euq’;rk

dfo&ifjp; %&
▪ thou&dky % 1886 ls 1964
▪ tUe % 3 vxLr] 1886 bZ0] fpjxk¡o] mÙkj Áns”k
▪ f”k{kk % ÁkFkfed fpjxk¡o] >k¡lh] mÙkj Áns”k
▪ Áeq[k d`fr;k¡ % t;nzFk&o/k] “kdqaryk] lkdsr] iapoVh] panzgkl] x`gLFk xhrk vkfnA
▪ Hkk’kk “kSyh % [kM+h cksyh] cztHkk’kk
▪ fo/kk,¡ % dkO;] ukVd
▪ miyfC/k;k¡ % in~eHkw’k.k] fganqLrkuh vdkneh iqjLdkj] eaxyk Álkn ikfjrksf’kd] Mh0fyV0 vkfnA
▪ fu/ku % 12 fnlacj] 1964 bZ0

dfBu 'kCnkFkZ %&

▪ erZ~; & ej.k'khy
▪ lqe`R;q & egku ;k vPNh e`R;q
▪ o`Fkk & O;FkZ] csdkj
▪ ço`fÙk & LoHkko
▪ mnkj & cM+s fnyokyk
▪ c[kku & o.kZu
▪ —rkFkZ & midkj
▪ dhfrZ & ;'kxku
▪ dwtrh & xw¡trh gS
▪ {kq/kkrZ & Hkw[k ls O;kdqy
▪ djLFk & gkFk esa fy;k gqvk
▪ ijkFkZ & nwljs ds fgr esa
▪ vfLFktky & gfì;ksa dk <k¡pk
▪ Loekal & vius 'kjhj dk ekal
▪ vfuR; & uk'koku
▪ vukfn & ges'kk jgus okyk
▪ o'kh—rk & o”k esa gks tkuk
▪ egh & /kjrh
▪ enka/k & en esa va/kk
▪ rqPN & NksVk
▪ foÙk & /ku
▪ fpÙk & eu
▪ vrho & vR;f/kd
▪ Lockgq & viuh ckgsa
▪ ijLijkoyac & ,d nwljs ds lgkjs ls
▪ verZ~; vad & dHkh u feVus okyh xksn] bZ'oj dh xksn
▪ viad & funksZ"k
▪ ljs & iw.kZ gks
▪ vrdZ & fcuk rdZ ;k cgl ds
▪ lrdZ & lko/kku
▪ rkjrk & m)kj djrk gqvkA

dkO;ka'k & 1
fopkj yks fd eR;Z gks u e`R;q ls Mjks dHkh]
ejks] ijarq ;ksa ejks fd ;kn tks djsa lHkhA
gqbZ u ;ksa lqe`R;q rks o`Fkk ejs o`Fkk ft,]
ejk ugha ogh fd tks ft;k u vkids fy,A
ogh i'kq ço`fÙk gS fd vki vki gh pjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA
ewy Hkko & dfo us Li"V fd;k gS fd e`R;q fuf'pr gSA vr% e`R;q ls Hk;Hkhr gksus dh vko';drk ughaA
O;k[;k & dfo dgrs gaS fd bl ckr dks le>uk vkSj Lohdkjuk vko';d gS fd euq"; 'kjhj u'oj gSA
lHkh ds thou dk var fuf'pr gSA blfy, gesa e`R;q dk Hk; vius eu ls lgt fudky nsuk
pkfg,A gesa ,slh e`R;q dh dkeuk lnSo djuh pkfg, ftls ckn Hkh lc ;kn djsa vFkkZr~ vius thou dks
O;FkZ u x¡okdj ijfgr ds ekxZ ij fujarj vxzlj jguk pkfg,A rHkh ejdj Hkh ge vej gks ik,¡xsA
ej.k&mijkar Hkh yksx gekjs lq—R;ksa dk Lej.k djsx a sA ;fn lqe`R;q dh çkfIr ugha gqbZ rks gekjk ejuk vkSj
thuk nksuksa gh O;FkZ gSaA ;fn gekjk thou O;FkZ chrrk tkrk gS] fdlh ds dke ugha vkrk] rks ,slk thou
thuk O;FkZ gS vkSj mlds ckn feyus okyh e`R;q Hkh O;FkZ gh gSA ;g rks i'kqvksa dk LoHkko gksrk gS fd
dsoy viuk isV Hkjus ds fy, gh dk;Z djsAa i'kq pjkxkg esa tkrs gSa vkSj vius&vius fgLls dk Hkkstu
djds ykSV vkrs gSaA viuk isV Hkjuk vkSj lksuk ;gh mudk thou gksrk gSA fdarq euq"; dk thou ,sls
O;rhr ugha gksuk pkfg,A euq"; rks ogh gS tks euq"; ds fy, ;k leLr tho&txr ds fy, dk;Z djs]
lHkh ds fgr ds ckjs esa lksps A
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ ljy] lgt Hkk"kk esa HkkokfHkO;fä dh xbZ gSA
▪ cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ ^vki&vki^ esa iqu#fä çdk'k vyadkj gSA
▪ ^tks&ft;k^ esa vuqçkl vyadkj gSA
