Engineering

Graphics

Unit 1 –

Introduction To

Engineering Drawing
Drawing:

Drawing is the art of the presentation of an object by systematic lines on paper .

Drawing is a Graphical representation of a object, part of object which is the result of
creativetity by an Engineer.
Engineering Drawing is defined as a graphical represtation of an idea,a concept which
is actually exists in life such as machine parts, tools .

Classification of drawing

1) Artistic drawing drawn with the help of free hand by artist.

2) Engineering drawing- Drawn with the help of the drawing instruments
3)
1) Artistic drawing _ The art of representation of object such as painting, cinema
slide .advertisement board etc. by the artist by his imagination or by keeping
object before him is known as Artistic Drawing

2) Engineering Drawing- The art of representation of Engineering object such as

building, roads, machine parts on a paper is called engineering drawing.
Engineering drawing is always prepared by the drawing instruments according to
some Suitable scale giving all the information is necessary for the for the construction
of an object .
The subject Engineering Drawing can be divided from engineering point of view in
the following category.
A) Geometrical Drawing
i) plain geometrical drawing
ii) solid geometrical drawing
B) Mechanical engineering drawing
C) Civil Engineering drawing
D) Electrical and electronics engineering drawing.

Mechanical Engineering drawing ( Machine drawing )

The art of representation of Mechanical engineering object such as machines ,
machine parts various components of machines on the paper is called as Mechanical
engineering drawing or Machine Drawing.
The mechanical engineering drawing is commonly used by Mechanical Engineer to
express mechanical Engineering works and project for actual execution.
Instruments/Equipment used for Drawing

Following are instruments used in Engineering Drawing :-

1) Drawing Board.
2) T-Square
3) Set Squares.
4) Scales
5) Pencil
6) Non Dust Eraser and sharpener
7) Protractor
8) Rounder or Compass
9) Divider
10) Drawing Pins
11) Roll and Draw
12) French Curve
13) Drawing Sheet
14) Sketch book.

Some important equipment’s are as follows -

1) Drawing board

 A First class Engineering board is made up of 4 to 6 strips of well

seasons soft wood such as pine, fir oak etc.
 About 18 mm thick. The wooden strips are created at the back by two
batterns by means of screw.
 One the left hand edge, of the board a straight ebony strip is fitted
against which the stock of T-Square moves.
 A drawing board is a rectangular type board that is made up of soft wood
and the main purpose of using it is to support the drawing sheet, so the
drawing board is made according to the drawing sheet.
 The wood portion is joined by a grove and tongue-type joint for
preventing cracks, at the edge of the board is straight ebony and it is
provided for the T-square usage.
  The standard size of drawing board according to Indian Standard institute (ISI)
is as follows --

SR. Designation size in mm To be used with shit size

Number length x width x thickness
1 D0 1500 x 1000 x 25 A0
2 D1 1000 x 700 x 25 A1
3 D2 700 x500 x 15 A2
4 D 3 500 x350 x15 A3

Use of drawing board

1) The flat surface of the board is used to hold while the drawing is being made.
2) the ebony age of the board is used as a guide for the stock of T- square

2) T- Square
 T-Square is s made up of hard quality wood such as Teak or Mahogany etc.
There are two essential parts of t- square name the stock and the blade.
 The blades are fitted with an Abony or Plastic piece to form a working edge of
the T-Square.
 The Two parts being held securely together at the Right angle to each other by
means of the screw in order to form a straight edge of the blade.
 The working length of T- Square is equal to the length of Drawing board.
USE OF T-Square

1) T- Square is mainly used for drawing Horizontal line.

