-specific regulations and
standards.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data.
o Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality.
o Potential for unexpected costs with usage-based pricing models.
o Lack of customization options and flexibility compared to private or hybrid
cloud environments.
o Reliance to the cloud provider's support and responsiveness for issue
resolution.

Private Cloud

Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by

organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third
party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and
Eucalyptus.
Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at
Customer, and IBM Cloud Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within

the physical infrastructure of the organization. It involves setting up and
running a specific data center that offers cloud services just for internal
usage by the company. The infrastructure is still completely under the hands
of the organization, which gives them the freedom to modify and set it up in
any way they see fit. Organizations can successfully manage security and
compliance issues with this degree of control. However, on-premise private
cloud setup and management necessitate significant hardware, software, and
IT knowledge expenditures.
o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering
with a third-party service provider to host and manage the cloud
infrastructure on behalf of the organization. The provider may operate the
private cloud in their data center or a colocation facility. In this arrangement,
the organization benefits from the expertise and resources of the service
 provider, alleviating the burden of infrastructure management. The
outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider can adjust
resources based on the organization's needs. Due to its flexibility, it is a
desirable choice for businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud
deployment without the initial capital outlay and ongoing maintenance
expenses involved with an on-premise implementation.

Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds
give businesses more control over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are
particularly suitable for organizations with strict compliance requirements,
sensitive data, or specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization
and security.

Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, ensuring

the resources and services are tailored to its needs. It is like having a
personal cloud environment exclusively for that organization.
o Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control and
security than public cloud options. Organizations have more control over
data governance, access controls, and security measures.
o Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to
customize the infrastructure according to their specific requirements. They
can configure resources, networks, and storage to optimize performance and
efficiency.
o Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and
allocate resources. According to demand, businesses may scale up or down
their infrastructure, effectively using their resources.
 o Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more
control over the infrastructure at the foundation, improving performance and
dependability.
o Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: Organizations may more
easily fulfill certain compliance and regulatory standards using the private
cloud. It provides the freedom to put in place strong security measures,
follow data residency laws, and follow industry-specific norms.
o Hybrid Cloud Integration: Private cloud can be integrated with public
cloud services, forming a hybrid cloud infrastructure. This integration allows
organizations to leverage the benefits of both private and public clouds.

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space
capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT
resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the
organization itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on
anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal
use and data security is the first priority.
o Customizable to meet specific business needs and compliance regulations.
o Higher reliability and uptime compared to public cloud environments.
o Seamless integration with existing on-premises systems and applications.
 o Better compliance and governance capabilities for industry-specific
regulations.
o Enhanced flexibility in resource allocation and application deployment.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations
is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and
organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient
manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.
o Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
o Scaling resources can be challenging compared to public or hybrid cloud
options.
o Relies on internal IT staff for management and troubleshooting.
o Slower deployment timelines and implementation compared to public cloud
solutions.
o Limited access to the latest advancements and innovations offered by public
cloud providers.
o Reduced flexibility and agility compared to public cloud options.
o Challenges in keeping up with hardware and software upgrades and
compatibility.
o Higher risks of technology becoming outdated and the need for regular
infrastructure updates.

Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can
say:
Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the
public cloud can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a
private cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users. In a hybrid cloud
setup, organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds to
create a flexible and scalable computing environment. The public cloud portion
allows using cloud services provided by third-party providers, accessible over the
Internet.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive),
Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud

o Integration of Public and Private Clouds: Hybrid cloud seamlessly

integrates public and private clouds, allowing organizations to leverage both
advantages. It provides a unified platform where workloads and data can be
deployed and managed across both environments.
o Flexibility and Scalability: Hybrid cloud offers resource allocation and
scalability flexibility. Organizations can dynamically scale their
infrastructure by utilizing additional resources from the public cloud while
maintaining control over critical workloads on the private cloud.
 o Enhanced Security and Control: Hybrid cloud allows organizations to
maintain higher security and control over their sensitive data and critical
applications. Private cloud components provide a secure and dedicated
environment, while public cloud resources can be used for non-sensitive
tasks, ensuring a balanced approach to data protection.
o Cost Optimization: Hybrid cloud enables organizations to optimize costs
by utilizing the cost-effective public cloud for non-sensitive workloads while
keeping mission-critical applications and data on the more cost-efficient
private cloud. This approach allows for efficient resource allocation and cost
management.
o Data and Application Portability: Organizations can move workloads and
data between public and private clouds as needed with a hybrid cloud. This
portability offers agility and the ability to adapt to changing business
requirements, ensuring optimal performance and responsiveness.
o Compliance and Regulatory Compliance: Hybrid cloud helps
organizations address compliance and regulatory requirements more
effectively. Sensitive data and applications can be kept within the private
cloud, ensuring compliance with industry-specific regulations while
leveraging the public cloud for other non-sensitive operations.
o Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: Hybrid cloud facilitates
robust disaster recovery and business continuity strategies. Organizations
can replicate critical data and applications between the private and public
clouds, ensuring redundancy and minimizing the risk of data loss or service
disruptions.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