▪ ^lqe`R;q^] ^i'kq&ço`fÙk^ lkekfld 'kCn gSaA

dkO;ka'k & 2
mlh mnkj dh dFkk ljLorh c[kkurh]
mlh mnkj ls /kjk —rkFkZ Hkko ekurhA
mlh mnkj dh lnk ltho dhfrZ dwtrh]
rFkk mlh mnkj dks leLr l`f"V iwtrhA
v[kaM vkRe&Hkko tks vlhe fo'o esa Hkjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsAA
ewy Hkko %& tks euq"; fu%LokFkZ ls thrk gS] mudk xq.kxku ;qxks&;qxksa rd fd;k tkrk gSA
O;k[;k %& çLrqr iafä;ksa esa dfo us mnkj O;fä dh igpku crkbZ gS vkSj ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd tks
mnkj gksrk gS] ftldk ân; cgqr cM+k gksrk gS] mldk c[kku iqLrdsa lfn;ksa rd djrh gSaA
mnkj yksxksa dk rks /kjk Hkh midkj ekurh gS fd mUgksua s mldh xksn esa tUe fy;kA mnkj yksxksa dh
dhfrZ] mudk ;'kxku ges'kk xw¡trk jgrk gS vkSj mnkj yksxksa dks leLr l`f"V ;kn djrh gSA dfo ds
vuqlkj tks laiw.kZ fo'o dks ,d lw= esa ck¡/kus dk dke djrk gS] laiw.kZ fo'o esa ,sls viusiu dk Hkko
fijks nsrk gS] tks v[kaM gksrk gS vFkkZr~ tks dHkh VwVrk ugha gS] ogh mnkj dgykrk gSA euq"; dgykus
;ksX; ogh gS tks ekuo ek= ds fy,] laiw.kZ txr ds fy, thrk gS vkSj viuk thou dqckZu dj nsrk gSA
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ çHkko'kkyh] vkd"kZd] vkstiw.kZ Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ ^mlh mnkj^] ^lnk ltho^] ^leLr l`f"V^] ^v[kaM vkRe^] esa vuqçkl vyadkj dk mÙke ç;ksx gSA
▪ ^/kjk —rkFkZ Hkko ekurh^ esa ekuohdj.k vyadkj gSA
dkO;ka'k & 3
{kq/kkrZ jafrnso us fn;k djLFk Fkky Hkh]
rFkk n/khfp us fn;k ijkFkZ vfLFktky HkhA
m'khuj f{krht us Loekal nku Hkh fd;k]
lg"kZ ohj d.kZ us 'kjhj&peZ Hkh fn;kA
vfuR; nsg ds fy, vukfn tho D;k Mjs \
ogha euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsAA
ewy Hkko %& dfo dgrs gaS fd ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ ,sls O;fävksa ds mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjh iM+h gS ftUgksua s viuk
iwjk thou nwljksa ds fy, R;kx fn;k ftl dkj.k mUgsa vkt rd ;kn fd;k tkrkA _f"k
n/khfp] jktk jafrnso] d.kZ] cq) vkfn vusd mnkj gq,] ftUgksua s Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks le`) cukus gsrq
viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA
O;k[;k %& gesa nku dh çsj.kk nsus ds fy, fofHkUu mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa fd jktk jafrnso us
 yacs miokl ds ckn Hkh vius gkFkksa esa fy;k gqvk Hkkstu dk Fkky ,d {kq/kk ls O;kdqy O;fä
dks nku ns fn;kA n/khfp _f"k us nsorkvksa ds fgr es]a /keZ dh j{kk ds fy, viuh vfLFk;k¡ rd nku dj
nhaA m'khuj uke ds jktk us ,d i{kh dh tku cpkus ds fy, viuk ekal nku dj fn;k vkSj ohj d.kZ us
[kq'kh&[kq'kh ml lqj{kk dop dk nku dj fn;k tks mls tUe ls gh feyk gqvk FkkA ;g nsg rks u'oj gS]
vej rRo gekjh vkRek gSA rks viuh vkRek dks egku cukus ds fy, ge bl nsg ds ijfgr ç;ksx esa
