Women In African Colonial Histories

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Women In African Colonial Histories

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.
there selected to pronounce a funeral oration on the death of
Washington. The latter years of his life were embarrassed by want,
and it was while confined for debt in the limits of Spottsylvania
county, that he prepared for publication his excellent Memoirs of the
Southern Campaign. He was severely wounded during the riot in
Baltimore, in 1814, and his health rapidly declined. He died on
Cumberland island, Georgia, in 1818.

LEE, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT, a signer of the declaration of

independence, was born in Virginia, in 1734. He inherited a large
fortune, and in 1765, became a member of the house of burgesses
of his native state, and continued in that body till 1775, when he
was chosen a member of the continental congress. He remained in
this assembly till 1779, when he entered the legislature of his native
state. He died in 1797.

LEE, RICHARD HENRY, an eminent patriot, and signer of the

declaration of independence, was born in Virginia, in 1732, and
received his education in England. He returned to his native country
when in his nineteenth year, and devoted himself to the general
study of history, politics, law, and polite literature, without engaging
in any particular profession. In his twenty-fifth year, he was chosen a
delegate to the house of burgesses, where he soon distinguished
himself by his powers in debate. In 1764, he was appointed to
draught an address to the king, and a memorial to the house of
lords, which are among the best state papers of the period. His
efforts in resisting the various encroachments of the British
government were indefatigable, and in 1774, he attended the first
general congress at Philadelphia, as a delegate from Virginia. He was
a member of most of the important committees of this body, and
labored with unceasing vigilance and energy. The memorial of
congress to the people of British America, and the second address of
congress to the people of Great Britain, were both from his pen. In
June, 1776, he introduced the measure that declared the colonies
free and independent states, and supported it by a speech of the
most brilliant eloquence. He continued to hold a seat in congress till
June, 1777, when he solicited leave of absence, on account of the
delicate state of his health. In August of the next year, he was again
elected to congress, and continued in that body till 1780, when he
declined a re-election till 1784. In that year he was chosen president
of congress, but retired at the close of it, and in 1786, was again
chosen a member of the Virginia assembly. He was a member of the
convention which adopted the present constitution of the United
States, and one of the first senators under it. In 1792, he again
retired from public life, and died in 1794.

LEWIS, MERIWETHER, a celebrated explorer, was born in Virginia, in

1774, and, after receiving a good school education, engaged in
agriculture. When general Washington called out a body of militia in
consequence of the discontent produced by the excise taxes, young
Lewis entered as a volunteer, and from that situation was removed
to the regular service. In 1803, he was sent by president Jefferson
on an exploring expedition to the north-western part of our
continent; and of this expedition, which was completed in about
three years, and in which he was accompanied by Mr. Clarke, a
highly interesting account was afterwards published. Lewis was
subsequently appointed governor of the Louisiana territory. He put
an end to his own life in 1809. He was a man of energy,
perseverance, and of a sound understanding.

LINCOLN, BENJAMIN, a major-general in the revolutionary army,

was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1733, and until the age of
forty years was engaged in the pursuits of agriculture. At the
commencement of the revolution, he was elected a member of the
provincial congress, in 1776, received the commission of major-
general, and employed himself vigorously to improve the discipline
of the militia. He was second in command in the army which
compelled the surrender of Burgoyne. On the day after the battle of
Stillwater, he received a dangerous wound in his leg, and was
confined for several months by its effects. In the following year, he
was appointed to the command of the southern department, and
while in this post he attempted the defence of Charleston, but was
compelled to capitulate in May, 1780. He was exchanged in
November, and in the spring following joined the army on the North
river. At the siege of Yorktown he commanded a central division, and
shared largely in the dangers and honors of the day. In 1781, he
was appointed secretary of the war department, and afterwards on
several occasions commissioner to treat with the Indians. On the
establishment of peace, he returned to his native state, and in 1787,
was appointed to command the troops employed in the suppression
of the insurgents in Massachusetts. In 1788, he was chosen
lieutenant governor, and in the following year he was a member of
the convention which ratified the constitution of the United States.
He died in 1810. He was the author of several published letters and
essays; a member of the American Academy of the Arts and
Sciences; and president of the society of Cincinnati of
Massachusetts.

LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R., a celebrated statesman and lawyer, was

born in New York, and was educated at King’s college. He engaged
in the profession of the law, and was elected to the first general
congress of the colonies, where he was one of the committee
appointed to prepare the declaration of independence. In 1780, he
was appointed secretary of foreign affairs, and at the adoption of the
constitution at New York, chancellor of that state. This last office he
held till 1801, when he was sent minister plenipotentiary to France.
It was in Paris that he formed a personal friendship with Robert
Fulton, whom he materially assisted. In 1805, he returned to the
United States, and devoted the remainder of his life to the
promotion of agriculture and the arts. He died in 1813.

LOWELL, JOHN, an eminent lawyer, was born at Newbury, in 1744,

and was educated at Harvard college. He studied law, and rising to
reputation, in 1761, he removed to Boston, and soon distinguished
himself by his political knowledge and eloquence. In 1781, he was
elected a member of congress, and on the establishment of the
federal government, was appointed a judge of the circuit court of
the United States. In these situations he was much respected for his
legal knowledge and dignity. He died in 1802.

LOWNDES, WILLIAM, a celebrated statesman, was a native of

South Carolina, and was for many years a distinguished member of
congress. His mind was vigorous, comprehensive, and logical; and
his disposition eminently kind, frank, and generous. He was in a high
degree ardent and patriotic. He entered congress in 1812, and
retained his seat for about ten years, when ill health compelled him
to resign. In 1818, he was chairman of the committee of ways and
means. He died at sea, in October, 1822, at the age of forty-two. It
was said of him in the house, by Mr. Taylor of New York, that ‘the
highest and best hopes of the country looked to William Lowndes for
their fulfilment. The most honorable office in the civilized world, the
chief magistracy of this free people, would have been illustrated by
his virtues and talents.’