2) T-Square is used for drawing various angles with the help of Set –Square.
3)
4) Set square
 The set- square is made up of transparent plastic or cellulose material .
 The Set- square made up of transparent Cellulose material is more satisfactory
as the line under neaath the Set square can be seen quite easily .
 Types of Set-Square :- The Set-Square are of following type
1) 300- 60 0 set square
2) 45 0 set square.
1) The 300- 600 set square has three edge. One of which form 90 0 and other edge
forms 30 0 and 60 0 with the other side respectively .
2)
The 450 Set- square is similar to the 30 0- 60 0 set square but its edge form an
isosceles triangle in which two of the angle are of 45 0 each and other one is
90 0
 Size of the Set-Squares
The set square can be available in different suitable length but 30 0,60 0 set square of
250 mm and 450 set square of 200 mm are more suitable for the he general purpose.
 Uses of set – Square

 Set-squares are used for drawing all straight lines except the horizontal line
which are usually drawn with T- square.
 The perpendicular lines or the lines at 30 0,60 0, 90 0 to the horizontal line can
be drawn by the set square
1) The perpendicular lines or the lines inclined at 45 0 and 90 0 to the horizontal
can be drawn by using the Set- square.
2) By using two set square angles of 15 0, 75 0, 105 0can be drawn.
 4. Compass or Rounder

 It is used fir drawing circles and arcs of circles of various required size.
 This compass instrument is made of steel material and consists of two legs, one
leg contains a needle at the bottom and the other leg contains a ring that rings
placing a pencil for making a circle.
 This needle tip is placed at the respected point and the pencil tip is adjusted
according to your dimension. This compass is used to draw the circle, and arc
with a dimension on engineering drawing.
 This compass instrument is made of steel material and consists of two legs, one
leg contains a needle at the bottom and the other leg contains a ring that rings
placing a pencil for making a circle.
 This needle tip is placed at the respected point and the pencil tip is adjusted
according to your dimension. This compass is used to draw the circle, and arc
with a dimension on engineering drawing

5. Divider-

 The divider is used for dividing straight or curved lines into desired number of
equal parts.
 The instrument consists of two metal legs as in the compass except for the fact
that two steel points are provided instead of pencil point.
6. Scale
 All instruments of lengths or distance on a drawing are made with the scales.
 The scale is the measuring stick, having graduation on it with different division
to represent the corresponding actual distance of ground according to some fix
proportion.
 The scale are either flat or triangular and the material used in this construction
maybe wood, celluloid ,metals , plastic.
7 ) Roller scale or Roller

 A Roller scale is a multipurpose instrument that allows you to draw a horizontal

parallel line, vertical parallel line as well as crosshatching, triangle, and angles.
 The biggest advantage is that it the easy to use and easy to draw projection lines
and also not like fixing like a mini drafter on the sheet and drawing board.

8) Pencil
 The pencil is used for preparing the drawing on the sheet. The accuracy of the
drawing depends upon the quality of the pencil used.
 The pencil of various grades easily recognized by the letters marked on the
pencil.

Grade of Pencil Hardness

9H Hardest
6H,5H,4H Extremely Hard
3H Very Hard
2H Hard
F Firm
H Moderately Hard
HB Medium
B Moderately soft and black
2B Soft and black
3B Very Soft and Black
4B,5B and 6B Very soft and very black
7B Softest

 Usually the Hard pencil H,2H is uses for making Engineering Drawing but for
the purpose of lettering, figures and sketching Soft pencil such as HB or H can
be used.

9) Pro tractor

 Protractors are used for measuring or constructing angles which cannot be

obtained by the set square.
 This protector is used to measure the accurate angle as well as draw the line in
the drawing sheet; it is made of plastic material and transparent in nature.

 The shape of the protector is a semi-circle and the edge part of the semi-circle is
consisting reading with one-degree accuracy.
 The bottom portion of a protector is marked 0 degrees to 180 degrees.
10) Mini Drafter

 Mini Drafter is a drawing instrument that is used for multiple functions in

drawing.
 It contains two arms it is adjustable in nature so that you can set it according to
required angle and at the lower end , arm a scale is attached.
 Also, the scale set contains the two scales that are perpendicular to each other,
and it is used for inclined lines, parallel lines, angles, perpendicular lines,
vertical lines, etc.
11) Circle Master/Pro-circle

 Circle Master or Pro circle is a very useful template-type engineering drawing

instruments that allow to you quickly draw the various radius of circles.
 It is a circular or flat plate with various-sized holes punched on the top of the
surface
12) French Curve

 French curve is made up of plastic or steel and is used for drawing small
arcs and long splines.
 It is used in drawing Engineering curves.
13) Paper Holders/Drawing clips

