Descriptive Geometry 2
By Pl Ledneczki Ph.D.
Table of contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Intersection of cone and plane Perspective image of circle Tangent planes and surface normals Intersection of surfaces Ellipsoid of revolution Paraboloid of revolution Torus Ruled surfaces Hyperboloid of one sheet
10. Hyperbolic paraboloid 11. Conoid 12. Helix and helicoid 13. Developable surfaces 14. Topographic representation
Intersection of Cone and Plane: Ellipse
The intersection of a cone of revolution and a plane is an ellipse if the plane (not passing through the vertex of the cone) intersects all generators. T2 F2 Dandelin spheres: spheres in a cone, tangent to the cone (along a circle) and also tangent to the plane of intersection. Foci of ellipse: F1 and F2, points of contact of plane of intersection and the Dadelin spheres. P F1 P: piercing point of a generator, point of the curve of intersection. T1 and T2, points of contact of the generator and the T1 Dandelin sphere. PF1 = PT1, PF2 = PT2 (tangents to sphere from an external point). PF1 + PF2 = PT1 + PT2 = T1T2 = constant http://www.clowder.net/hop/Dandelin/Dandelin.html Descriptive Geometry 2 2 Intersection of cone and plane
Construction of Minor Axis
A L=C=D
Let the plane of intersection be a second projecting plane that intersects all generators. The endpoints of the major axis are A and B, the piercing points of the leftmost and rightmost generators respectively. B The midpoint L of AB is the centre of ellipse. C Horizontal auxiliary plane passing through L intersects the cone in a circle with the centre of K. (K is a point of the axis of the cone). The endpoints of the minor axis C and D can be D found as the points of intersection of the circle in
and the reference line passing through L.
Intersection of cone and plane 3
Descriptive Geometry 2
Intersection of Cone and Plane: Parabola
The intersection of a cone of revolution and a plane is a parabola if the plane (not passing through the vertex d of the cone) is parallel to one generator. Focus of parabola is F, the point of contact of the plane E F T2 T of intersection and the Dadelin sphere. Directrix of parabola is d, the line of intersection of the plane of intersection and the plane of the circle on the Dandelin sphere. P: piercing point of a generator, point of the curve of intersection. T: point of contact of the generator and the P T1 Dandeli sphere. PF = PT (tangents to sphere from an external point). PT =T1T2 = PE, dist(P,F) = dist(P,d). http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DandelinSpheres.html Descriptive Geometry 2 4 Intersection of cone and plane
Construction of Point and Tangent
V Let the plane of intersection second projecting plane be parallel to the rightmost generator. The vertex of the parabola is V.
Horizontal auxiliary plane can be used to find P, the second image of a point of the parabola. The tangent t at a point P is the line of intersection of the plane of intersection and the tangent plane of the surface at P. The first tracing point of the tangent N1 is the point V of intersection of the first tracing line of the plane of intersection and the firs tracing line of the tangent plane at P, n11 and n12 respectively. n11 P N1 n12 t = | N1P|
Descriptive Geometry 2 5
Intersection of cone and plane
Intersection of Cone and Plane: Hyperbola
The intersection of a cone of revolution and a T2 plane is a hyperbola if the plane (not passing through the vertex of the cone) is parallel to two F2 generators. Foci of hyperbola: F1 and F2, points of contact of plane of intersection and the Dadelin spheres. P: piercing point of a generator, point of the curve of intersection. T1 P F1 T1 and T2, points of contact of the generator and the Dandelin spheres. PF1 = PT1, PF2 = PT2 (tangents to sphere from an external point). PF2 PF1 = PT2 - PT1 = T1T2 = constant.