M’KEAN, THOMAS, an eminent judge, and a signer of the

declaration of independence, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1734,
and, after a course of academic and professional studies, was
admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one years. His political
career commenced in 1762, when he was returned a member of the
assembly from the county of Newcastle. He was a member of the
congress which assembled in New York, in 1765, to obtain relief of
the British government for the grievances under which the colonies
were suffering. In this body he behaved with much decision and
energy. In 1774, he was appointed to the general congress, a
delegate from the lower counties in Delaware, and was the only man
who, without intermission, was a member during the whole period.
Of this body he was president in 1781. In 1777, he was appointed
chief justice of Pennsylvania, and discharged the duties of this office
with impartiality and dignity, for twenty-two years. In 1799, he was
elected governor of the state of Pennsylvania, and his administration
continued for nine years. In 1808, he retired from public life, and
died, much respected and honored, in 1817.
 MARION, FRANCIS, a distinguished officer of the revolutionary
army, was born in South Carolina, in 1732, and first served in 1761,
as a lieutenant against the Cherokees. Soon after the
commencement of the revolution, he received a major’s commission,
and in 1780, he obtained that of brigadier-general. He continually
surprised and captured parties of the British and the royalists, by the
secrecy and rapidity of his movements. On the evacuation of
Charleston, he retired to his plantation, where he died in 1795. He
was bold, generous, and severe in his discipline.

MASON, GEORGE, a statesman, was a member of the general

convention, which, in 1787, framed the constitution of the United
States, but refused to sign his name as one of that body to the
instrument which they had produced. In the following year, he was a
member of the Virginia convention, to consider the proposed plan of
federal government. In union with Henry, he opposed its adoption
with great energy, and is the author of one of the articles inserted
among the amendments of that instrument. So averse was he to the
section which allowed the slave-trade for twenty years, that he
declared his vote should be cast against the admission of the
southern states into the Union, unless they would agree to
discontinue the traffic. He died at his seat in Virginia, in the autumn
of 1792, at the age of sixty-seven.

MASON, JOHN MITCHELL, a divine and pulpit orator, was born in the
city of New York, in 1770, and after graduating at Columbia college,
prepared himself for the sacred ministry. His theological studies were
completed in Europe. In 1792, he returned to New York, and was
established in the ministry at that place till 1811, when he accepted
the appointment of provost in Columbia college. This situation his ill
health obliged him to resign, and he visited Europe to repair his
constitution. On his return, in 1817, he again resumed his labors in
preaching, and in 1821, undertook the charge of Dickinson college,
in Pennsylvania. In 1824, he returned to New York, and died in
1829. He was the author of Letters on Frequent Communion; A Plea
for Sacramental Communion on Catholic Principles; and a number of
essays, reviews, orations, and sermons, published at different times.

MATHER, INCREASE, a learned divine, was born at Dorchester, in

1639, was educated to the ministry, and was settled in the North
church, Boston, in 1664. He continued there for sixty-two years,
discharging the duties of his sacred office with zeal and ability. In
1685, he was appointed to the presidency of Harvard college, which
he resigned in 1701. He died in 1723. He was an indefatigable
student, and published a variety of works on religion, politics,
history, and philosophy.

MATHER, COTTON, a celebrated divine, son of the preceding, was

born in February, 1663, and was educated for the profession of
theology. In 1684, he was ordained minister of the North church in
Boston, as colleague with his father. He died in 1728. His learning
was marvellous, but his taste was eccentric, and he was very
pedantic and credulous. His publications are 382 in number; the
most celebrated of which is Magnalia Christi Americani.

M’DONOUGH, THOMAS, a distinguished naval officer, was born in

Newcastle county, Delaware, and after his father’s death in 1796, he
obtained a midshipman’s warrant, and went out with our fleet to the
Mediterranean. In 1812, at the age of twenty-seven, he commanded
the American forces on lake Champlain. In the battle of
September 11, 1814, after an action of two hours and twenty
minutes, he obtained a complete victory, which he announced to the
war department in the following terms:—‘The Almighty has been
pleased to grant us a signal victory on lake Champlain, in the
capture of one frigate, one brig, and two sloops of war of the
enemy.’ The state of New York gave him a thousand acres of land on
the bay in which the battle was fought. He died in November, 1825,
at about the age of thirty-nine years.

MIDDLETON, ARTHUR, a signer of the declaration of

independence, was born in South Carolina, in 1743, and received his
education in Europe. Soon after his return home, he began to take
an active part in the revolutionary movements, and in 1776, was
chosen one of the delegates from his native state to the American
congress. At the close of the year 1777, he resigned his seat, leaving
behind a character for the purest patriotism and unwavering
resolution. In the year 1779, many of the southern plantations were
ravaged, and that of Mr. Middleton did not escape. On the surrender
of Charleston, he was taken prisoner, and kept in confinement for
nearly a year. In 1781, he was appointed a representative to
congress, and again in 1782. In the latter year he went into
retirement, and died in 1787.