 o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the
public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and
secure resources because of the private cloud.
o Hybrid facilitates seamless integration between on-premises infrastructure
and cloud environments.
o Hybrid provides greater control over sensitive data and compliance
requirements.
o Hybrid enables efficient workload distribution based on specific needs and
performance requirements.
o Hybrid offers cost optimization by allowing organizations to choose the
most suitable cloud platform for different workloads.
o Hybrid enhances business continuity and disaster recovery capabilities with
private and public cloud resources.
o Hybrid supports hybrid cloud architecture, allowing applications and data to
be deployed across multiple cloud environments based on their unique
requirements.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more
than one type of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.
 o Potential challenges in data integration and ensuring seamless connectivity
between different cloud platforms.
o Higher costs due to the need for managing and integrating multiple cloud
environments.
o Increased complexity in data governance and compliance management
across different cloud providers.
o Dependency on stable and high-bandwidth internet connections for efficient
hybrid cloud operations.
o Potential compatibility issues between various cloud platforms and
applications.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data across
different cloud providers.
o Requires skilled IT staff with expertise in managing hybrid cloud
environments.

Community Cloud

Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of

several organizations to share the information between the organization and a
specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more
organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the
same industry, government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish
a shared cloud infrastructure. This infrastructure allows them to access shared
services, applications, and data relevant to their community.
Example: Health Care community cloud

Characteristics of Community Cloud

o Shared Infrastructure: Community cloud provides a shared infrastructure

accessible to a specific community of organizations. The participating
organizations can leverage this common cloud infrastructure to meet their
shared computing needs and objectives.
o Community-specific Services: The community cloud provides resources,
apps, and services adapted to the participating organizations' demands.
These services are created to meet the community's specific requirements
and difficulties while promoting effective communication and information
exchange.
o Community Ownership and Management: The community cloud is
owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations from the
community, a third party, or a combination of both. The involved
organizations have a say in the governance and decision-making procedures
to ensure that the cloud infrastructure meets their shared objectives.
o Enhanced Security and Compliance: Community cloud emphasizes
security and compliance measures relevant to the specific community. It
allows for implementing robust security controls, access management, and
 compliance frameworks that meet the community's regulatory requirements
and industry standards.
o Cost Sharing and Efficiency: Participating organizations in a community
cloud benefit from cost sharing. By sharing the infrastructure and resources,
the costs associated with establishing and maintaining the cloud environment
are distributed among the community members. This leads to cost efficiency
and reduced financial burden for individual organizations.
o Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: The community cloud encourages
communication and information exchange amongst participating businesses.
It gives community members a forum for project collaboration, information
sharing, and resource exploitation. This encourages creativity, education,
and effectiveness within the neighborhood.
o Scalability and Flexibility: Community cloud enables organizations to
scale up or reduce their resources in response to demand. This allows the
community to adjust to shifting computing requirements and efficiently use
cloud resources as needed.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared

by several organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a
collaborative cloud with more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and
other capabilities among various organizations.
 o Offers customization options to meet the unique needs and requirements of
the community.
o Simplifies compliance with industry-specific regulations and standards
through shared security measures.
o Provides scalability and flexibility, allowing organizations to scale resources
based on changing demands.
o Promotes efficient resource utilization, reducing wastage, and optimizing
performance within the community.
o Enables organizations to leverage shared expertise and experiences, leading
to improved decision-making and problem-solving.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all
community members.
o Challenges in ensuring consistent performance and availability when
multiple organizations share the same resources.
o Limited scalability options as the shared resources determine the community
cloud's capacity.
o Potential conflicts of interest among community members regarding
resource allocation and usage.
o Transparent governance and agreement frameworks are required to address
potential disputes and ensure fair resource distribution.
o Inadequate technical support and service level agreements (SLAs) compared
to private or public cloud options.
Multi-Cloud

Multi-cloud is a strategy in cloud computing where companies utilize more than

one cloud service provider or platform to meet their computing needs. It involves
distributing workloads, applications, and statistics throughout numerous cloud
environments consisting of public, private, and hybrid clouds.

Adopting a multi-cloud approach allows businesses to have the ability to select and
leverage the most appropriate cloud services from different providers based on
their specific necessities. This allows them to harness each provider's distinctive
capabilities and services, mitigating the risk of relying solely on one vendor while
benefiting from competitive pricing models. '

Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud
Platform (GCP).

