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The document discusses SQL commands and their functions for managing databases, including retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. It covers various SQL operations such as SELECT, WHERE, and GROUP BY, along with examples of how to use these commands effectively. Additionally, it explains the use of aggregate functions and conditions for filtering data in SQL queries.
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Save SQL- Notes For Later VAN ALY
\
peach faa x
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Tysed fou _accéssing oral aoncdelifiging) Lomquage |
SQk atomas fon Atiuictwre gugup Lornguage
— Lanfongen. oto wn the doalabase.
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ured to communicate With the databace do
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the dotobore ut ahodto jourfoum various ofhur
fumiuliom tke owote table, add data fo cable,
modify dot ,dnop the Aable , set permis ior
for UAU+S.
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@ Tel (CYransacdion Contiel Lomguage)
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Where SQL Commands ane Used fon
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aot database nub fecks. Prise commands ae
Oveleot- reresteck Lotter Pdnop Quename
@
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retrieving oma amodifyang amd deleding dat
These commomds ave Oselect Supodate Crrnord,
Land Detete.
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Unomaction -Cominot Kanguacpe 2—
Whe SQ commands ane of or Aenomagrg
ChOmngzes Ofte cng the data, “Ineie cormmeands
One “comm sit notatbac kK Gmd_ save port
Rota Control & wages —
hee SQL commom Ate used for Joroutding
| Aeour ity do database objects, Whie com
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U da fal
os 4 ° am.
atodowm ~ Tf 1s use gy 2 ;
Loefrieve cota from aftabde wn
he retrieve wmmtfouwmation
a ‘
Beg ‘d_ columns ov alt the
columns im he toble.
it
Buys ace :
s@r> AeA column List som < #bbdenome>
[where clause]
[ Group by clause J
[itavang clause]
T onder ) clause]:
Ve \ Vales
fare
& classmate.
Date
e 2 bie
(Jo Alaspol ayy au Ahe Angowmadion, of Aabte of
4
Pant = y
car > Kelect oll mame, acm fee doa the from
Atudenk 5
Sqr >Aelect #ferom student +
Eleminatang neclunclamt dota uith olistind
Ap wonels tH
default data ts nelecled fwom all Ahe
nour Of odote vey Af the dota Appearing am
the ew guts duyplicated the dian” Reyuoord
thinnin ct es uuplicoles arom the neuults of a
sdect slatemeont.
‘don LP 5 Sf the chudent Adble Afores Ahe mores.
of the Lifves_of Ah xe students _and_we want
1 ace the «thes Whore the studs belongs Ao
SQL> Adhech ctanct Chey? form atudenls
Se eee+
[whore clause J 8 w
ce whine clause ace Atotemernt ppecifie
the _cnitoria for aelectiow of ef rows to
toe _srtetiwmed
]
| the rtollLmo, nome omel
fy do duspl
“acmnfee fon! Aticlemls bawing ely Boe
admission fee *more Ahavy 3000.
sq > select naltno, nome, aamfee
T feo studevt
| Whore admfee
5000;
Ao display all mbowméeticn of ptucl ents
| whose hy is Ramdhoiand methine:
amore thom L001.
i
S@L> Achect city, nollno name. admfee
from Aludents
Where aollno +1001:
where cily = Ravcht,
OR
Sal SAclect # from Fil
Where cihy =' ~
ty Ramchi! and walsos onedea | AN,
——
AA
q Condition. based on a Home t—
BETWEEN Ope1aton Aefhines an ;
Orn
ee that the column values Mere
jwlo Amake the -cond” Anne, Whe van
«
pl and 5 both +tever lowes value and Wpper_yalue.
Gq:c do Mist Ahe stuclenilk whose _vollno bel w
Leg 1005 to 1040, a
T sary select # from ptudint
where aollno BETWEEN 1005 and 1010;
oR
sal >Aclect * from Atudent
Where vollno > =1005 AND xollno < = 10105
The oporotoY NOT BETWEEN nevowe of BETWEEN
obeorator te the nows mot sod thy ting, Ahe
between cond” ore _nelrieve.
fo:- Jo Anntdhe students whore voll no. a
i alpaca ea al
SQL> select * from student
Wheve voll no Not BETWEEN 1008 amd 1olo,a dust 2=
# Condition. barcd om
Ga pecs a Lust FF values, IN perodor
i d IN operator nedeck yaluts
that 1nd + even Wt of
that wnolchy ony value an Og
Bq fo displ ty C at _f rtudemt from
wRamtlvi, Ketdeed@= anrcl- qBokano amd
| “Podme uber '—
I
[seus Aetect_# from students _ )
| eaheve city? IN CRamchi’ ‘Bokaro’ Palna’);
OR :
sQuy Aelect.*« from atudmw
[where cityp = Kamchi oR city “Bokaro” oR
city = Patna’ }
Dhe NOT _IN oper ado funds secord #Ahat
do met match rn the {uct
Sg t-
sal> Ade * from ptudent
a ; ;
where oily NOT IN Crancht’' Bokaro’, ' patna’):
OR i
s@L> Aclect * foromr stud ml
where city <>'Ranchi’ oR city<>' Bokaro’ oR citys> Patna
_— |ar also eer dean Imad chino, i
° Oj ve
LIKE fon comp arthons ow ovate
piangs. Lom pattinn, “Potlen are al
d g - . 8
quscrabed Madang) #090 _Apecial paid carol
|| characte . | . mach ec
(om (parcdwtage) :— dhe 4 haraclor amy?