MONROE, JAMES, was born in Virginia, in 1759, and was educated

in William and Mary college. He entered the revolutionary war, in
1776, as a cadet, was at the battles of Haerlem Heights and White
Plains, and in the attack on Trenton, and rose through the rank of
lieutenant to that of captain. He was present at the battles of
Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as aid to lord Sterling.
Resuming the study of the law, he entered the office of
Mr. Jefferson, and after being a member of the assembly of Virginia
and the council, he was elected, in 1783, a member of the old
congress. In 1790, he was elected a member of the senate of the
United States, in 1794, went as minister plenipotentiary to France,
and in 1799, was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1803, he was
appointed minister extraordinary to France, in the same year
minister to London, and in the next minister to Spain. In 1806, he
was again appointed, in conjunction with Mr. William Pinkney,
minister to London. He was subsequently governor of Virginia; in
1811, was appointed secretary of state, and continued to exercise
the duties of this department, and for some time those of the
department of war till 1817. In that year he was chosen president of
the Union, and in 1821, was re-elected by a vote unanimous, with
the single exception of one vote in New Hampshire. He died in New
York, on the fourth of July, 1831.
 MONTGOMERY, RICHARD, a major-general in the army of the
revolution, was born in Ireland, in 1737. He entered the British army,
and fought with Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, in 1759. He
subsequently left the army and settled in New York. Joining the
cause of the colonies, he was appointed a general in the northern
army, and fell at the assault on Quebec, in 1775. By a vote of
congress, a monument of white marble, with emblematical devices,
was executed by Mr. Cassiers, at Paris, and is erected to his memory
in front of St. Paul’s church, New York. His remains, in pursuance of
a resolve of the New York legislature, were disinterred by his
nephew, colonel Livingston, in June, 1818, the place of their burial
having been pointed out by an old soldier, who attended their burial
forty-two years before. They were removed to New York, and again
interred in St. Paul’s church, with the highest civil and military
honors. His widow was then living.

MORGAN, DANIEL, a distinguished officer in the army of the

American revolution, was born in New Jersey, and removed to
Virginia in 1755. He enlisted in Braddock’s expedition as a private
soldier, and on the defeat of that general, returned to his occupation
as a farmer. At the commencement of the revolution he was
appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and joined the army
under Washington, then in the neighborhood of Boston. He
distinguished himself very much in the expedition against Quebec,
where he fell into the hands of the enemy. On the exchange of
prisoners, he rejoined the American army, was appointed to the
command of a select rifle corps, and detached to assist general
Gates on the northern frontier, where he contributed materially to
the capture of general Burgoyne. After a short retirement from
service, on account of ill health, he was appointed brigadier-general
by brevet, and commanded the force by which colonel Tarleton was
routed at the battle of Cowpens. He soon after resigned his
commission. In 1794, he commanded the militia of Virginia called
out to suppress the insurrection in Pennsylvania, and continued in
the service till 1795. He afterwards was elected to a seat in
congress. He died in 1799.
 MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, an eminent statesman and orator, was born
at Morrisania, near the city of New York, in 1752, was graduated at
King’s college in 1768, and licensed to practice law in 1771. In 1775,
he was a member of the provincial congress of New York, and was
one of the committee which drafted a constitution for the state of
New York. In 1777, he was chosen a delegate to the continental
congress, and in the following year wrote the celebrated
Observations on the American Revolution. In 1781, he accepted the
post of assistant superintendent of finance, as colleague of Robert
Morris; and in 1787, was a member of the convention which framed
the constitution of the United States. In 1792, he was appointed
minister plenipotentiary to France, and held this station till his recall
by the request of the French government, in 1794. In 1800, he was
elected a senator in congress from the state of New York, and in this
body was very conspicuous for his political information and his
brilliant eloquence. Many of his speeches in congress and orations
have been published; and a selection from his correspondence and
other valuable papers, with a biographical sketch, by Mr. Jared
Sparks, was issued in 1832.

MORRIS, LEWIS, a signer of the declaration of independence, was

born at the manor of Morrisania, near the city of New York, in 1726.
He was educated at Yale college, and took an early part in the cause
of the colonies. In 1775, he was elected a delegate to the
continental congress, and while in this body served on several of the
most important committees. His rich estates were laid waste by the
British army in 1776. He left congress in 1777, and died in 1798.
Three of his sons served with distinction in the revolutionary army.

MORRIS, ROBERT, a celebrated financier, was a native of England,

removed with his father to America, at an early age, and
subsequently established himself as a merchant in Philadelphia. In
1775, he was appointed a delegate to congress, and signed the
declaration of independence in the following year. In 1781, he was
appointed superintendent of finance, and rendered incalculable
service by his wealth and credit during the exhausted state of our
public funds. It has been said, and with much truth, that ‘the
Americans owed, and still owe, as much acknowledgment to the
financial operations of Robert Morris, as to the negotiations of
Benjamin Franklin, or even to the arms of George Washington.’ He
was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of
the United States in 1787, and afterwards a senator in congress. In
his old age he lost his ample fortune, by unfortunate land
speculations, and passed the last years of his life confined in prison
for debt. He died in 1806.

MOULTRIE, WILLIAM, a major-general in the army of the

revolution, was born in England, but emigrated to South Carolina at
an early age. He served with distinction in the Cherokee war, in
1760, and in its last campaign commanded a company. At the
commencement of the revolution, he was a member of the provincial
congress, and a colonel of the second regiment of South Carolina.
For his brave defence of Sullivan’s island, in 1776, he received the
thanks of congress, and the fort was afterwards called by his name.
In 1779, he gained a victory over the British at Beaufort. He
afterwards received the commission of major-general, and was
second in command to general Lincoln at the siege of Charleston.
After the close of the war, he was repeatedly elected governor of
South Carolina. He published Memoirs of the Revolution in the
Carolinas and Georgia, consisting chiefly of official letters. He died at
Charleston, in 1805.