Characteristics of Multi-cloud

o Multiple Cloud Providers: The key characteristic of multi-cloud is the

utilization of multiple cloud service providers. Organizations can leverage
the offerings of different providers, such as Amazon web services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and others, to access a
huge range of services and capabilities.
o Diversification and Risk Reduction: Thanks to multi-cloud, organizations
may distribute workloads, apps, and data across several cloud environments.
This diversification decreases the danger of vendor lock-in, and the effects
 of any service interruptions or outages from a single cloud provider are
lessened.
o Flexibility and Vendor Independence: Businesses using multi-cloud can
choose the finest cloud services from various providers per their
requirements. This approach enables companies to leverage each provider's
unique benefits and avoids needing to depend solely on a single supplier for
all their cloud computing requirements.
o Optimisation of Services and Costs: Organisations may optimize their
services and costs by using a multi-cloud strategy and choosing the most
affordable and appropriate cloud provider for each workload or application.
They can use specialized services from many sources to meet certain
demands, taking advantage of competitive pricing structures.
o Enhanced Reliability and Performance: Multi-cloud enhances reliability
and performance by utilizing multiple cloud environments. By utilizing the
infrastructure and resources of various providers, organizations can achieve
high availability, scalability, and enhanced performance for their
applications and services
o Data Sovereignty and Compliance: Multi-cloud allows organizations to
address data sovereignty and compliance requirements by choosing cloud
providers with data centers in specific regions or jurisdictions. It provides
flexibility in managing data residency and regulatory compliance
obligations.
o Interoperability and Integration: Multi-cloud necessitates interoperability
and integration between different cloud platforms. Organizations must
ensure seamless data exchange, application compatibility, and integration of
services across the various cloud environments they utilize.

Advantages of Multi-Cloud:

There are the following advantages of multi-Cloud -

 o It allows organizations to choose the most suitable cloud services from
different providers based on their specific requirements.
o Distributing workloads and data across multiple cloud environments
enhances reliability and ensures resilience in case of service disruptions or
downtime.
o By utilizing its providers, organizations can avoid dependency on a single
vendor and mitigate the risks associated with vendor lock-in.
o Organizations can optimize services and costs by selecting the most cost-
effective and suitable cloud provider for each workload or application.
o Leveraging the infrastructure and resources of different cloud providers
allows organizations to achieve high availability, scalability, and improved
performance.
o It enables organizations to select cloud providers with data centers in
specific regions, addressing data sovereignty and compliance requirements.
o Access to specialized services and capabilities from different providers
promotes innovation and allows organizations to leverage the best-in-class
offerings in the market.
o Distributing workloads across multiple clouds reduces the risk of data loss or
service disruptions, providing enhanced disaster recovery capabilities.

Disadvantages of Multi-Cloud:

o Increased complexity in managing multiple cloud environments.

o Potential for higher costs due to multiple subscriptions and data transfer
fees.
o Challenges in ensuring data governance and compliance across multiple
clouds.
o Integration difficulties and compatibility issues between different cloud
providers.
 o Potential for increased management overhead and resource requirements.
o Risk of vendor dependencies and interoperability challenges.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community
cloud -
Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Community Multi-Cloud
Cloud Cloud
Host Service provider Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple cloud
(Third party) (Third (Third party) providers
party)
Users General public Selected users Selected Community Multiple
users members organizations
Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, Internet, Internet, VPN
VPN VPN
Owner Service provider Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple
organizations
Cost Pay-per-usage Infrastructure Mixed Shared cost Variable
investment (variable) among depending on
members usage
Security Provider's Enhanced Varied Varied Varied
responsibility control (depends (depends on (depends on
on setup) setup) setup)
Scalability Highly scalable Scalable within Scalable Scalable Scalable within
resources within within resources
resources resources
Customizati Limited control High control Varied Varied Varied
on (depends (depends on (depends on
on setup) setup) setup)

Resource Not shared Not shared Varied Shared Shared among

Sharing (depends among providers
on setup) community

Cloud Computing issues in cloud:

1. Eucalyptus: It is a Linux-based open-source software architecture for cloud
computing and also a storage platform that implements Infrastructure a Service
(IaaS). It provides quick and efficient computing services. Eucalyptus was
designed to provide services compatible with Amazon’s EC2 cloud and Simple
Storage Service(S3).
Eucalyptus Architecture

Eucalyptus CLIs can handle Amazon Web Services and their own private
instances. Clients have the independence to transfer cases from Eucalyptus to
Amazon Elastic Cloud. The virtualization layer oversees the Network, storage,
and Computing. Occurrences are isolated by hardware virtualization.
Important Features are:-
1. Images: A good example is the Eucalyptus Machine Image which is a
module software bundled and uploaded to the Cloud.
2. Instances: When we run the picture and utilize it, it turns into an instance.
3. Networking: It can be further subdivided into three modes: Static
mode(allocates IP address to instances), System mode (assigns a MAC
address and imputes the instance’s network interface to the physical network
via NC), and Managed mode (achieves local network of instances).
4. Access Control: It is utilized to give limitations to clients.
5. Elastic Block Storage: It gives block-level storage volumes to connect to an
instance.
6. Auto-scaling and Load Adjusting: It is utilized to make or obliterate cases
or administrations dependent on necessities.