ladksp D;ksa djsa vFkkZr~ tks nkuohj gksrs gSa og fuladksp nwljksa ds fgr ds fy, viuk ru&eu U;kSNkoj
djus dks ges'kk rS;kj jgrs gSaA lPpk euq"; ogh gS tks tho vkSj txr ds fy, viuk thou lg"kZ
cfynku dj nsA
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ ljy] lgt] çHkko'kkyh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ peZ] f{krh'k] djLFk tSls rRle 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx ls Hkk"kk vkd"kZd cu xbZ gSA
▪ dkO;ka'k –"Vkar vyadkj dk lqanj mnkgj.k gSA
▪ Hkk"kk vkstiw.kZ vkSj çHkko'khy gSA
dkO;ka'k & 4
lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh(
o'kh—rk lnSo gS cuh gqbZ Lo;a eghA
fo#)okn cq) dk n;k&çokg esa cgk]
fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\
vgk! ogha mnkj gS ijksidkj tks djs]a
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA
ewy Hkko %& lgkuqHkwfr dks ,d egRoiw.kZ ekuoh; xq.k crk;k x;k gSA /kjrh vkSj egkRek cq) ls çsj.kk
ysrs gq, n;k d#.kk dks viukus ij cy fn;k x;k gS] D;ksafd cq) dks n;k d#.kk ds dkj.k
gh lalkj Lej.k djrk gSA
O;k[;k %& çLrqr iafä;ksa esa dfo us egkRek cq) dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, n;k d#.kk dks lcls vewY;
laifÙk crk;k gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd gekjs vanj lgkuqHkwfr dk xq.k gksuk pkfg,] ;g ,d
cgqr cM+k xq.k gSA bldh çsj.kk gesa /kjrh ls feyrh gSA og bruh fo'kky gksrs gq, Hkh lnSo nwljksa ds
o'k esa jgrh gSA ge viuh vuar t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, mldk eupkgk ç;ksx djrs jgrs gSa vkSj
og pqipki lc dqN lgrh gSA gekjh t:jrksa dks le>rh gS vkSj iwjk djrh gSA blds vfrfjä egkRek
cq) dk mnkgj.k nsdj dfo us gesa ijksidkj dh lh[k nh gSA dfo dgrs gSa fd rRdkyhu lekt us
egkRek cq) ds mins'kksa dk cgqr fojks/k fd;k fdarq og lkjk fojks/k mudh n;k vkSj d#.kk ds çokg esa
cg x;k vFkkZr~ lkjk lekt muds fopkjksa ds le{k ureLrd gks x;kA okLro esa mnkj ogh gS tks
ijksidkj djrk gS] nwljksa ds fgr esa lksprk vkSj dk;Z djrk gSA euq"; gksus dk vFkZ gh ;g gS fd lcds
fgr esa viuk thou O;rhr dj nsaA
 f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ ç'u 'kSyh ls Hkko vfHkO;fä esa lkSan;Z vk x;k gSA
▪ ljy] lqcks/k çHkko'kkyh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ Hkk"kk rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä gSA
▪ ^egkfoHkwfr^] ^fo#)okn^] ^n;k&çokg^ lkekfld 'kCn gSA
▪ rqdkar 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gSA
dkO;ka'k & 5
jgks u Hkwy ds dHkh enka/k rqPN foÙk es]a
lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpÙk esAa
vukFk dkSu gS ;gk¡ \ f=yksdukFk lkFk gSa]
n;kyq nhuca/k ds cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSa]
vrho HkkX;ghu gS v/khj Hkko tks djs]a
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA
ewy Hkko %& dfo dgrs gaS fd og O;fä HkkX;ghu gS tks bl çdkj dk mrkoykiu j[krk gS] D;ksafd xoZ