MURRAY, ALEXANDER, a distinguished naval officer, was born in

Maryland, in 1755. He went early to sea, and being appointed a
lieutenant in the navy, obtained a correspondent rank in the army,
and distinguished himself at the battles of White Plains, Flatbush,
and New York. Being promoted to a captaincy, he served with
gallantry to the close of the campaign of 1777. During the war he
was engaged in thirteen battles by sea and land, and was once
taken prisoner. On the organization of the new government, he was
one of the first officers recalled into service, and was engaged for a
while to defend the American trade in the Mediterranean. His last
appointment was that of commander of the navy-yard in
Philadelphia, a post which he held till the time of his death, in 1821.
He was a brave officer and much respected.

MURRAY, WILLIAM VANS, an American statesman, was born in

Maryland, in 1761, and received his legal education in London. On
returning to his native state, he engaged in the practice of law, and
in 1791 was elected to a seat in congress, where he distinguished
himself by his ability and eloquence. He was appointed by
Washington minister to the republic of Batavia, and discharged the
duties of the office with much ability. He was subsequently envoy
extraordinary to the French republic, and assisted in making the
convention which was signed at Paris in 1800, between France and
the United States. Returning to his station at the Hague, he
embarked in 1801 for his native country, where he died in 1803.

OTIS, JAMES, a distinguished statesman, was born at West

Barnstable, Massachusetts, in 1725, and was graduated at Harvard
college in 1743. He pursued the profession of the law, and
establishing himself in Boston, soon rose to eminence. His public
career may be said to have opened with his celebrated speech
against writs of assistance. At the next election he was chosen a
representative to the legislature, and soon became the leader of the
popular party. In 1765, he was a member of the congress which
assembled at New York. In 1769, he was severely wounded in an
assault committed upon him by some British officers; from one of
whom he recovered large damages, which he remitted on receiving
a written apology. In 1772, he retired from public life, and in May of
the following year was killed by a stroke of lightning. He was a good
scholar, a learned and able lawyer, a bold and commanding orator,
and possessed infinite powers of humor and wit.

PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, an eminent lawyer, and a signer of the

declaration of American independence, was born at Boston, in 1731,
and was graduated at Harvard college in 1749. After a visit to
Europe of some years, he commenced the study of the law, and
about 1759, settled in its practice in Taunton. He took an early and
active interest in public affairs, and in 1774, was appointed a
delegate from Massachusetts to the general congress. He was a
member of the committee of the convention that drafted the
constitution of his native state. Under the government that was
organized he was appointed attorney-general, and held this office till
1790, when he was appointed a judge of the supreme court. He
remained on the bench till 1804. He died at Boston, in 1814. His
legal attainments and his general acquirements were extensive, and
he was a man of much brilliancy of wit.

PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, a poet, son of the preceding, was born at

Taunton, in 1773, and graduated at Harvard college in 1792. On
leaving college he was placed in a counting-house, but soon turned
his attention to literature and theatricals, and published several
orations and poems. His poems were very popular and profitable,
and by the sale of the song of Adams and Liberty, he received the
sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars. In 1800, he began the
practice of law, but failed of success from the want of industry, and
passed the close of his life in poverty. He died in 1811. His works
have been collected and published in one volume 8vo, prefaced by a
biographical sketch.

PARKER, ISAAC, an eminent lawyer, was born in Boston, and

graduated at Harvard college in 1786. He studied law in the office of
judge Tudor, and commenced practice at Castine, in Maine, then an
integral part of Massachusetts. Removing to Portland, he was sent
for one term to congress as a representative from Cumberland
county. He also held for a short time the office of United States’
marshal for that district. In 1806, he was appointed by governor
Strong associate judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts, and
soon after took up his residence at Boston. In 1814, he was
appointed chief justice of the supreme court, and held that office till
his sudden death, in July, 1830, at the age of sixty-three years. He
was distinguished for urbanity, and his legal opinions are very highly
respected.
 PARSONS, THEOPHILUS, a distinguished lawyer, was born at
Byefield, Massachusetts, in 1750, and graduated at Harvard college,
in 1769. He studied, and pursued the practice of the law, for some
years, in Falmouth now Portland; but when that town was destroyed
by the British, he retired to the house of his father in Newbury.
About a year afterwards he opened an office in Newburyport. He
soon rose to the highest rank in his profession, and made immense
acquisitions in legal knowledge. His professional services were
sought for in all directions, and after thirty-five years of extensive
practice, he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of
Massachusetts. In 1780, he was a member of the convention which
formed the constitution of the state, and of the convention which
accepted the federal constitution. He was a powerful speaker,
without a rival in knowledge of law, and surpassed by few in his
acquaintance with science and classical literature. He continued in
the seat of chief justice till his death, in 1813.

PENN, WILLIAM, the founder and legislator of Pennsylvania, whom

Montesquieu denominates the modern Lycurgus, was the son of
admiral Penn; was born, in 1644, in London; and was educated at
Christ church, Oxford. At college he imbibed the principles of
Quakerism, which, a few years afterwards he publicly professed. He
was, in consequence, twice turned out of doors by his father. In
1668, he began to preach in public, and to write in defence of the
doctrines which he had embraced. For this he was thrice imprisoned,
and once brought to trial. It was during his first imprisonment that
he wrote No Cross, No Crown. In 1677, he visited Holland and
Germany, to propagate Quakerism. In March, 1680–81, he obtained
from Charles II. a grant of that territory which now bears the name
of Pennsylvania; in 1682, he embarked for his new colony; and in
the following year he founded Philadelphia. He returned to England
in 1684. So much was he in favor with James II., that, after the
revolution, he was more than once arrested on suspicion of plotting
to restore the exiled monarch; but he at length succeeded in
establishing his innocence. The rest of his life was passed in
tranquillity. He died July 30, 1718. His works have been collected in
two folio volumes.

PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD, a naval officer of distinction, was born at

Kingston, Rhode Island, in August, 1785. He entered the navy of the
United States as a midshipman, and in 1812, was advanced to the
office of master commandant. In the following year he was
appointed to the command of the squadron on lake Erie. On the
tenth of September, he achieved a complete victory over the enemy
under commodore Barclay, after an action of three hours, and
captured the whole squadron. He commanded the Java in the
expedition to the Mediterranean, under commodore Decatur. He died
in the West Indies, in 1820.

PETERS, RICHARD, an eminent judge, was born in June, 1744, and

received his education in the city of Philadelphia. He adopted the
profession of the law, and soon obtained an extensive practice. At
the commencement of hostilities with the mother country, Mr. Peters
joined the side of the colonies, and in 1776, was appointed by
congress secretary of the board of war. His exertions in this
department were highly meritorious and useful, and on resigning the
post, in 1781, he was elected a member of congress, and assisted in
closing the business of the war. On the organization of the new
government, Mr. Peters was appointed judge of the district court of
Pennsylvania, and performed the duties of this office for thirty-six
years. During this time he was engaged in several objects of public
improvement, and issued several valuable publications in relation to
agriculture. As a judge, he possessed powers of a high order, and his
decisions on admiralty law form the ground work of this branch of
our jurisprudence. Their principles were not only sanctioned by our
own courts, but were simultaneously adopted by lord Stowell, the
distinguished maritime judge of Great Britain. Judge Peters died in
August, 1828.

PICKERING, TIMOTHY, a statesman, was born in Salem, in 1746,

and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1763. He took an active
part in the popular cause, and, in organizing the provisional
government of Massachusetts, in 1775, was appointed a judge of
the court of common pleas for Essex, and sole judge of the maritime
court for the middle district. During the war, he was appointed
adjutant-general, and subsequently a member of the board of war.
From 1790 to 1798, at different intervals, he was employed on
various negotiations with the Indians. He was successively
postmaster-general, secretary of war, and secretary of state. From
the last office he was removed by president Adams, in 1800. From
1803 to 1811, he was a senator in congress from his native state,
and from 1814 to 1817, a representative in that body. In public life
he was distinguished for firmness, energy, activity and
disinterestedness. He died in Salem, in 1829.

PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY, brigadier-general, was born at

Lamberton, New Jersey, on the fifth of January, 1779. After the
purchase of Louisiana, he was appointed by Mr. Jefferson, in 1805,
to explore the sources of the Mississippi. On his return, he was sent
on a similar expedition to the interior of Louisiana, and on the Rio
del Norte was seized by a Spanish force, and deprived of his papers.
He returned in 1807. During the late war, he was made brigadier-
general, and commanded the land forces in the attack upon York, in
Upper Canada, on the twenty-seventh of April, 1813. In the
explosion of the British magazine, he was struck by a large stone,
and died in a few hours. When the British standard was brought to
him, he caused it to be placed under his head, and thus died at the
age of thirty-four.

PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH, a distinguished officer of the

revolutionary army, was born in South Carolina, received his
education in England, and studied law in the Temple. On returning to
his native province, in 1769, he devoted himself to the successful
practice of his profession. On the commencement of hostilities, he
renounced law for the study of military tactics, and was soon
promoted to the command of the first regiment of Carolina infantry.
He was subsequently aid-de-camp to Washington, and in this
capacity at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. On the
surrender of Charleston, he was taken prisoner, and remained so till
all opportunity of gaining fresh reputation in the field had passed. He
was a member of the convention which formed the federal
constitution, and in 1796 was appointed minister to France. When
preparations were making for war on account of the expected
French invasion, Mr. Pinckney was nominated a major-general, but
he soon had an opportunity of retiring to the quiet of private life. He
was afterwards president of the Cincinnati society of the United
States. He died in 1825.

PINKNEY, WILLIAM, an eloquent lawyer and statesman, was born

in Maryland, in 1764, and prepared himself for the bar, under the
instruction of judge Chase. He was admitted to practice in 1786, and
soon gave indications of possessing superior powers. He was a
member of the convention of Maryland, which ratified the federal
constitution. In 1796 he was appointed one of the commissioners
under the British treaty. The state of Maryland also employed him to
procure a settlement of its claims on the bank of England, and he
recovered for it the sum of eight hundred thousand dollars. This
detained him in England till the year 1804, when he returned and
resumed his professional labors. In 1806, he was sent as envoy
extraordinary to London, and in 1808, received the authority of
minister plenipotentiary. He returned to the United States in 1811,
and soon after was appointed attorney-general. This office he held
till 1814. During the incursion of the British into Maryland, he
commanded a battalion, and was wounded in the battle of
Bladensburgh, in August, 1814. He was afterwards representative in
congress, minister plenipotentiary to Russia, envoy to Naples, and in
1819, senator in congress. In the last office he continued till his
death, in 1822.

PINKNEY, EDWARD COATE, son of the foregoing, was born in

London, in 1802, passed his infancy in England, and was placed as a
student in Baltimore college at the age of ten or eleven. He entered
the navy as a midshipman, and continued in the service for several
years. On the death of his father, he quitted the navy and devoted
himself to the practice of the law. He published, in 1825, a volume of
poems, which possess much beauty. He died in 1828.