Components of Architecture

 Node Controller is the lifecycle of instances running on each node. Interacts

with the operating system, hypervisor, and Cluster Controller. It controls the
working of VM instances on the host machine.
 Cluster Controller manages one or more Node Controller and Cloud
Controller simultaneously. It gathers information and schedules VM
execution.
 Storage Controller (Walrus) Allows the creation of snapshots of volumes.
Persistent block storage over VM instances. Walrus Storage Controller is a
simple file storage system. It stores images and snapshots. Stores and serves
files using S3(Simple Storage Service) APIs.
 Cloud Controller Front-end for the entire architecture. It acts as a
Complaint Web Services to client tools on one side and interacts with the
rest of the components on the other side.

Operation Modes Of Eucalyptus

 Managed Mode: Numerous security groups to users as the network is large.

Each security group is assigned a set or a subset of IP addresses. Ingress
rules are applied through the security groups specified by the user. The
network is isolated by VLAN between Cluster Controller and Node
Controller. Assigns two IP addresses on each virtual machine.
 Managed (No VLAN) Node: The root user on the virtual machine can
snoop into other virtual machines running on the same network layer. It does
not provide VM network isolation.
 System Mode: Simplest of all modes, least number of features. A MAC
address is assigned to a virtual machine instance and attached to Node
Controller’s bridge Ethernet device.
 Static Mode: Similar to system mode but has more control over the
assignment of IP address. MAC address/IP address pair is mapped to static
entry within the DHCP server. The next set of MAC/IP addresses is
mapped.
Advantages Of The Eucalyptus Cloud
1. Eucalyptus can be utilized to benefit both the eucalyptus private cloud and
the eucalyptus public cloud.
2. Examples of Amazon or Eucalyptus machine pictures can be run on both
clouds.
3. Its API is completely similar to all the Amazon Web Services.
4. Eucalyptus can be utilized with DevOps apparatuses like Chef and Puppet.
5. Although it isn’t as popular yet but has the potential to be an alternative to
OpenStack and CloudStack.
6. It is used to gather hybrid, public and private clouds.
7. It allows users to deliver their own data centers into a private cloud and
hence, extend the services to other organizations.

2. CloudSim: It is an open-source framework, which is used to simulate cloud

computing infrastructure and services. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab
organization and is written entirely in Java. It is used for modelling and
simulating a cloud computing environment as a means for evaluating a
hypothesis prior to software development in order to reproduce tests and results.
For example, if you were to deploy an application or a website on the cloud and
wanted to test the services and load that your product can handle and also tune
its performance to overcome bottlenecks before risking deployment, then such
evaluations could be performed by simply coding a simulation of that
environment with the help of various flexible and scalable classes provided by
the CloudSim package, free of cost.

Benefits of Simulation over the Actual Deployment:

Following are the benefits of CloudSim:

 No capital investment involved. With a simulation tool like CloudSim there
is no installation or maintenance cost.
 Easy to use and Scalable. You can change the requirements such as adding
or deleting resources by changing just a few lines of code.
 Risks can be evaluated at an earlier stage. In Cloud Computing utilization
of real testbeds limits the experiments to the scale of the testbed and makes
the reproduction of results an extremely difficult undertaking. With
simulation, you can test your product against test cases and resolve issues
before actual deployment without any limitations.
 No need for try-and-error approaches. Instead of relying on theoretical
and imprecise evaluations which can lead to inefficient service performance
and revenue generation, you can test your services in a repeatable and
controlled environment free of cost with CloudSim.
Why use CloudSim?

Below are a few reasons to opt for CloudSim:

 Open source and free of cost, so it favours researchers/developers working in
the field.
 Easy to download and set-up.
 It is more generalized and extensible to support modelling and
experimentation.
 Does not require any high-specs computer to work on.
 Provides pre-defined allocation policies and utilization models for managing
resources, and allows implementation of user-defined algorithms as well.
 The documentation provides pre-coded examples for new developers to get
familiar with the basic classes and functions.
 Tackle bottlenecks before deployment to reduce risk, lower costs, increase
performance, and raise revenue.

CloudSim Architecture:
CloudSim Layered Architecture

CloudSim Core Simulation Engine provides interfaces for the management of

resources such as VM, memory and bandwidth of virtualized Datacenters.
CloudSim layer manages the creation and execution of core entities such as
VMs, Cloudlets, Hosts etc. It also handles network-related execution along with
the provisioning of resources and their execution and management.
User Code is the layer controlled by the user. The developer can write the
requirements of the hardware specifications in this layer according to the
scenario.
Some of the most common classes used during simulation are:
 Datacenter: used for modelling the foundational hardware equipment of any
cloud environment, that is the Datacenter. This class provides methods to
specify the functional requirements of the Datacenter as well as methods to
set the allocation policies of the VMs etc.
 Host: this class executes actions related to management of virtual machines.
It also defines policies for provisioning memory and bandwidth to the virtual
machines, as well as allocating CPU cores to the virtual machines.
 VM: this class represents a virtual machine by providing data members
defining a VM’s bandwidth, RAM, mips (million instructions per second),
size while also providing setter and getter methods for these parameters.
 Cloudlet: a cloudlet class represents any task that is run on a VM, like a
processing task, or a memory access task, or a file updating task etc. It stores
parameters defining the characteristics of a task such as its length, size, mi
(million instructions) and provides methods similarly to VM class while also
providing methods that define a task’s execution time, status, cost and
history.
 DatacenterBroker: is an entity acting on behalf of the user/customer. It is
responsible for functioning of VMs, including VM creation, management,
destruction and submission of cloudlets to the VM.
 CloudSim: this is the class responsible for initializing and starting the
simulation environment after all the necessary cloud entities have been
defined and later stopping after all the entities have been destroyed.