 When the drawing sheet is put on the drawing board it may not be fixed in
position so that this paper holder or clips are used for putting the sheet in place.
 Commonly the paper holders are clips, spring clips, stick tape, thumb pins, etc,
but care should be taken while removing the stick tap or clips otherwise the
drawing sheet may damage.
Types of Lines
 DIMENSIONING

 The main aim of drawing is to represent the correct size of the object to be
manufactured or constructed.
 It is necessary that the drawing must be carry out thr proper dimensions and
other information of the parts of an object.
 The correct dimensioning helps the manufacturer in creating pats where as the
wong dimensions may cause confusion and may lead to loss of time,labour,
material and money.

Dimensioning

 The art of writing sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is

known as dimensioining.
 Dimensioning represent all the sizes and other information necessary to define
the object completely.
 Dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for correct
functioning of the parts to be assembled.

Notation of Dimensioning –
 Notation of Dimensioning consists of dimension line,extension line,arrow
head, dimensinon figure,notes.symbol. etc.
These notation are as follows-
1) Dimension line-Dimensioon lines are thin continuous lines used to indicate
measurement of an object.It is shown by figure in a space above the
dimension line,
2) Extension line-Extension line is also thin continuous line used to indicate
the measurement of an object. It shuld be extend about 3 mm beyond the
dimensioning line.
3) Arrow head- The Arrow Head used to terminate the Dimension line.These
Touches the extension line and indicate the extension of a dimension. The
length of Arrw head is Three times its width.
4) Dimension Figure- The figure that indicates the size of a particular featyre
of an object is called as dimension figure.
5) Notes- The Note on Drawing gives complete information regarding specific
operation related to a feature.
Systems of placing Dimensioning

Following are the two recommended systems 0f placing the dimensions on a finished
drawing.
1. Aligned system
2. Uni-Directional system

1. Aligned system-
 In this system the dimensions are soplaced that it may be visible from
bottam or right hand edge hand edge of the drawing sheet.
 Here all the dimensions are placed normal and above the dimension line.

2. Uni-directional system-
 In this system the dimensions are so placed that it may be read from bottom
side of the drawing sheet.
 Here is no restriction on controlling on the dimension lnes.
 Unidirectional system of placing the dimension are used on largs drawing
such as crafts, automobiles etc.

Unit of Dimensions:-

All the dimensions should be given in the dimension in unit millimeter.

The symbol of Unit millimeter is mm.
The symbol is omitted from writing in every dimension as Note is added at the
bottom of Title block that “All the dimensions in mm”.
 FOUR QUADRANTS

 The plane which is Horizontal and Perpendicular to vertical plane is called as

Horizonatal Plane.
 Horizontal plane is denoted by ( H.P).
 Top view is always projected in H.P.
 The plane is Verical and Perpendicular to Horizontal plane is called as Vertical
plane.
 Vertical plane is denoted by (V.P.)
 Front is always projected VP.
 If the horizontal and vertical plane of projection is assumes to extended beyod
the line of interaction then four dihedral are formed which are known as
Quadrants.
 These are FOUR uadrants namely called as first quadrant .second quadrant,
Third Quadrant_ and Fourth Quadrant.
 The position of the object placed is placed in any one of the quadarant is
discussed below:
1) First Quadrant – Above H.P and Infront of V.P.
2) Second Quardant-Above the H.P. and behind the V.P.
3) Third Quadrant- Below the H.P. and behind the V.P.
4) Fourth Quadrant - Below the H.P. and Infront of the V.P.

Fig.--- Four Quadrant

 Drawing sheet layout

 In Engineering Drawing, the preparation of Drawing depends upon large extend

on the Drawing sheet.
 For this, Engineer musts know standard rules and conventions of drawing.
 In addition Engineer must keep in mind the margin, the title block ,part list,
revision panel etc. so as to facilitate the reading of drawing.

LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEET:-

The selection of suitable scale and Allotment of proper space for Margin,Title
Block,Folding marks ,Revision panel on the Drawing sheet is Knowns as Layout of
Drawing sheet.
 1) Margin :-

 A margin is provided around the sheet ( Arroximately 10 mm) by drawing the

marginal lines.
 At the lect Edege of Ppaer slightly Grater Margin is provided(20 mm) so as to
pinching,filing, binding can be done at Left End.
 The provisional of marginal lines will enable prints to be trimeed along margin
lines. Prints after trimming would recommended sizes of the sheet.
2) Border Lines-
The Clear working space on the drawing sheet is obtained by drawing border lines in
general practice.
More space is kept ( around 20 mm) on the left side for binding when necessary.
3) Title Block ( Name Plate)

 Title Block ( Name Plate) is an important feature in Drawing because it gives

all the information of prepared drawing.Title block is provded at the Right hand
bottam corner of the Drawing sheet.
 AS per Indian Standars Institute (I.S.I) the recommended size of the Title Block
is 185 mm x 65 mm for all designation.
 All the Title block should contains at least the following information:
1) Name of the title of drawing.
2) Deawing Number.
3) Sccale
4) Symboll of method of preparation
 5) Name of the firm/ Istitute
6) Class
7) Date
8) Signature of staff who check and approved the Drawing sheet.

4) List of Parts

 When the Drawing of different parts of a machine are drawn in a single sheet ,
the list of these parts prepared in another rectangular tabular form above or
beside the title bock.
 List of table should contains following particulars-
1) The item or part number.
2) Title of part.
3) Number or Quantity Required.
4) Material specification
5) Cross references to other detail drawing.

5) Revision panel
 It is important that Drawing sheet should record all the alteration or revision
which are to be made time to time.
 For this purpose ,one conventional form of revision panel is drawn at the right
hand corner of cheet.
 Revision done should be recored in it with revision number, letter, date,zone,
signature of Approving authority and detail about the revision made.

6) Nubering the sheets

 When there are more than one sheet is required for drawing or part
assembly and particular sheet is in form one such drawing , the
numbering should show the number of the particular sheet.

7) Folding marks and Folding sheet

Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate the foding of print for the pupose of
filling and bindng in the proper and easy manner.
 Orthographic projection

 The projection or view obtained on a plane of projection when the projectors

are parallel to each other but perpendicular to the plane of projection is known
as ortographic Projection.

 There are TWO types of orthographic projection-

1) First angle projection
2) Third angle Projection.

1) First Angle projection

 In First angle of projection, the object is situated in First Quadrant..

 The position of oblect can be situated on the H.P.and Infront of V.P.
 In the first Quadrant, with reference to the Front View the other views arranged
as follows.—
1. The Front View ( Elevation ) is palced above the reference line.
2 .The View from above ( Top View- Plan) is placed below the Front view.
3. The view from Right ( Right hand side view) is placed Left to Front view.
4. The view from Left ( left hand side view) is placed Right to Front view.
5. Both Side Views are located above the Reference Line.
Symbol for FIRST Angle method of Projection

B) Third Angle method of Projection

 In Third angle of Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the

Third Quardant.
 The position of object said to be below HP and Behind VP.
 In Third Angle Projection, the views are arranged as follows
1) The Top View(Plan) is above the Referance Line.
2) The Front View ( Elevation) is arranged below the Top View.
3) Right Hand Side view is located at Right side of Front View.
4) Left Hand side view is licated at the left side of Front view
5) Both side views are located below the Reference line.
Symbol of Third Angle of Projection
Comparison of First and Third Angle projection

Sr. First Angle projection Third Angle projection

No
1 The object is placed in the The object is placed in the
First quadrant. Third quadrant.
2 The object is placed between the The plane of projection is placed
plane of projection and observer. between the object and observer.
3 Plane of projection is assumed to be Plane of projection is assumed to be
non tranperent. Tranperent.
4 Front view is at the top of the Front view at the bottom of the
horizontal axis. horizontal axis.
5 Top view at the bottom of the Top view at the top of horizontal
horizontal axis. axis.
6 Right Hand side view ( RHSV) is at Right Hand side view ( RHSV) is
the left side of vertical axis. at the right side of vertical axis.
7 Left hand side view( LHSV) is at Left hand side view( LHSV) is at
the right side of vertical axis. the left side of vertical axis.
8