PREBLE, EDWARD, a distinguished naval officer, was born at

Falmouth, in Maine, in 1761, and entered the navy as a midshipman,
in 1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieutenant, and during the
revolutionary war distinguished himself by capturing a British vessel
at Penobscot. In 1798, he was appointed to the command of the
brig Pickering, and soon after to the Essex. He commanded, in 1803,
a fleet sent against the Barbary powers, and repeatedly attacked
Tripoli with considerable success. In 1804, he returned to the United
States, and died in 1807.

PUTNAM, ISRAEL, an officer in the army of the revolution, was

born in Salem, Massachusetts, 1718. He received but a meagre
education, and removing to Connecticut, engaged in agriculture. In
the French war he commanded a company, and was engaged in
several contests with the enemy. In 1756, he fell into an ambuscade
of savages, and was exposed to the most cruel tortures. He obtained
his release in 1759, and returned to his farm. Soon after the battle
of Lexington he joined the army at Cambridge, was appointed
major-general, and distinguished himself at Bunker’s hill. In 1776, he
was sent to complete the fortifications at New York, and afterwards
to fortify Philadelphia. In the winter of 1777, he was stationed with a
small body at Princeton, and in the spring appointed to a command
in the Highlands, where he remained most of the time till the close
of 1779, when he was disabled by an attack of paralysis. He died in
1790. He was brave, energetic, and one of the most efficient officers
of the revolution.

QUINCY, JOSIAH, a distinguished lawyer and patriot, was born in

Boston, in 1743, and was graduated at Harvard college. He soon
became eminent in the practice of law, and distinguished by his
active exertions in the popular cause. His powers of eloquence were
of a very high order. In 1774, he took a voyage to Europe for the
benefit of his health, and to advance the interests of the colonies.
He died on his return, on the 25th of April, 1775, the day the vessel
reached the harbor of cape Ann.

RAMSAY, DAVID, an historian, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1749,

was educated at Princeton college, and commenced the study of
medicine. After practising a short time in Maryland, he removed to
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1773, and soon rose to an extensive
practice. He took an active and early part in the cause of the
colonies, and was for some time a surgeon in the revolutionary
army. In 1782, he was chosen to a seat in congress. He wrote a
History of the Revolution in South Carolina; a History of the
American Revolution; a Life of Washington; a History of South
Carolina; and a History of the United States. He died in 1815.

RANDOLPH, EDMUND, governor of Virginia, was educated to the

law. After seeing a little military service in the suite of Washington,
he applied himself to his professional pursuits. He succeeded Patrick
Henry to the gubernatorial chair of Virginia, and occupied it from
1786 to 1788. In 1790, he received from Washington the
appointment of attorney-general of the United States; and in 1794,
he succeeded Mr. Jefferson as secretary of state. In consequence of
some difficulties with the administration, he resigned in August,
1795. He died in Frederic county, Virginia, in September, 1813.

REED, JOSEPH, a patriot of the revolution, was graduated at the

college in New Jersey, in 1757. While a member of congress, in
1778, the British commissioner endeavored to procure his influence
to bring about a reconciliation between the colonies and the mother
country; he rejected their offers with the reply,—‘That he was not
worth purchasing; but such as he was, the king of Great Britain was
not rich enough to buy him.’ In 1778, he was chosen president of
Pennsylvania, and retained that office till his death, in 1781.

REEVE, TAPPING, an eminent lawyer, was born at Brook-Haven, in

1744, and was graduated at Princeton college. He established
himself as a lawyer in Litchfield, Connecticut, where he founded the
law school, of which, for nearly thirty years, he was the principal
instructer. He was for many years judge of the supreme court of that
state, and some time chief justice. His legal attainments were of a
high order, and as a man he possessed the esteem and respect of
the community.

RITTENHOUSE, DAVID, a celebrated mathematician, was born in

Pennsylvania, in 1732. During his early life he was employed in
agriculture, but as his constitution was feeble, he became a clock
and mathematical instrument maker. In 1770, he removed to
Philadelphia, and practised his trade. He was elected a member, and
for some time president of the Philosophical society, and one of the
commissioners employed to determine the boundary line between
Pennsylvania and Virginia, and between New York and
Massachusetts. He was treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1789,
and from 1792 to 1795, director of the United States mint. His death
took place in 1796. His mathematical talents were of the highest
order.

RUSH, BENJAMIN, an eminent physician, was born, in 1745, at

Bristol, in Pennsylvania; was educated at Princeton college, and took
his degree at Edinburgh, was chosen, in 1776, a member of
congress, and signed the declaration of independence; was
professor of medicine and clinical practice at the Pennsylvanian
university; and died in 1813. He was one of the greatest and best
men who have adorned his country. Among his works are Essays,
literary, moral, and philosophical; Medical Inquiries and
Observations; and a History of the Yellow Fever.

RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, an eminent lawyer, and a signer of the

declaration of independence, was born in Charleston, South Carolina,
in 1749. His legal education was completed in England, and in 1773
he returned to his native country, and entered upon the duties of his
profession. In 1774, he was appointed a delegate to the congress at
Philadelphia, and took an active part in the discussions of the day.
After a successful practice of his profession for seventeen years, in
1798 he relinquished his station at the bar, and was elected chief
magistrate of South Carolina. He died in 1800.

SAINT CLAIR, ARTHUR, born at Edinburgh, was a lieutenant under

general Wolfe, and afterwards settled in Pennsylvania, and became a
naturalized citizen. On the commencement of the revolution, he
embraced the cause of the American army, and in February, 1777,
was appointed major-general. He served with distinction, and in
1783, was elected president of the Cincinnati society of his adopted
state. In 1785, he was elected a delegate to congress, and in 1787,
was chosen president of that body. He was afterwards governor of
the North-west territory, and in 1790, commanded an army against
the Miami Indians. He resigned his commission of major-general in
1792. His latter years were passed in poverty. He died in 1818.