jfgr thus esa gh egkurk gSA
O;k[;k %& dfo fdlh Hkh dkj.k ?keaM u djus dh lh[k nsrs gq, dg jgs gSa fd gesa Hkwydj Hkh /ku tSlh
NksVh pht ds u'ks esa va/kk ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ge lukFk gSa] gekjs flj ij fdlh dk gkFk
gS rks bl ckr dk eu esa vgadkj iSnk gksuk vuqfpr gS D;ksafd mlds gksrs gq, dksbZ Hkh vdsyk ;k cslgkjk
gS gh ughaA çHkq ds fo'kky gkFk] mudh lgk;rk ds fy, i;kZIr gSA muds gksrs gq, Hkh ;fn dksbZ vius
vki dks vdsyk ;k cslgkjk eglwl djds viuk /kS;Z [kks nsrk gS rks ;g vR;f/kd HkkX;ghu gSA
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ çHkko'kkyh] vkstiw.kZ Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ ^n;kyq nhuca/kq^ esa vuqçkl vyadkj gSA
▪ ^f=yksdukFk ^HkkX;ghu^ lkekfld 'kCn gSaA
▪ ç'u 'kSyh us Hkk"kk dks çHkko'kkyh cuk fn;k gSA
▪ rRle 'kCnksa ls ;qä laL—rfu"B Hkk"kk dk lqanj ç;ksx gqvk gSA
dkO;ka'k 6
vuar varfj{k esa vuar nso gSa [kM+]s
le{k gks Lockgq tks c<+k jgs cM+s&cM+sA
ijLijkoyac ls mBks rFkk c<+ks lHkh]
vHkh verZ~;&vad esa viad gks p<+us lHkhA
jgks u ;ksa fd ,d ls u dke vkSj dk ljs]
 ogha euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA
ewy Hkko %& dfo dgrs gSa fd lHkh dyad jfgr gks dj nsorkvksa dh xksn esa cSBks vFkkZr ;fn dksbZ cqjk
dke ugha djksxs rks nsork rqEgsa viuh “kj.k esa ys ysaxsA
O;k[;k %& bu iafä;ksa esa dfo dgrs gSa fd dyad jfgr jgus o nwljksa dk lgkjk cuus okys euq";ksa dk
nsork Hkh Lokxr djrs gSaA vlhe varfj{k esa vufxur nso ¼ok;q nso] vfXu nso vkfn&'kfä;k¡½
gekjh lgk;rk ds fy, gj le; ekStwn gSaA os gekjs le{k viuh cM+h&cM+h ckgsa QSyk,¡ enn nsus ds
fy, rS;kj gSaA t:jr bl ckr dh gS fd ge ,d nwljs dk lgkjk cusa vkSj vkxs c<+sa vFkkZr~ gesa gh
,d nwljs ds fy, rkdr cuuk gS vkSj vej xksn esa lekus ds fy,] bZ'oj ls ,dkdkj gksus ds fy,
gj le; viad vFkkZr~ nks"keqä jguk gSA ,slk thou ugha thuk gS fd gekjs fdlh ç;kl ls dsoy
gekjk gh Hkyk gks u dh fdlh vksj dkA gekjk futh LokFkZ ls Åij mBdj lHkh ds dke vkuk
t:jh gS D;ksafd lPpk euq"; ogh gS tks lcds dke vk,A
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ çlaxkuqlkj rRle 'kCnksa dk i;kZIr ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
▪ ^vuar varfj{k^] ^vHkh verZ~;^ esa vuqçkl vyadkj gSA
▪ ^cM+s&cM+s^ esa iqu#fä çdk'k vyadkj gSA
▪ mins'kkRed 'kSyh dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ rqdkar 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gSA
dkO;ka'k & 7
^euq"; ek= ca/kq gS^ ;gh cM+k foosd gS]
iqjk.kiq#"k Lo;aHkw firk çfl) ,d gSA
Qykuqlkj deZ ds vo'; cká Hksn gSa]
ijarq varjSD; esa çek.kHkwr osn gSaA
vuFkZ gS fd ca/kq gh u ca/kq dh O;Fkk gjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA
ewy Hkko %& çk.kh ek= dh ,drk ds çfr fo'okl O;ä fd;k x;k gSA lHkh dks ,d&nwljs dh enn ds
