Explain the difference between primary and secondary evidence.
What is the presumption regarding electronic records?
Define estoppel under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
Who is a competent witness?
Explain the order of examination of witnesses.
What are leading questions? When can they be asked?
Write a short note on the burden of proof.
What is the role of the Judge during the examination of witnesses?
1. Primary evidence is the _______ document produced for inspection.
(Answer: original)
2. The burden of proof lies on the person who _______ the fact.
(Answer: asserts)
3. _______ questions are not generally permitted in examination-in-chief.
(Answer: Leading)
4. Electronic records are presumed to be _______ unless proven otherwise.
(Answer: genuine)
5. The process of examining a witness by the opposite party is called _______.
(Answer: Cross-examination)
6. Under Section 102, _______ prevents a person from denying earlier admissions.
(Answer: Estoppel)
1. Primary evidence is the _______ document produced in court.
(Answer: original)
2. Electronic records must be properly _______ to be admissible.
(Answer: certified)
3. The burden of proof lies on the person who _______ a fact.
(Answer: asserts)
4. Presumption as to dowry death applies when the wife dies within _______ years of
marriage.
(Answer: seven)
5. Leading questions are permitted during _______ examination.
(Answer: cross)
6. A _______ witness can be cross-examined by the party who called him.
(Answer: hostile)
7. Privileged communication between lawyer and client is _______ from disclosure.
(Answer: protected)
8. Res Judicata means a matter once _______ cannot be re-litigated.
(Answer: decided)
📝 MCQs
1. What is primary evidence?
a) A certified copy
b) The original document
c) Oral account of document contents
✔️Answer: b)
2. Who bears the burden of proof?
a) Defendant
b) Judge
c) Person who asserts a fact
✔️Answer: c)
3. Presumption as to dowry death arises if the wife dies within:
a) 3 years
b) 5 years
c) 7 years
✔️Answer: c)
4. Which of the following is NOT a privileged communication?
a) Husband-wife conversation during marriage
b) Lawyer-client conversation
c) Conversation between friends
✔️Answer: c)
5. Who is a hostile witness?
a) Witness who supports the calling party
b) Witness who resiles from prior statement
c) Witness who refuses to answer
✔️Answer: b)
6. Leading questions can be asked in:
a) Chief examination
b) Cross-examination
c) Re-examination
✔️Answer: b)
7. Which section deals with refreshing memory?
a) Section 121
b) Section 139
c) Section 159
✔️Answer: c)
8. Which rule prevents re-litigation of a decided matter?
a) Estoppel
b) Res Judicata
c) Waiver
✔️Answer: b)
📝 MCQs
1. What is primary evidence?
a) Copy of a document
b) Original document produced in court
c) Photocopy of a document
d) None of the above
✔️Answer: b)
2. Who bears the burden of proof?
a) Defendant
b) Plaintiff
c) Person who asserts a fact
d) Judge
✔️Answer: c)
3. Which type of questions are generally not allowed in chief examination?
a) Leading questions
b) Cross questions
c) Direct questions
d) None of the above
✔️Answer: a)
4. What is estoppel?
a) Burden of proof
b) Rule preventing denial of earlier admissions
c) Right to re-examine
d) None of the above
✔️Answer: b)
5. Which section allows the Judge to ask questions in court?
a) Section 164
b) Section 121
c) Section 102
d) Section 65
✔️Answer: a)
6. Who is a competent witness?
a) Only adults
b) All persons unless disqualified
c) Only government officials
d) Only experts
✔️Answer: b)