http://thesaurus.maths.org/mmkb/view.html Descriptive Geometry 2 6 Intersection of cone and plane
Construction of Asymptotes
Let the plane of intersection second projecting plane A L K B parallel to two generators, that means, parallel to the second projecting plane through the vertex of the cone, which intersects the cone in two generators g1 and g2. The endpoints of the traverse (real) axis are A and B, the piercing points of the two extreme generators. g1 a 1 L B The midpoint L of AB is the centre of hyperbola. The asymptotic lines a1 and a2 are the lines of intersections of the tangent planes along the generators g1 and g2 and the plane of intersection . g2 a 2
g1 = g 2
Descriptive Geometry 2 7
Intersection of cone and plane
Perspective Image of Circle
Hyperbola
The image of a round carpet is a conic section Descriptive Geometry 2 8
Perspective Image of Circle
F
zon hori
C
axis e of g lin ane shin l vani round p g the
Descriptive Geometry 2 9
Perspective image of circle
Construction of Perspective Image of Circle
K The distance of the horizon and the (C) is equal to the distance of the axis and the vanishing line of the horizon F (C) ground plane. The type of the perspective image of a circles depends on the number of common points with the vanishing line of the ground plane: axis vanishing line of the ground plane no point in common; ellipse one point in common; parabola two points in common; hyperbola (K) The asymptotes of the hyperbola are the projections of the tangents at the vanishing points. Descriptive Geometry 2 10 Perspective image of circle
Tangent Planes, Surface Normals
n n P A n A P P A
n P
Descriptive Geometry 2 11
Tangent planes and surface normals
Intersection of Cone and Cylinder 1
Descriptive Geometry 2 12
Intersection of surfaces
Intersection of Cone and Cylinder 2
Descriptive Geometry 2 13
Intersection of surfaces
Intersection of Cone and Cylinder 3
Descriptive Geometry 2 14
Intersection of surfaces
Methods for Construction of Points 1
Auxiliary plane: plane passing through the vertex of the cone and parallel to the axis of cylinder
Descriptive Geometry 2 15
Intersection of surfaces
Methods for Construction of Point 2
Auxiliary plane: first principal plane
Descriptive Geometry 2 16
Intersection of surfaces
Principal Points
S1 K7 S1 D K1,2 S2
K K1 5
K2
K6 S2 K8 K4 K1 K3 K2 Double point: D Points in the plane of symmetry: S1, S2 Points On the outline of cylinder: K1, K2, K3, K4 Points On the outline of cone: K5, K6, K7, K8 Descriptive Geometry 2 17 Intersection of surfaces D S1 S2
Surfaces of Revolution: Ellipsoid
Prolate ellipsoid
Affinity Oblate ellipsoid
Axis plane of affinity
Capitol
Descriptive Geometry 2 18
Ellipsoid of revolution
Ellipsoid of Revolution in Orthogonal Axonometry
Z ZIV
Construction of the highest point H of the ax. image. (Horizontal tangent of ellipse in the side view.)
anti-circle E H K
F1
OiV O Y X XIV =YIV
Construct the contour point K of the self-shadow outline.