sub ate, :
—7 @_. (Undoucore) i= “Whe _ chanader matches
| oy character:
foi Uo (ul the stuclorls whore mame whats
"wth charactor A
SQL> Aclect * fpnom student
“where mame LIKE SAX? 5
eg: Vo displ al dhe atuclemts smfo _urhose
mone nds _with chavacter .M,
s@L> Aelect * faom student
Where name LiKE'2y? .
EG! Jo_Ust students who have four chanacter
home ending with ~,
UO
SQL> Aelect x foom atudenk:
here name LIKE Seeas\ CT
) i ly aad la aeo =s
a
a
| # ocanchme for Dud be
= Line a column
— Whe NULL Vv = pabhe using) Js NOLL
seanched fox a ; (Petes
openrotor, av Ahe whese _¢ =
oto Aike = < comnot be Us
with NULL).
lego Aud delads of lucent Ghose city
nian NULL value
SQL Y Adclect * farom Atudems
where _culy 1S NULL;
te Orolen bp Clause 2
“She _onden by CAoamse allows Asabordarng of
queny reesubt ton by Che «4 0r more
columns. “Lhe sorting com be done etther
Wwe aacendanag On dérscendang onder “he
def out _Onclen ais ascending °
x €g: “Jo display Ane Aust of sjudents an
deseemcl yn of Aber nommes whore adm fee
| ws more Ltn eke 5000,
| SAL > Aclecl x from ctudent
| Whine admfee S 5000;
Onder by name desc -Ser ey
—— |
pAggueg ote “dumetions =
“She Aum
aie gf toe dele 2 oh
0 yum 7 agqnieg obey oO. Ag gic gee omc
applaed Ao aus MOUS An a tably & toa 4
caubset of Me fable apecfied by a whore
Telawse. 88t sncluces otloirine “fumctions:
QQ dumO > To catulote dota values.
@ AvpO i= Jo colcutate avenage value.
G@_anoec0 :- “Calcul ate _smax™ values.
@ awn !— Jo CalewloAe min™ we value.
O Com O Jo coumt Ahe mon-mull_ values an
a_ycolumn.
@ -Cound (*) = To _coumt ot el_mo- of Hows am _@
Able .
£9 Jo coleulate the total cdmfee or atucents
& city Ramet —
SQL> Aelect usm acimfec) [rom Pasion,
whore colby? = ='Ramchi”
Bete | ie flEg! “Jo dusplay Ane. avg.
ioe {oon _Atudenty ©
amd Ache
Aber ye anomnes began (sath A ¢ a
do coby Ranchi
s@L_> pled avg Cadrmtee) from atudent
“phere narmne: LIKE AZ’ nd city ='Romehi?-
of Muchas aw Audits
gato coum the mo
at able 2 :
cal» Aelecl couml C4) from Students
diff.
e9*"Jo count Ahe ane of cuties rludentt
hifongs do :
—-—$________—
sar» Aclet couwl (aifiowcrst cbies)
from pwludonts 5
#4 Groups by 3 Chose —
The group by Lause as
a am _aclecl otocle fo dtvide. the aable
3
groups. noupang cam be done by
& column mame ov @tth -+the aggregate fume
aw_whith case Ahe aggre
gate
avalue for each grtua® poreuces
egal calculate the mo. of vpudents Am.
ra omd_avg, admfée {ev each cé
for _atudent ?— :
3 dtudents
Saby elec city count Cx) _avgladm fee) rom
grows by city -=
(ee
A Hana Chanae =
Whe Ayavon clone _potacts
Lon” On pos am conned whire
chase thod” places cond” on Andividacd pn ouss.
to -
[gto display the cities / 2
Sy lr sei aad
tis thom 5 Om ehh. also fo
| derplau, fot a
L adinfee fou cath ties.
Stores
SQL > Aetect city, count Go , sum(admfee)
from vtudent
having count CH) <5
grotip by citys
tt [ot asdeo0 rkKy—*&
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TAmwer the Following question on the basts of
te Atudent -“Ol Aclect att the ctucents rtudy log “Physts
spor phe Aolole student.
OlAcdt de aluders corded ey avg maria by
ascendiny ondiv.
@l_-Comd the mo. of students securing grade A
\ the momen of pfu.dents aeweiny
B quate i
G
Dasplay Lhe outpud of sind min" avg rnavks
from. the _Adcble atudenls,