Features of CloudSim:

CloudSim provides support for simulation and modelling of:

1. Large scale virtualized Datacenters, servers and hosts.
2. Customizable policies for provisioning host to virtual machines.
3. Energy-aware computational resources.
4. Application containers and federated clouds (joining and management of
multiple public clouds).
5. Datacenter network topologies and message-passing applications.
6. Dynamic insertion of simulation entities with stop and resume of simulation.
7. User-defined allocation and provisioning policies.

3. Nimbus: Nimbus is an open-source toolkit that, once installed on a cluster,

provides an infrastructure as a service cloud to its client via WSRF-based or
Amazon EC2 WSDL web service APIs. The mission of the software is to evolve
the infrastructure with emphasis on the needs of science, but many non-scientific
use cases are supported as well.

Nimbus supports the Xen hypervisor or KVM and virtual machine schedulers PBS
and SGE. It allows deployment of self-configured virtual clusters via
contextualization. It is configurable with respect to scheduling, networking leases,
and usage accounting.

4. Open Nebula:

OpenNebula is an open-source cloud computing platform that streamlines and

simplifies the manufacture and management of virtualized hybrid, public, and
private clouds. It is a straightforward yet feature-rich, flexible solution to build and
manage enterprise clouds and data center virtualization. You can gain control over
your cloud infrastructure with OpenNebula while enjoying flexibility and
simplicity. You can also centrally administer and monitor virtual systems on
different Hyper-V and storage systems with OpenNebula.
It supports many hypervisors like KVM, VMware, and Xen. OpenNebula also
offers compatibility with various storage backends.

This versatility enables you to leverage your existing infrastructure. This will let
you choose the storage solution that suits your needs. Thanks to OpenNebula’s
extensive APIs and CLI tools, you can integrate with existing systems seamlessly.
You can also connect OpenNebula with monitoring and billing tools. This will
enable automation and cost optimization. The platform’s vibrant community and
rich ecosystem provide valuable support. OpenNebula is there with resources to
assist you in harnessing its features effectively.

Regarding data protection – Storware Backup & Recovery from version 6.0
supports backup and recovery for OpenNebula. Get the free Trial or contact us if
you are interested in a one-on-one demo.

Importance of OpenNebula

OpenNebula is essential to IT professionals interested in better use of their Cloud

Infrastructure. It is a perfect solution for heterogeneous computing center
environments due to the variety of support provided by HyperV and Platform
independent architecture. Here are some reasons why OpenNebula is vital:

Centralized Management
It eliminates the need to switch between tools to manage different aspects of your
IT infrastructure. You get a single interface to manage your private cloud
computing needs. You can also manage your infrastructure and virtualization
needs. You can create, manage, and track your networks, storage, and virtual
machines from anywhere. The interface is user-friendly and intuitive. , It allows
you to manage your infrastructure efficiently without extensive technical
knowledge. OpenNebula also supports role-based access control. This way, you
can control who has access to specific resources and functions within the platform.

Scalability

OpenNebula is highly scalable. You can easily add or remove resources to meet
your changing needs. Depending on your requirements, you can scale your
infrastructure up or down without extra hardware or software. OpenNebula also
supports automatic resource allocation. This means you can set resource usage
policies and let the platform manage resources for you. This, in turn, makes it easy
to manage large-scale deployments without compromising performance or
efficiency.

Cost-Effectiveness

OpenNebula is an open-source platform, meaning it’s free to use and distribute.

Since you don’t need to pay for expensive licenses or subscriptions, it is a cost-
effective solution for businesses of all sizes. OpenNebula also supports a wide
range of hardware and software. This makes it easy to use existing infrastructure
and tools without extra investment.

Flexibility

OpenNebula is a flexible platform that supports a variety of virtualization

technologies. This includes KVM, VMware, and Xen. This flexibility allows you
to select the ideal virtualization technology for your needs. This, in turn, gets you
free from vendor or solution restrictions. OpenNebula also supports a range of
storage backends. This includes local disks, NFS, Ceph, and GlusterFS, giving you
flexibility in managing your storage.
 Unit – 2
Cloud Services

Types of Cloud Services:

Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications

over the Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply
access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and
hardware management. It removes the need to install and run applications on our
own computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as
well as software maintenance.

SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-

go basis from a cloud service provider. Most SaaS applications can be run
directly from a web browser without any downloads or installations required.
The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand
software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web
browser without needing to download and install any software. This reduces
the time spent in installation and configuration and can reduce the issues that
can get in the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely
on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-
demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics,
Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua,
dropBox, and Cloud Tran.
Disadvantages of Saas :
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as
on-premises software, meaning that users may have to work within the
constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor the
software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-
based, which means that they require a stable internet connection to function
properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or
for those who need to access the software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the
security of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data
breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data,
which can be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control
over their data for regulatory or other reasons.

Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment

to allow developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS
services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web
browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a
result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to
develop or run a new application. Thus, the development and deployment of the
application take place independent of the hardware.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over
the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-
hosting environment. To make it simple, take the example of an annual day
function, you will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but
the function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS:
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and
other IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus
eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and
software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete
web application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and
updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity
thus, the overall development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web
services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine,
cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
Disadvantages of Paas:
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this
can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may not
be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for
the availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a
risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain
types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution
for certain organizations.

Infrastructure as a Service
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer
infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically
IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises
such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a
per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. Some providers also
charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and
servers for developing such applications, and services, and deploying
development tools, databases, etc.
Advantages of IaaS:
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and
IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or
month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than
traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your
existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the
introduction of new releases of the development or underlying software. This
is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web
services, Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.
Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the
underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this
can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may not
be able to make certain customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and
applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions
and countries due to legal policies.

Database as a Service: Database as a Service (DBaaS) is self service/ on

demand database consumption coupled with automation of operations. As we
know cloud computing services are like pay per use so DBaaS also based on
same payment structure like how much you will use just pay for your usage. This
DBaaS provides same function as like standard traditional and relational
database models. So using DBaaS, organizations can avoid data base
configuration, management, upgradation and security.

DBaaS consists of an info manager element, that controls all underlying info
instances via API. This API is accessible to the user through a management
console, typically an online application, that the user might use to manage and
assemble the info and even provision or deprovision info instances.

Key Characteristics of DBaaS :

 A fully managed info service helps to line up, manage, and administer your
info within the cloud and conjointly offer services for hardware provisioning
and Backup.
 DBaaS permits the availability of info’s effortlessly to Database shoppers
from numerous backgrounds and IT expertise.
 Provides on demand services.
 Supported the resources offered, it delivers a versatile info platform that
tailors itself to the environment’s current desires.
 A team of consultants at your disposal, endlessly watching the Databases.
 Automates info administration and watching.
 Leverages existing servers and storage.

How does DBaaS work ?

It is a service that is added to our databases which make our daily tasks easier. It
eliminates tedious and time-consuming administration tasks and makes our tasks
simpler and more flexible. Now most of the organizations are going for DBaaS
as it helps organizations to accelerate their business performance by starting their
working with database more easily and running the workloads without delay.

Once we move our database to the cloud, we have the option to add software
deployment as a service. Doing so simplifies the processes required to make
information available through Internet-based communications. Storage
consolidation can also be useful for moving company databases to the cloud.

Advantages of DBaaS :
1. DBaaS is responsible of the info supplier to manage and maintain info
hardware and code.
2. The hefty power bills for ventilation and cooling bills to stay the servers
running area unit eliminated.
3. An organization that subscribes to DBaaS is free from hiring info developers
or constructing a info system in-house.
4. Make use of the most recent automation, straightforward outs of clouds area
unit possible at low price and fewer time.
5. Human resources needed to manage the upkeep of the system is eliminated.
6. Since DBaaS is hosted off-site, the organization is free from the hassles of
power or network failure.
7. Explore the portfolio of Oracle info as a service.

Disadvantages of DBaaS :
1. Traditional enterprises may have objections to cloud-based services
generally.
2. In case of significant failure of the DBaaS server or network, the
organization might lose its knowledge.
3. Companies already equipped with resources and IT-related human resources
might not realize DBaaS solutions economically viable.
4. Intrinsic network connected problems with cloud can impact the performance
of a DBaaS.
5. Features offered within the typical RDBMS might not perpetually be offered
during a DBaaS system.
6. The use of DBaaS may result in revenue loss in alternative areas of code
updates and hardware management.

Monitoring as a Service (MaaS): It is nothing but the service that is concerned

with monitoring the status and proper functioning of the applications and
infrastructure. It combines both cloud computing and on-premise IT
infrastructure. It is mainly concerned with the online state monitoring of our
applications, storage instances, network traffic, etc. This is very efficient and
important because any malfunctioning can be easily found and the issues are
reported as notifications to the user. Before Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)
came into existence the companies have to rely on security engineers and
penetration testers for this kind of governing activities but now after the advent
of the cloud, these activities can be automated.

In this article, we are going to explore some of the standard ‘Monitoring as a

Service’ tools with their detailed specifications. So, let’s get started:

1. Amazon CloudWatch

Amazon CloudWatch allows us to completely monitor the tech stack of our

application and infrastructure. It notifies us with alarms, logs, etc, and helps us
to take necessary actions which thereby reduces the Mean Time to Resolution
(MTTR). It also monitors the EC2 instances, Dynamo tables, etc. It is best suited
for applications hosted in AWS. The logs, alerts, and troubleshooting of these
applications can be done easily using Amazon CloudWatch. Amazon
CloudWatch does not charge for the first 50 metrics for a single dashboard. If the
metrics limit is exceeded, the user is charged with some amount. Amazon
CloudWatch can be accessed using Command Line Interface, APIs, AWS
Console.