F2
Descriptive Geometry 2 19
Ellipsoid of revolution
Intersection of Ellipsoid and Plane
http://www.burgstaller-arch.at/
Descriptive Geometry 2 20
Ellipsoid of revolution
Surfaces of Revolution: Paraboloid
Descriptive Geometry 2 21
Paraboloid of revolution
Paraboloid; Shadows
Find - the focus of parabola - tangent parallel to f - self-shadow - cast shadow - projected shadow inside
Descriptive Geometry 2 22
Paraboloid of revolution
Torus
z (axis of rotation) equatorial circle meridian circle
throat circle y
x
Descriptive Geometry 2 23 Torus
Classification of Toruses
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html Descriptive Geometry 2 24 Torus
Torus as Envelope of Spheres
Descriptive Geometry 2 25
Torus
Outline of Torus as Envelope of Circles
Descriptive Geometry 2 26
Torus
Outline of Torus
Descriptive Geometry 2 27
Torus
Classification of Points of Surface
hyperbolical (yellow) elliptical (blue)
parabolical (two circles)
Descriptive Geometry 2 28
Torus
Tangent plane at Hyperbolic Point
Descriptive Geometry 2 29
Torus
Villarceau Circles
Antoine Joseph Franois Yvon Villarceau (1813-1889)
Descriptive Geometry 2 30
Torus
Construction of Contour and Shadow
Descriptive Geometry 2 31
Torus
Descriptive Geometry 2
Ruled Surface
http://www.amsta.leeds.ac.uk/~khouston/ruled.htm
32 Ruled surface
http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs3621/LAB/surface/ru led.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RuledSurface.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruled_surface http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/havlicek/torse.html http://www.f.waseda.jp/takezawa/mathenglish/geometry/surface 2.htm
Hyperboloid of One Sheet
http://www.archinform.net/medien/00004570.htm?ID=25c5e478c9a50370 03d984a4e4803ded
http://www.jug.net/wt/slscp/slscpa.htm
http://www.earth-auroville.com/index.php?nav=menu&pg=vault&id1=18
Descriptive Geometry 2 33
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet
Descriptive Geometry 2 34
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet, Surface of Revolution
Descriptive Geometry 2 35
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Shadows on Hyperboloid of one Sheet
Descriptive Geometry 2 36
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet, Shadow 1
f e The self-shadow outline is the hyperbola h in the plane of the selfshadow generators of asymptotic cone.
The cast-shadow on the hyperboloid itself is an arc of ellipse e inside of the surface. h Descriptive Geometry 2 37 Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet, Shadow 2
f The self-shadow outline is the ellipse e1 inside of the surface. e1 The cast-shadow on the hyperboloid itself is an arc of ellipse e2 on the outher side of the surface.
e2
e1 e2 Descriptive Geometry 2 38 Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet, Shadow 3
O2 f The outline of the self_shadow is a pair of parallel generators g1 and g2 .
g1= g2 O2** f g1 O2* g2
Descriptive Geometry 2 39
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet in Perspective
Descriptive Geometry 2 40
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid in Military Axonometry
Descriptive Geometry 2 41
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Construction of Self-shadow an Cast Shadow
f
V*: T2 t: d:
shadow of the center V that is the vetrex of the asymptotic cone tangent to the throat circle, chord of the base circle parallel and equal to t through the center of the base circle, diameter of the asymptotic cone
T1 d t
V A2
B2
Tangents to the base circle of the asymptotic cone from V* with the points of contact A1 and A2 : asymptotes of the castshadow outline hyperbola Line A1A2 : first tracing line of the plane of self-shadow hyperbola; V A1 and VA2 : asymptotes of the self-shadow outline hyperbola T2 *
A1 B1
V*
T1 * Descriptive Geometry 2 42 Hyperboloid of one sheet
Construction of Projected Shadow
f
The cast-shadow of H on the ground plane: H* Draw a generator g1 passing through H Find B1, the pedal point of the generator g1 g1 g2 H Find n1 = B1H* first tracing line of the auxiliary plane HB1H*
The point of intersection of the base circle and n1 is B2 l l n1 The second generator g2 lying in the plane HB1H* intersects the ray of light l at H, the lowest point of the ellipse, i.e. the outline of the projected shadow inside.