fy, vkxs vkus dh çsj.kk nh xbZ ge gS] D;ksfa d ge lc ,d bZ'oj dh larku gS vr% lHkh
euq"; ,d&nwljs ds HkkbZ&cU/kq gSA
O;k[;k %& dfo dgrs gSa fd euq"; vkil esa dsoy ca/kq vkSj lkFkh gh gSaA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa og
,d&nwljs ds 'k=q ugha gks ldrsA mudh ,drk dk çek.k osnksa esa ekStwn gSA iqjk.kksa esa ftl
ijefirk ijekRek dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS og ,d gh gS vkSj ge lc mlh dh larkusa gSaA bl –f"V ls
ge lHkh ijLij HkkbZ&ca/kq gSaA ckgj ls ns[kus esa vo'; gh lcdk thou vyx&vyx gS fdarq vanj ls
lc ,d gSaA ,d gksrs gq, Hkh ;fn ge vyx vyx rjg dk thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa- dksbZ lq[kh gS dksbZ
nq[kh] rks ;g gekjs gh deksZa dk ifj.kke gSA tSlk deZ djrs gSa mlh ds vuqlkj gesa HkkSfrd lalkj esa
 thou thus dks feyrk gSA okLro esa lHkh ds vanj fo|eku vkRek dk Lo:i] bZ'ojka'k ,d gh gSA ;g
tkurs gq, Hkh vxj ,d O;fä nwljs dh lgk;rk ugha djrk rks mldk thou O;FkZ gSA
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ çHkko'kkyh] lgt] lqcks/k Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gSA
▪ ^euq"; ek=^] ^firk çfl)^ esa vuqçkl vyadkj gSA
▪ ^iqjk.kiq#"k^] ^çek.kHkwr^ lkekfld 'kCn gSA
▪ iwjs dkO;ka'k esa y;kRedrk gSA

dkO;ka'k & 8
pyks vHkh"V ekxZ esa lg"kZ [ksyrs gq,]
?kaVs u gsyesy gk¡] c<+s u fHkUurk dHkh]
foifÙk] fo?u tks iM+as mUgsa <dsyrs gq,A
vrdZ ,d iaFk ds lrdZ iaFk gksa lHkhA
rHkh leFkZ Hkko gS fd rkjrk gqvk rjs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; ds fy, ejsA

ewy Hkko %& dfo dgrs gaS fd ;fn ge [kq'kh ls] lkjs d"Vksa dks lgrs gq,] Hksn&Hkko jfgr jgsaxs rHkh
lekt dh mUufr laHko gksxhA
O;k[;k %& dfo ^eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr^ us igys euq"; thou dk vFkZ crk;k fQj mls lQy cukus ds mik;
crk, gSaA blds i'pkr os dg jgs gSa fd vc rqe viuh bPNk ls ,d mfpr ekxZ dk pquko
djks vkSj ml ij g¡lrs&g¡lrs vkxs c<+ksA ,slk ugha gS fd bl ekxZ esa dksbZ eqf'dysa ;k ck/kk,¡ ugha
vk,¡xhA rqe mu fo?u&ck/kkvksa dks /kdsyrs gq, vkxs c<+rs tkvksA bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk fd thou
ekxZ ij vkxs c<+rs gq, vkilh eueqVko nwj gksuk pkfg, vkSj çse Hkko c<+rs tkuk pkfg,A ge lc dks
,sls jkg ds lrdZ jkgh cuuk gS ftl ij dksbZ erHksn ;k fopkjksa dk Vdjko u gksA euq"; thou dh
lQyrk gh blh esa gS fd nwljksa dk m)kj djrs gq, viuk mn~/kkj djsa vkSj euq"; dgykus ;ksX; ogh gS
tks lcds fgr ds ckjs esa lksps vkSj dk;Z djsA
f'kYi lkSan;Z %&
▪ lgt] ljy] çHkko'kkyh Hkk"kk lqanj HkkokfHkO;fä esa iw.kZ rjg l{ke gSA
▪ rRle 'kCnksa dk leqfpr ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
▪ ^foifÙk fo?u^ esa vuqçkl vyadkj gSA
▪ rqdkar 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gSA
 ikB esa fufgr dsUæh; Hkko
