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ID: 3580533b
In recent years, economists around the world have created new tools that quantify the overall well-being
of a country’s citizens. Economists in India, for example, use an Ease of Living Index. This tool ______
economic potential, sustainability, and citizens’ quality of life.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. measures
B. had measured
C. would have measured
D. will have been measuring
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ID: 69f031ab
While exploring Nevada’s Gypsum Cave in 1930, Seneca and Abenaki archaeologist Bertha Parker made
her most famous discovery: the skull of a now-extinct ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) alongside
human-made tools. Parker’s crucial finding was the first ______ humans in North America as far back as
10,000 years ago.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. places
B. placed
C. place
D. to place
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ID: f4fd123c
The African Games Co-production Market, one of over 180 annual international conferences supporting
video game development, ______ the growth of the African gaming industry by helping start-up studios in
Africa find partners.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. promote
B. are promoting
C. promotes
D. have promoted
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ID: b260c65a
Earth is not a perfect sphere. Due to the ______ gravitational pull, Earth bulges out on the sides closest to
and farthest from the Moon. This distorting pull is known as a tidal force, and it is responsible for the
changes in water levels that are called high and low tides.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Moon’s
B. Moons
C. Moons’
D. Moon
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ID: 7c48a6dd
In the late 1960s, inspired in part by the sight of laundry hanging on a clothesline, African American
abstract painter Sam Gilliam began to create his iconic “Drape” paintings. He applied bold, saturated hues
to large canvases and ______ them from ceilings or walls, causing the drooping fabric to cascade in
dramatic loops and curves.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. to have suspended
B. suspending
C. to suspend
D. suspended
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ID: fff4c7f4
American poet Emily Dickinson wrote many of her poems on scraps of paper, but she also took steps to
collect these works. From 1858 to around 1864, for example, she copied more than 800 of ______ into
forty homemade booklets (known as fascicles).
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. them
B. this
C. that
D. it
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ID: e2759b92
Occupying a significant part of modern-day Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin was one of the major powers in
West Africa between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. It ______ ruled by Oba Ewuare I from 1440 to
1473.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. was
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ID: 31362d2d
If simple sugars such as ribose and glycolaldehyde ______ Earth from elsewhere and survived impact—a
possibility astrophysicist Nicolle Zellner outlined in a 2020 study—the sugars could have reacted with
other molecules that were already present on the planet to form the nucleotides that are the structural
components of RNA and DNA.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. reach
B. had reached
C. will reach
D. are reaching
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ID: 1d971f75
Photographer Ansel Adams’s landscape portraits are iconic pieces of American art. However, many of the
______ of landscapes were intended not as art but as marketing; a concessions company at Yosemite
National Park had hired Adams to take pictures of the park for restaurant menus and brochures.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. photographer’s early photo’s
B. photographers early photo’s
C. photographer’s early photos
D. photographers early photos
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ID: 4c9a2aee
Wanda Diaz-Merced is an astrophysicist who lost her sight when she was young. Diaz-Merced’s condition
inspired her to develop software that can translate scientific data into sound. Sound-based tools ______
scientists to detect subtle patterns in data. Such patterns may not be evident in traditional graphs.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. has enabled
B. enable
C. is enabling
D. enables
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ID: 81ac953e
In 1899, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius developed an equation to answer a long-standing question:
why do chemical reactions speed up at higher temperatures? The Arrhenius equation, named for its
creator, ______ an important concept in modern chemistry.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. have remained
B. remain
C. remains
D. are remaining
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ID: ec08463d
Botanists recognize over fifty different species of sunflower. One species, the silverleaf sunflower, ______
both an early-flowering ecotype that tends to grow in coastal areas and a late-flowering ecotype that
grows inland.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. having included
B. including
C. to include
D. includes
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ID: 4a90a978
In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of the Intelligent Systems
Technology Branch at a NASA research center ______ the space agency’s astronaut training program.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. to join
B. is joining
C. joined
D. joins
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ID: 588887b9
In 1881, French chemist Camille Faure redesigned the rechargeable lead-acid battery. Faure’s design
greatly increased the amount of electricity that the original battery, which the French physicist Gaston
Planté ______ fifteen years earlier, could hold.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. is inventing
B. will invent
C. invents
D. had invented
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