B1
B2
H*
Descriptive Geometry 2 43
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet with Horizontal Axis
Descriptive Geometry 2 44
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperboloid of One Sheet, Intersection with Sphere
Descriptive Geometry 2 45
Hyperboloid of one sheet
Hyperbolic Paraboloid
http://www.recentpast.org/types/hyperpara/index.html
http://www.ketchum.org/shellpix.html#airform
Descriptive Geometry 2 46
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Hyperbolic Paraboloid: Construction
http://www.anangpur.com/struc7.html Descriptive Geometry 2 47 Hyperbolic paraboloid
Saddle Surface
http://emsh.calarts.edu/~mathart/Annotated_HyperPara.html Descriptive Geometry 2 48 Hyperbolic paraboloid
Axonometry and Perspective
Descriptive Geometry 2 49
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Saddle Point an Contour
C A C
K1 K2
B Descriptive Geometry 2 50
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Shadow at Parallel Lighting
A C
C*
A* Descriptive Geometry 2 51 Hyperbolic paraboloid
Intersection with Cylinder
Descriptive Geometry 2 52
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Composite Surface
Descriptive Geometry 2 53
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Intersection with Plane
Descriptive Geometry 2 54
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Conoid
Conoid Studio, Interior. Photo by Ezra Stoller (c)ESTO Courtesy of John Nakashima
Sagrada Familia Parish School. Despite it was merely a provisional building destined to be a school for the sons of the bricklayers working in the temple, it is regarded as one of the chief Gaudinian architectural works. http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_VIDA/escoles.asp
http://www.areaguidebook.com/2005archives/Naka shima.htm
Descriptive Geometry 2 55
Conoid
Conoid
Definition: ruled surface, set of lines (rulings), which are transversals of a straight line (directrix) and a curve (base curve), parallel to a plane (director plane).
Parabola-conoid (axonometric sketch)
Right circular conoid (perspective)
Eric W. Weisstein. "Right Conoid." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RightConoid.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PlueckersConoid.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RuledSurface.html Descriptive Geometry 2 56 Conoid
Tangent Plane of the Right Circular Conoid at a Point
The intersections with a plane parallel to the base plane is ellipse (except the directrix). The tangent plane is determined by the ruling and the tangent of ellipse passing through the point. The tangent of ellipse is constructible in the projection, by means of affinity {a, P] (P)}
P Q e r s Q n1 t l e
P T
Descriptive Geometry 2 57
Conoid
Contour of Conoid in Axonometry
Find contour point of a ruling Method: at a contour point, the tangent plane of the surface is a projecting plane, i. e. the ruling r, the tangent of ellipse e and the tracing line n1 coincide: r = e = n1 1. 2. K 3. 4. K r Q t e 5. Descriptive Geometry 2 58 s Elevate the point K to get K Conoid Chose a ruling r Construct the tangent t of the base circle at the pedal point T of the ruling r Through the point of intersection of s and t, Q draw e parallel to e The point of intersection of r and e, K is the projection of the contour point K
r = e = n1
Contour of Conoid in Perspective
r = e = n1 Find contour point of a ruling Method: at a contour point, the tangent plane of the surface is a projecting plane, i. e. the ruling r, the tangent of ellipse e and the tracing line n1 coincide: r = e = n1 1. 2. K r a Chose a ruling r Construct the tangent t of the base circle at the pedal point T of the ruling r Through the point of intersection of s and t, Q draw e parallel to e ( e 1 e = V h) The point of intersection of r and e, K is the projection of the contour point K Elevate the point K to get K
(t) (T) T
3.
e s Q
4.
5. C
Descriptive Geometry 2 59
Conoid
Shadow of Conoid
r Find shadow-contour point of a ruling Method: at a shadow-contour point, the tangent plane of the surface is a shadow-projecting plane, i. e. the shadow of ruling r*, the shadow of tangent of ellipse e* and the tracing line n1 coincide: r* = e* = n1 1. f K f r Q K* K t 2. Chose a ruling r Construct the tangent t of the base circle at the pedal point T of the ruling r 3. Through the point of intersection of s and t, Q draw e parallel to e* e T
4.