2. Azure Monitor

It collects, monitors, and takes necessary actions on the data of the devices and
instances in the Azure and on-premises environment. It is very efficient and
identifies and resolves problems in seconds. It simply collects the data from
various sources and stores it as logs. This data can later be used for logs,
analysis, security checks, notifications, etc. The main advantage of it is that it
not only reports the issue to the user but also provides the solution to solve the
issue.

3. AppDynamics

AppDynamics is another cloud monitoring tool that is used for monitoring every
aspect of the application. It can monitor the business transactions, transaction
snapshots, tires, and nodes, etc. It also monitors the full technology stack of the
application from the database to the server. The architecture of AppDynamics is
simpler and is controlled by a central management server known as the
controller. AppDynamics was founded in 2008 by a person in WIly Technology.
Now, it is acquired by Cisco company. AppDynamics holds a rank of 9 in Cloud
100 list which is ranked by Forbes.

4. CA Unified Infrastructure Management

It is founded and released by CA technologies It is previously called a CA

Nimsoft monitor and in the later release, it is released with enhanced, alerting
and monitoring capabilities. It provides 360-degree visibility into the application
by monitoring every aspect of the infrastructure. It helps us to manage both the
modern cloud and hybrid IT infrastructure efficiently. It allows rapid setup and
configuration. It provides a wide range of possibilities in a single tool.

5. Solarwinds

The software was founded by Donald Yonce and David Yonce in Tulsa in 1999.
It is customizable and intelligent to use. However, it is not that attractive as other
tools but it gets the job done without any problems. It can support up to 1200
applications and systems. It allows us to monitor the components through
PowerShell, REST API, etc. It also has configurations for windows and Linux
which leads to faster performance.
6. ManageEngine
ManageEngine is founded by Zoho Corporation. It is also an infrastructure
monitoring tool with real-time monitoring of networks It has customizable
dashboards for users. It has more than 70 metrics for VMWare and more than 40
metrics for Hyper V. It also has inbuilt fault monitoring and alerting. But the
problem with this is, it has no hosted version. It manages the computers in
various domains and allows checks the bandwidth too. It is both available as free
edition and premium edition. The free edition starts from 495 dollars and the
cloud version starts from 645 dollars.

7. Zabbix

Zabbix is founded by Alexei Vladishev. It is one of the most popular open-

source infrastructure monitoring tools in the market. It is available on multiple
platforms like Windows, Unix, Linux, etc. It can send notifications on various
streams like SMS, email, script alerts, webhooks, etc. The main advantage is it is
open source and has a strong community for support. Zabbix allows APIs, access
controls/permissions, activity dashboard, audit trails, data visualization, CPU
monitoring, and a lot more features.

8. Nagios

Nagios is founded by Ethan Galstad. Nagios is yet another famous monitoring

tool. It periodically runs security checks on all the important aspects of the
system. It is available as both an open-source and paid enterprise solution. It is
Linux-based. The architecture of Nagios can be extended through plugins. It is
open-source and gives us full access to source code. It is more popular and is
used by companies like Uber, Twitch, Dropbox, Fiverr, 9GAG, Zalando, etc.

9. Site 24×7

It is also a monitoring tool that inspects the servers, network containers, and
visualization platforms. It runs on both Windows and Linux servers. It easily
monitors more than 60 metrics for servers. It also provides plugin integrations
for MySQL and Apache. It also provides website services like HTTP, DNS
servers, etc. Site 24×7 monitoring allows us to use APIs, Baseline managers,
Email monitoring, email alerts, event logs, mail server monitoring, reporting &
statistics, SLA, and much more.

10. Datadog

Datadog infrastructure monitoring is founded by Olivier Pompel and Alexis Le-

Quoc. It also monitors both cloud and on-premise infrastructures. It provides
visibility into the state of the components we are using. It allows us to use
consolidated dashboards giving us visibility into the infrastructure. It has a
customizable Datadog API. It has more than 400 vendor-backed integration
thereby it can give us deep insight into our IT stack. It has a broader use case, it
is used by more than 800 companies and 2000 developers. With the help of
Datadog infrastructure monitoring, we can monitor the performance and well-
being of the entire IT infrastructure.

Communication as a service (CaaS): It is a cloud-based solution provided by

cloud vendors. CaaS is a specialized variation of Software as a Service
(SaaS) which is among three basic services delivered by the cloud computing
technology. When we talk about communication, recall, in how many ways we can
communicate with others. Well, we can communicate via text message, voice call
and video call.
CaaS providers manage the hardware and software that are important for
delivering Voice over IP (VoIP) for voice communication service, and other
services like Instant Messaging (IM) to provide text communication service and
video conferencing to provide video communication service.