SANDS, ROBERT C., a man of letters, was born in the city of New
York, on the eleventh of May, 1799. He was graduated at Columbia
college, in 1815, and soon after commenced the study of law, in the
office of David B. Ogden, a distinguished advocate of New York. In
1817, he published the Bridal of Vaumond, an irregular metrical
romance, after the fashion which Scott had made so popular.
Subsequently, in conjunction with his friend the Rev. J. W. Eastburn,
he wrote the poem Yamoyden, which appeared in New York in 1820,
and acquired for the authors a high reputation. In the same year he
was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in the city of New
York. In 1822 and 1823, he wrote many articles for the Literary
Review, a monthly periodical, then published in New York, which
received great increase of reputation from his contributions. Shortly
after this he was engaged in a burlesque publication, entitled the
St. Tammany Magazine. In May, 1824, the Atlantic Magazine was
established in New York, and placed under his care; at the end of six
months he gave up this work, but subsequently resumed its charge,
when it changed its name and character, and appeared as the New
York Review. During the same period, he assisted in editing various
compilations on legal subjects. Having now become an author by
profession, and looking to his pen for support, he became the
assistant editor of the New York Commercial Advertiser, and
remained in this situation to the close of his life. While engaged in
the laborious and incessant duties of a daily journal, Mr. Sands
prosecuted various other literary undertakings with much success.
He was one of the chief contributors to the Talisman, in which he
was assisted by his friends Bryant and Verplanck. He edited a new
Life of Paul Jones, and wrote two stories in the Tales of Glauber Spa.
His death occurred suddenly, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. His
collected works have been recently published, in two volumes
octavo.

SCHUYLER, PHILIP, an officer in the revolutionary army, was

appointed major-general in 1775, and was dispatched to the
fortifications in the north of New York, to prepare for the invasion of
Canada. He afterwards fell under some suspicion, and was
superseded in the chief command by general Gates. He was a
member of congress before the adoption of the present constitution,
and afterwards twice a senator. He died in 1804, in the seventy-third
year of his age.

SEDGWICK, THEODORE, was born at Hartford, in 1746, was

educated at Yale college, and removing to Massachusetts, pursued
the study of the law. He embarked with spirit in the cause of the
popular party before the revolution, held a seat several years in the
state legislature, and was a member of congress under the old
confederation. He was a member of the Massachusetts convention to
decide on the adoption of the federal constitution, was a
representative and senator to congress, and in 1802 was appointed
judge of the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts. In this office
he remained till his death, in 1813.

SEWALL, SAMUEL, chief justice of Massachusetts, was born at

Boston, in 1757, and, after graduating at Harvard college, entered
on the profession of the law. He soon became eminent; in 1797, was
elected a member of congress, and in 1800, was placed on the
bench of the supreme judicial court. In 1813, he was appointed chief
justice, but died suddenly in the following year. He was a lawyer of
ability and learning, and highly popular.

SHERMAN, ROGER, a signer of the declaration of independence,

was born at Newton, Massachusetts, in 1721, and with only a
common school education, rose to distinction as a lawyer and
statesman. His early life was passed in the occupation of a
shoemaker. Removing to Connecticut, in 1743, he was admitted to
the bar in 1754, and soon became distinguished as a counsellor. In
1761, he removed to New Haven, four years after was appointed a
judge of the county court, and in 1776, advanced to the bench of
the superior court. He was a delegate to the celebrated congress of
1774, and was a member of that body for the space of nineteen
years. He was a member of the convention that formed the
constitution of the United States. He died in 1793.

SHIPPEN, WILLIAM, an eminent physician, was born in

Pennsylvania, and was graduated at Princeton college in 1754. His
medical studies were completed at Edinburgh, and on his return, in
1764, he began at Philadelphia the first course of lectures on
anatomy ever delivered in the country. He assisted in establishing
the medical school of that city, and was appointed one of its
professors. In 1777, he was appointed director general of the
medical department in the army. He died in 1808.

SMITH, JOHN, one of the early settlers of Virginia, was born in

Lincolnshire, in 1579. After passing through a variety of wonderful
adventures, he resolved to visit North America; and having, with a
number of other persons, procured a charter of South Virginia, he
came over thither in 1607. Being taken prisoner by the Indians, and
condemned to death, his life was saved by the daughter of the
savage chief, the celebrated Pocahontas. He published an account of
several of his voyages to Virginia, a history of that colony, and an
account of his own life. He died at London, in 1631.
 SMITH, JAMES, a signer of the declaration of independence, was a
native of Ireland, removed with his father to this country at an early
age, and established himself in the practice of law at York, in
Pennsylvania. He was a delegate from York county to the continental
congress. His death took place in 1806.

STANDISH, MILES, the first captain at Plymouth, New England,

was born at Lancashire, in 1584, and accompanied Mr. Robinson’s
congregation to Plymouth, in 1620. His services in the wars with the
Indians were highly useful, and many of his exploits were daring and
extraordinary. He died in 1656.

STARK, JOHN, a general in the army of the revolution, was born in

Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1728. During the French war, he
was captain of a company of rangers in the provincial service, in
1755, and was with lord Howe when that general was killed, in
storming the French lines at Ticonderoga, in 1758. On receiving the
report of the battle of Lexington, he was engaged at work in his
saw-mill; and, fired with indignation, seized his musket, and
immediately proceeded to Cambridge. He was at the battles of
Bunker’s hill and of Trenton, and achieved a glorious victory at
Bennington. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general, and was
distinguished throughout the war for enterprise and courage. He
died in 1822.

STEUBEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, BARON DE, was a Prussian

officer, aid-de-camp to Frederick the Great, and lieutenant-general in
the army of that distinguished commander. He arrived in America in
1777, and immediately offered his services to the continental
congress. In 1778, he was appointed inspector general, with the
rank of major-general, and rendered the most efficient services in
the establishment of a regular system of discipline. During the war
he was exceedingly active and useful, and after the peace he retired
to a farm in the vicinity of New York, where, with the assistance of
books and friends, he passed his time as agreeably as a frequent
want of funds would permit. The state of New York afterwards gave
him a tract of sixteen thousand acres in the county of Oneida, and
the general government made him a grant of two thousand five
hundred dollars per annum. He died in 1795, and at his own request
was wrapped in his cloak, placed in a plain coffin, and hid in the
earth, without a stone to tell where he was laid.

STRONG, CALEB, governor of Massachusetts, was born at

Northampton, in 1744, and graduated at Harvard college. He
pursued the profession of the law, and established himself in his
native town. Taking an early and active part in the revolutionary
movements, he was appointed, in 1775, one of the committee of
safety, and in the following year a member of the state legislature.
He was a member of the convention which formed the constitution
of the state, and of that which formed the constitution of the United
States. Subsequently he was senator to congress, and for eleven
years, at different periods, chief magistrate of Massachusetts. He
died in 1820.

STUART, GILBERT, a celebrated painter, was born in Newport,

Rhode Island, in 1755. Soon after becoming of age, he went to
England, where he became the pupil of Mr. West. He soon rose to
eminence as a portrait painter, and obtained a high reputation both
in England and Ireland. In 1794, he returned to his native country,
chiefly residing in Philadelphia and Washington, in the practice of his
profession, till about the year 1801, when he removed to Boston.
Here he remained till his death, in 1828. Mr. Stuart was not only one
of the first painters of his time, but was also a very extraordinary
man out of his profession.

SULLIVAN, JOHN, an officer in the army of the revolution, was

born in Maine, and established himself in the profession of law in
New Hampshire. Turning his attention to military affairs, he received,
in 1772, the commission of major, and, in 1775, that of brigadier-
general. The next year he was sent to Canada, and on the death of
general Thomas, the command of the army devolved on him. In this
year he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and was soon
after captured by the British, in the battle on Long island. He
commanded a division of the army at the battles of Trenton,
Brandywine, and Germantown; and was the sole commander of an
expedition to the island of Newport, which failed through want of co-
operation from the French fleet. In 1779, he commanded an
expedition against the Indians. He was afterwards a member of
congress, and for three years president of New Hampshire. In 1789,
he was appointed a judge of the district court, and continued in that
office till his death, in 1795.

SULLIVAN, JAMES, was born at Berwick, Maine, in 1744, and after

passing the early part of his life in agricultural pursuits, adopted the
profession of the law. He took an early part in the revolutionary
struggle, and in 1775, was chosen a member of the provincial
congress. In 1776, he was appointed a judge of the superior court.
He was subsequently a member of congress, a member of the
executive council, judge of probate, and in 1790, was appointed
attorney-general. In 1807, he was elected governor of
Massachusetts, and again in the following year, in the December of
which he died. He was the author of a History of Land Titles, a
History of the District of Maine, and an Essay on Banks. His rank at
the bar was in the very first class, and in his private character he
was distinguished for piety, patriotism, and integrity.

THOMAS, ISAIAH, a distinguished printer, was born in Boston, in

1749, and at a very early age was bound apprentice to the craft, in
which he afterwards became so famous. In 1770, he published the
Massachusetts Spy in Boston. Five years afterwards he was obliged
to remove it to Worcester. He afterwards entered extensively into the
publishing and bookselling business, having at one time sixteen
presses in operation, and eight bookstores at different places. He
was the founder and president of the American Antiquarian society,
and the author of a valuable History of Printing. He died in 1831.

THORNTON, MATTHEW, was born in Ireland, in 1714, and when

about two or three years old his father emigrated to America, and
finally settled in Worcester, Massachusetts. Young Thornton pursued
the study of medicine, and commenced the practice of his profession
in Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1776, he was chosen a delegate
to the continental congress, and affixed his name to the declaration
of independence. He was afterwards chief justice of the court of
common pleas, and judge of the superior court of his adopted state.
He died in 1803.

TILGHMAN, WILLIAM, an eminent jurist, was born, in 1756, in

Talbot county, on the eastern shore of Maryland. In 1772, he began
the study of law in Philadelphia, but was not admitted to the practice
of the profession till 1783. In 1788, and for some successive years,
he was elected a representative to the legislature of Maryland. In
1793, he returned to Philadelphia, and pursued the practice of the
law in that city till 1801, when he was appointed chief judge of the
circuit court of the United States for the third circuit. After the
abolition of this court, he resumed his profession, and continued it
till 1805, when he was appointed president of the courts of common
pleas in the first district of Pennsylvania. In the following year he
was commissioned as chief justice of the supreme court of that
state. He died in 1827.

TOMPKINS, DANIEL D., vice-president of the United States, was

born in June, 1774, graduated at Columbia college, in 1795, and
settled in New York in the profession of the law. He distinguished
himself in the party struggles of 1799–1801, and in 1807 was
elected governor of the state. During the late war, he was active and
efficient in the cause of the administration and the dominant party.
In 1817, he was elected vice-president. He died at Staten island, in
June, 1825.

TRUMBULL, JOHN, the author of McFingal, was born in

Connecticut, in 1750, and was educated at Yale college, where he
entered at a very early age. In 1772, he published the first part of
his poem, The Progress of Dullness. In the following year, he was
admitted to the bar in Connecticut, and, removing to Boston,