The point of intersection of r and e, K is the projection of the contour point K, a point of the self-shadow outline Elevate the point K to get K Project K to get K*
5. 6.
r* = e* = n1 Descriptive Geometry 2 60 Conoid
Intersection of Conoid and Plane
Descriptive Geometry 2 61
Conoid
Intersection of Conoid and Tangent Plane
Descriptive Geometry 2 62
Conoid
Helix
Helical motion: rotation + translation
Fold a right triangle around a cylinder
Descriptive Geometry 2 63
Helix and helicoid
Left-handed, Right-handed Staircases
While elevating, the rotation about the axis is clockwise: left-handed While elevating, the rotation about the axis is counterclockwise: right-handed
x(t) = a sin(t)
y(t) = a cos(t)
z(t) = c t
c > 0: right-handed c < 0: left-hande
Descriptive Geometry 2 64
Helix and helicoid
Classification of Images of Helix
Sine curve, circle Curve with cusp
Stretched curve
Curve with loop
Descriptive Geometry 2 65
Helix and helicoid
Helix, Tangent, Director Cone
P: half of the perimeter p: pitch a: radius of the cylinder M g t P c: height of director cone = parameter of helical motion M: vertex of director cone g: generator of director cone t: tangent of helix M t P M g
g t Descriptive Geometry 2
P
a
p = c 2
P = a 2
Helix and helicoid 66
Helix with Cuspidal Point in Perspective
T = t = N1 =Vt T: point of contact t: tangent at T N1: tracing point Vt: vanishing point
The tangent of the helix at cuspidal point is perspective projecting line: T = t = N 1 = Vt Since t lies in a tangent plane of the cylinder of the helix, it lies on a contour generator of the cylinder (leftmost or rightmost)
Descriptive Geometry 2 67
Helix and helicoid
Construction Helix with Cusp in Perspective 1
(N1) Let the perspective system {a, h, ( C )} and the base circle of the helix be given. A right-handed helix starts from the rightmost point of the base circle. Find the parameter c (height of the director cone) such that the perspective image of the helix should have cusp in the first turning. h F (t) t N1=T T (O) (Po)
1) T is the pedal point of the (T) contour generator on the left.
Po
(C) 2) The rotated (N1 ) can be found on the tangent of the circle at (T): dist((N1), (T)) = arc((Po), (T)). ( C) Descriptive Geometry 2 68 Helix and helicoid 3) T can be found by projecting (N1) through (C), because, T = N1.
Construction Helix with Cusp in Perspective 2
g axis Vt
2 t , g = |V
tO|
G: pedal point of the generator g, the point of intersection of g and the circle (ellipse in perspective) F h
t (t) N1=Vt=T (O) g g G T O M Po a g (Po)
2 t , g = |V O|
t
M: vertex of director cone c = dist(M,O) Descriptive Geometry 2 69 Helix and helicoid
Helicoid
Definition: A ruled surface, which may be generated by a straight line moving such that every point of the line shall have a uniform motion in the direction of another fixed straight line (axis), and at the same time a uniform angular motion about it.
Eric W. Weisstein. "Helicoid." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Helicoid.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoid http://vmm.math.uci.edu/3D-XplorMath/Surface/helicoid-catenoid/helicoid-catenoid_lg1.html Descriptive Geometry 2 70 Helix and helicoid
Tangent Plane of Helicoid
The tangent plane is determined by the ruling and the tangent of helix passing through the point.
Descriptive Geometry 2 71
Helix and helicoid
Contour of Helicoid
Find contour point of a ruling Method: at a contour point, the tangent plane of the surface is a projecting plane, i. e. the ruling r and the tangent of helix e coincide: r = e 1. 2. T Chose a ruling r Construct the tangent t of the helix at the endpoint T of the ruling segment r t
N1
K r=e t s e Connect the tracing point N1 of t and the origin O with the line s Through the point of intersection of s and r = e, Q draw e parallel to t The point of intersection of r and e, K is the projection of the contour point K Helix and helicoid 72
T r K O
Q 3. 4. 5.
Descriptive Geometry 2
Developable Surfaces
Developable surfaces can be unfolded onto the plane without stretching or tearing. This property makes them important for several applications in manufacturing.
mARTa Herford - Frank Gehry http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/geom/bibtexing/devel.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developable_surface http://www.rhino3.de/design/modeling/developable/ Descriptive Geometry 2 73 Developable surfaces
Developable Surface
Find the proper plug that fits into the three plug-holes. The conoid is non-developable, the cylinder and the cone are developable.