dfo ^eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr^ us ^euq";rk^ dfork ds ek/;e ls euq"; thou dk egRo] mldk lnqi;ksx djus
ds mik; rFkk mu ekuoh; xq.kksa dh ppkZ dh gS tks ,d euq"; esa gksus vko';d gSaA dfo ds vuqlkj
lcdh enn djrs gq, gesa ,d egku thou thuk pkfg,A rHkh ge lqe`R;q dks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA gesa
mnkj ân; j[kuk pkfg, ftlesa lHkh ds lq[k&nq[k ds fy, LFkku gksA fdlh Hkh çdkj dk nku nsus esa
vFkkZr~ lgk;rk djus esa ladksp ugha djuk pkfg,A euq"; ds vanj lgkuqHkwfr] n;k vkSj d#.kk dk tks
Hkko gS ogh mls vU; çkf.k;ksa ls vyx vkSj Js"B cukrk gSA ijefirk ijekRek lc txg vkSj lcds fy,
ekStwn gSaA muds gksrs gq, dksbZ Hkh vdsyk ;k cslgkjk ugha gks ldrkA ;g fo'okl j[krs gq, gesa
,d&nwljs dk lgkjk cudj vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A le>nkjh vkSj lw>cw> ls ,d mfpr ekxZ dk pquko
djds thou&iFk ij esytksy ds lkFk vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A lHkh ds fgrfparu esa gh gekjk fgr gS D;ksafd
euq"; gh og gS tks thou i;aZr çk.kh ek= ds fy, viuk thou O;rhr djsA
ç”uksÙkj %&
1- ^euq";rk^ dfork ds lanHkZ esa Li"V dhft, fd i'kq ço`fÙk fdls dgk x;k gS vkSj euq"; fdls ekuk gS \
mÙkj % i'kq ço`fÙk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS&i'kqvksa tSlk LoHkkoA çLrqr dfork esa i'kq ço`fÙk euq"; ds ml
O;ogkj dks dgk gS tc og dsoy vius ckjs esa lksprk gSA viuk isV Hkjuk] [kkuk lksuk gh vius
thou dk y{; cuk ysrk gSA i'kq&if{k;ksa dh vis{kk ckSf)d {kerk,¡ vf/kd gksus ij Hkh ;fn og
lcds fgrkfgr dk;Z ugha djrk rks ekuks og i'kq ço`fÙk esa gh thou O;rhr dj jgk gSA

2- ^euq";rk^ dfork esa dfo us lc dks lkFk pyus dh çsj.kk D;ksa nh gS \ blls lekt dks D;k ykHk gks
ldrk gS\ rdZ lfgr mÙkj nhft,A
mÙkj % euq";rk dfork ds varxZr dfo ^eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr^ us gesa euq"; thou dk vFkZ egRo rFkk mls
lQy cukus ds mik; crk, gSaA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd n;k] d#.kk] lenf'kZrk] lgu'khyrk]
lgkuqHkwfr tSls ekuoh; xq.k gh gesa euq"; cukrs gSaA dsoy euq"; :i esa tUe ysus ls euq"; thou
dh lkFkZdrk fl) ugha gksrhA dfo us ,d leFkZ euq"; thou ij çdk'k Mkyus ds mijkar gesa
,d gksdj lkFk pyus dh çsj.kk nh gS D;ksafd tc ge ,d&nwljs dk lgkjk cusaxs rks gesa Hkh
lgkjk feysxk fdd vkSj bl rjg dksbZ Hkh cslgkjk ;k detksj ugha jgsxkA feydj jgus ls lHkh
dks ykHk gksrk gS tcfd nwfj;k¡ c<+ tkus ij lHkh detksj iM+ tkrs gSaA ,d ds fgr esa gh lcdk
fgr Nqik gqvk gS vr% ;fn ge vius lkFk&lkFk lHkh dk m)kj djrs gq, vkxs c<+sa rHkh euq";
vius thou dks okLrfod vFkZ esa lQy cuk ldsaxsA
3- ^euq";rk^ dfork dk çfrik| la{ksi esa fyf[k,A
mÙkj % dfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us ^euq";rk^ dfork ds varxZr euq"; thou dk egRo] mldk lnqi;ksx
djus ds mik; rFkk mu ekuoh; xq.kksa ij çdk'k Mkyk gS tks ,d euq"; thou dks lkFkZd cukrs