CaaS model provides economical services as the service users do not have to bear
the expenditure of buying and managing the communication equipment. CaaS is
favourable for small IT companies that on the verge of expansion. Let us discuss
the features of CaaS.

Features of CaaS

1. Integrated and Unified Communication

The advanced unified communication features include Chat, Multimedia
conferencing, Microsoft Outlook integration, Real-time presence, “Soft” phones
(software-based telephones), Video calls, Unified messaging and mobility.
Nowadays, CaaS vendor introduces new features to their CaaS services much
faster than ever before. It has become economical for providers to introduce a new
feature to their CaaS application faster because the end-users are benefitting from
the provider’s scalable platform infrastructure and ultimately the many end-users
using the provider’s service shares this cost of enhancement.
2. No Investment Required

As we have learnt above it is the sole responsibility of CaaS vendor to manage

hardware and software deployed to provide the communication service to their
customers. The customer only has to pay for the service he is getting from the
CaaS vendor, not for communication features deployed to provide communication
services.
3. Flexibility & Scalability

The customer can outsource the communication services form CaaS vendors. The
customers pay for what they have demanded. The customer can extend their
service requirement according to their need. This brings flexibility and scalability
in communication services and even make the service economical.
4. No Risk of Obsolescence

The CaaS vendors keep on updating their hardware and software that provide
communication services to meet the changing demands of the market. So the
customer using the services does not have to be worried about the service
obsolescence.
5. No Maintenance Cost Incurred
The customer outsourcing the CaaS service does not have to bear the cost of
maintaining the equipment deployed for providing communication services.
6. Ensure Business Continuity

If due to any calamity your business’s geographical region is affected then how
long can you continue your business? That’s why nowadays companies distribute
their data to the geographically dispersed data centre which maintain the
redundancy & help them in recovering soon after any catastrophic event.

Cloud Service Provider Companies:

Cloud Service providers (CSP) offers various services such as Software as a

Service, Platform as a service, Infrastructure as a service, network
services, business applications, mobile applications, and infrastructure in the
cloud. The cloud service providers host these services in a data center, and users
can access these services through cloud provider companies using an Internet
connection.

There are the following Cloud Service Providers Companies -

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a secure cloud service platform provided

by Amazon. It offers various services such as database storage, computing power,
content delivery, Relational Database, Simple Email, Simple Queue, and other
functionality to increase the organization's growth.

Features of AWS

AWS provides various powerful features for building scalable, cost-effective,

enterprise applications. Some important features of AWS is given below-

o AWS is scalable because it has an ability to scale the computing resources

up or down according to the organization's demand.
 o AWS is cost-effective as it works on a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
o It provides various flexible storage options.
o It offers various security services such as infrastructure security, data
encryption, monitoring & logging, identity & access control, penetration
testing, and DDoS attacks.
o It can efficiently manage and secure Windows workloads.

2. Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Azure. It supports various operating

systems, databases, programming languages, frameworks that
allow IT professionals to easily build, deploy, and manage applications through a
worldwide network. It also allows users to create different groups for related
utilities.

Features of Microsoft Azure

o Microsoft Azure provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective
o It allows developers to quickly manage applications and websites.
o It managed each resource individually.
o Its IaaS infrastructure allows us to launch a general-purpose virtual machine
in different platforms such as Windows and Linux.
o It offers a Content Delivery System (CDS) for delivering the Images,
videos, audios, and applications.
3. Google Cloud Platform

Google cloud platform is a product of Google. It consists of a set of physical

devices, such as computers, hard disk drives, and virtual machines. It also helps
organizations to simplify the migration process.

Features of Google Cloud

o Google cloud includes various big data services such as Google BigQuery,
Google CloudDataproc, Google CloudDatalab, and Google Cloud Pub/Sub.
o It provides various services related to networking, including Google Virtual
Private Cloud (VPC), Content Delivery Network, Google Cloud Load
Balancing, Google Cloud Interconnect, and Google Cloud DNS.
o It offers various scalable and high-performance
o GCP provides various serverless services such as Messaging, Data
Warehouse, Database, Compute, Storage, Data Processing, and Machine
learning (ML)
o It provides a free cloud shell environment with Boost Mode.
4. IBM Cloud Services

IBM Cloud is an open-source, faster, and more reliable platform. It is built with a
suite of advanced data and AI tools. It offers various services such as Infrastructure
as a service, Software as a service, and platform as a service. You can access its
services like compute power, cloud data & Analytics, cloud use cases, and storage
networking using internet connection.

Feature of IBM Cloud

o IBM cloud improves operational efficiency.
o Its speed and agility improve the customer's satisfaction.
o It offers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), as
well as Software as a Service (SaaS)
o It offers various cloud communications services to our IT environment.

5. Salesforce: It is a cloud-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

platform that enables businesses to manage customer data, sales operations, and
marketing campaigns. It provides various features, and tools businesses can use to
improve customer relationships, including customer segmentation, customer data
management, and customer support. Salesforce also offers a variety of integrations
with third-party applications and services, making it a powerful and versatile CRM
platform.