Descriptive Geometry 2 74
Developable surfaces
Developable Surface
1. 2. Divide one of the circles into equal parts Find the corresponding points of the other circle such that the tangent plane should be the same along the generator Use triangulation method for the approximate polyhedron O 4. Develop the triangles one by one O2 Ty y 9 10 (Ty) (10) Descriptive Geometry 2 75 Developable surfaces 1 (O2) 2 (2) M2 x z 9 10 1 O1 2
3.
Topographic Representation
www.pacificislandtravel.com
Projection with elevation
Descriptive Geometry 2 76 Topographic representation
Topographic Map
One of the most widely used of all maps is the topographic map. The feature that most distinguishes topographic maps from maps of other types is the use of contour lines to portray the shape and elevation of the land. Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface. Topographic maps usually portray both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature including mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, and vegetation. They also identify the principal works of man, such as roads, boundaries, transmission lines, and major buildings. The wide range of information provided by topographic maps make them extremely useful to professional and recreational map users alike. Topographic maps are used for engineering, energy exploration, natural resource conservation, environmental management, public works design, commercial and residential planning, and outdoor activities like hiking, camping, and fishing.
http://mac.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/topo/topo.html#Map Descriptive Geometry 2 77 Topographic representation
Topographic Representation (Vocabulary)
Contour line level path, connect points of equal elevation, closely spaced contour lines represent a steep slope, widely spaced lines indicate a gentle slope concentric circles of contour lines indicate a hilltop or mountain peak concentric circles of hachured contour lines indicate a closed depression a short line used for shading and denoting surfaces in relief (as in map drawing) and drawn in the direction of slope a depression or hollow made by a blow or by pressure a depressed or low part of a surface; esp: a small valley or basin an indication of the relationship between the distances on a map and the corresponding actual distances a small narrow steep-sided valley (water course) a top or upper part especially when long and narrow (topped the mountain ridge) vertical section of the earths surface taken along a given line on the surface vertical section taken at right angles to the profile lines
Hachure Dent Hollow Scale Ravine Ridges Profile Section
Slope given as a ratio: first number is the horizontal distance and the second number is the vertical distance (cot) Interval distance of cut/fill contours Topographic representation 78
Descriptive Geometry 2
Topographic Map
Ridge
Gentle slope
Depression
Ravine
Steep slope
Hilltop www.tomharrisonmaps.com
Descriptive Geometry 2 79
Topographic representation
Topographic Representation (3D elements)
Point
14
Calculation of interval Scales: Map: M 1:100.000, M 1:25.000 Road, railway, model: M 1:200, M 1:50 Details: M 1:20, M 1:1 Magnification: M 1:0,1, M 1:0,01 Interval: Plane
14
15
Line
i=
14 13
1000 s
i interval
ratio scale
e.g. scale: M 1:200, ratio of fill: 6:4, than the interval = 7,5 mm scale: 1:100, slope of road: 20%, interval = 50 mm
Descriptive Geometry 2 80
Topographic representation
Surfaces
Cylinder Sphere Cone and plane
10 11 12 13 14 15 13 12 11 10
5 67 8 9 8 7 6 5
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 11 10 9 13
10 12 13 14 15
11
2 3 4 5
Helix
Circle Horizontal line
6 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
Cone
Oblique line
8 7
Helical surface Plane Descriptive Geometry 2 81
Plane Topographic representation
Basic Metrical Constructions
1 True length of a segment Perpendicular line and plane Rotation of a plane parallel to the picture plane
A60
13 14 2 15
(R ) P6
( g)
1
R9
Descriptive Geometry 2 82
AB
B 57
g=
(P ) 6 7 Q8 (Q ) 8 9
Topographic representation