gSaA dfo ds vuqlkj LokFkZ ls Åij mBdj gesa ,d egku thou thuk pkfg,A rHkh ge lqe`R;q
dks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA gesa mnkjrk dk xq.k viukuk pkfg,A
 fdlh Hkh çdkj dk nku nsus esa vFkkZr~ lgk;rk djus esa ladksp ugha djuk pkfg,A euq"; ds
vanj lgkuqHkwfr] n;k vkSj d#.kk dk tks Hkko gS ogh mls vU; çkf.k;ksa ls Js"B cukrk gSA
ijekRek ij fo'okl j[krs gq, gesa ,d&nwljs dk lgkjk cudj vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A foosdiwoZd
,d mfpr ekxZ dk pquko djds thou&iFk ij esytksy ds lkFk vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A lHkh ds
fgr fparu esa gh gekjk fgr Nqik gSA euq"; gh og gS tks çk.khek= ds fy, viuk thou O;rhr
djsA
4- dfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr th us dgk] ^vrdZ ,d iap ds lrdZ iaFk gksa lHkhA^ bl iafä dh lkFkZdrk o
orZeku le; esa bldk vkSfpR; LFkkfir dhft,A
mÙkj% dfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us viuh dfork ^euq";rk^ ds }kjk ekuo tkfr dks çsfjr fd;k gSA ;s ekuo
dks lfg".kqrk vFkkZr~ lgus dh 'kfä tks dHkh ,d ekuoh; xq.k ekuk tkrk Fkk fdarq vkt
ifjfLFkfr o'k /kkj.kk cnyrh tk jgh gSA lgu'khyrk dks detksjh eku fy;k tkrk gSA tkfr]
/keZ] jax vkSj fopkjksa ds Lrj ij fHkUurk gksuk LokHkkfod gS] fdarq ,d nwts dks Lohdkj djuk gh
lkekftd laxBu dh uhao gSA ;fn lfg".kqrk lekIr gks tk, rks ;g fHkUurk,¡ fojks/k dk dkj.k
cu tkrh gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i naxs&Qlkn] yM+kbZ&>xM+s [kM+s gksrs gSa vkSj ns'k vkSj nqfu;k dk
fodkl #d tkrk gSA dfo ^eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr^ us ^euq";rk^ dfork ds varxZr euq"; thou dh
lkFkZdrk blh esa crkbZ gS fd ge feydj pysaA ^vrdZ ,d iaFk ds lrdZ iaFk gks lHkh^ vFkkZr~ ,sls
ekxZ dk pquko djsa ftlesa vkilh erHksn u gksA ,der gksdj lrdZ vkSj lko/kku jgsa fd u
fopkjksa esa erHksn gS vkSj u gksxkA ;fn gksxk Hkh rks ge mls lg"kZ Lohdkj djsxa sA ;fn xqIr th ds
bl lans'k dks ge le>sa vkSj viuk,¡ rks –f"Vdks.k fHkUu gksrs gq,] cfYd vyx&vyx fopkjksa dks
ldkjkRedrk ls viukrs gq,] 'kkafr O;oLFkk cuk, j[krs gq,] fodkl dh jkg ij vkxs c<+ ldrs
gSaA rHkh ns'k] nqfu;k vkSj ekuork dk fgr laHko gks ik,xkA
5- bl dfork dk D;k lUns'k gS\
mÙkj % bl dfork ds ek/;e ls dfo gesa ekuork] ln~Hkkouk] HkkbZpkjk mnkjrk] d#.kk vkSj ,drk dk
lUns'k nsrs gSaA dfo dguk pkgrs gSa dh gj euq"; iwjs lalkj esa viusiu dh vuqHkwfr djsAa og
t:jreanksa ds fy, cM+s ls cM+k R;kx djus esa Hkh ihNs u gVsA muds fy, d#.kk dk Hkko
txk;sA og vfHkeku] v/khjrk vkSj ykyp dk R;kx djsAa ,d&nwljs dk lkFk nsdj nsoRo dks
çkIr djsA og lq[k dk thou ft, vkSj esy&tksy c<+kus dk ç;kl djsAa dfo us çsj.kk ysus ds
fy, jafrnso] f{krh'k] d.kZ vkSj dbZ egkuqHkkoksa ds mnkgj.k nsdj muds vrqY; R;kx ds ckjs esa
crk;k gSA