Experiment-1
Experiment 1:
Every student should identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and
its functions. Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each
peripheral and submit to your instructor. Every student should disassemble and
assemble the PC back to working condition.
AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer, assemble and disassemble the system.
Software Requirement: No Software Required.
Hardware Requirement: Desired Configuration for the above task is
System unit
CPU
Mother Board
FDD
CD ROM Drive
HDD
Ethernet Card
Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse & Speakers
Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
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Peripherals of a computer:
1. Cabinet:
It is used to install all hardware devices like(mother board, SMPS,HDD, CD Rom, FDD)
It has Start, Restart Button, Led’s, Audio and USB Connecters are available at front side.
2. Monitor:
Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.
It displays text characters and graphics in colors or in shades of grey.
The monitor is also called as screen or display or CRT (cathode ray tube). In the monitor the screen
will be displayed in pixels format.
i. 800 by 600 pixels
ii. 1024 by 768 pixels
3. Key Board:
Key board is like a type writer, which contains keys to feed the data or information into the computer
Keyboards are available in two modules. These are
standard key board with 83-88 keys
enhanced key board with 104 keys or above
4. Mouse:
Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one secondary button (right button).
The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, where as secondary button is used in special cases
you can select commands and options
5. Printer:
A device that prints images (numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc…) on paper is known as Printer.
We have different types of printers to take printouts. These are as follows:
i. Dot matrix printer ii. Inkjet printer
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6. Speakers:
Speakers make your system much more delightful to use entertain you while you are working on
computer
7. Scanner: Scanner used to scan images and text.
8. System board/Motherboard
This is the major part of the PC hardware
It manages all transactions of data between CPU peripherals.
which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, & has slots for expansion cards
It is rectangle shape
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9. Socket 478:
It use 478 – PIN MICROPGA package it is used installing CPU
It is square type design.
10. CPU
The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The processor is fitted
on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning
of a PC.
It is brain of the computer
It is square shape
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11. Ram Slots:
Ram slots are used to install the rams
It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips.
There two type ram slots
SD Ram ----------Two Gaps (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of dynamic
random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is
optimized for. This tends to increase the number of instructions that the processor can perform in a
given time.
DDR Ram -------- One Gap (Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM: A clock is used to read data from
a DRAM. DDR memory reads data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock, achieving a faster
data rate.)
12. North Bridge:
It is also called as controller
It is nearby socket 478
It placed middle of the mother board
It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals
13. South Bridge:
It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices
It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip.
It nearby CMOS battery
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14. CMOS Battery:
Computer is using a coin shape battery
It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time.
15. Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):
It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.
It used to connecting Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.
16. Input & Output ports:
IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,
speakers etc...
17. AGP Slot & AGP Card:
AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.
AGP back view same as VGA port (15-female pins) and used to connecting the monitor’s c. This slot
is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown
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18. CI Slots &PCI (Expansion) Cards:
PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as
i. LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port
ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)
iii. TV Tuner (Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter
iv. PCI Slots are white or yellow color
v. PCI Card has Single gap only
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19. BIOS Chip:
BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together
BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or mother board
20. ATX Power connecter:
ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug (This is from SMPS)
It is white color and it has ATX Name is available on Mother Board
ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.
Typical ATX 1.3 power supply. From left to right, the connectors are 20-pin motherboard, 4-pin
"P4connector", fan RPM monitor (note the lack of a power wire), SATA power connector (black),
"Molex connector" and floppy connector.
21. Floppy connecter:
Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive.
This is beside of ATX power connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.
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22. Bus Cables or Data cables:
A Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one device to another
device cables are two types
IDE cable: it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM
FDD cable: it used to connect FDD (braking or manufacture defecting)
23. Hard Disk Drive:
The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer
The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive
Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive
24. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:
CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from
Compact Disks (CD).
CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks.
Identification is the panel name is CD Writer
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25. Floppy Disk Drive:
The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks.
Floppy disks also called as a diskette.
Identification is smaller than CD Writer.
26. SMPS:
SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
In SMPS holds a transformer, voltage control and fan
Identification is the rectangular box shape and panel name is switching mode power supply.
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Assembling & Disassembling the System Hardware Components of the
Personal Computer
1. Setting the Cabinet ready:-
Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
2. Fitting the Mother board.
Line up the patch on the motherboard (ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate
holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
Check the points where you and to install
Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
3. Installing the CPU
Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit
in the processor.
You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
Lock the lever back down.
4. Installing CPU fan
Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink
/CPU fan.
5. Fitting the RAM:
The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
The mother board‘s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
6. Installing SMPS
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7. Installing the ATX Power Connector
ATX Connectors:
PS, Mouse.
Key board.
USB.
Parallel ( Prints )
Serial COM1.
Serial COM 2.
Joystick.
Sound.
8. Installing the HDD and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
9. CD ROM Drive :
CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
1st check that the jumper configuration is correct.
Fix the screw.
10. LAN Card
11. Connecting the ribbon Cables and Front panel connections
Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard
first. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
12. Final Check:
Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
Is the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?
Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
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Are the drive secure?
Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
All systems, fans should start spinning
U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec
Amber light on monitor should go green
You will see computer start to boot with a memory check
Now check front LED‘S to see if u plugged them in correctly
Check all other buttons
Power afford change any wrong settings
Why should one learn about hardware?
1. Troubleshoot you and save time.
2. Knowing about system internals and components.
3. Very easy installation for modern hardware.
4. Install extra memory.
5. Removing components.
TEST DATA: No Test Data for This Experiment
ERROR: No Errors for this Experiment
RESULT: Assembling and disassembling the system is completed
Viva Q & A :
1) Define hardware?
2) Define software?
3) What are the functional units of a computer?
4) IDE Stands for
5) What are the other names for LAN card
6) What is the use of LAN card?
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Experiment 1:
Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition.
AIM: TO assemble and disassemble the system
Hardware Requirements: Cabinet, Hard Disk, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy Drive, Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard,
Mother Board, Processor, Heat Sink Fan, RAM Cards, PCI Cards, AGP Card, CMOS Battery, IDE cables, SMPS,
ATX power Connector.
Software Requirements: Not Required
Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.
Steps for Assembling:
1. Setting the cabinet ready.
2. Preparing to fit the components.
3. Fitting the mother board.
4. Fitting the RAM, processor and cooler.
5. Installing PCI cards.
6. Fitting the hard disk and floppy drive.
7. Installing the CD ROM drives.
8. Connecting the ribbon cables.
9. Powering the drives and mother board.
10. Connecting the cables for the case front panel.
11. Final check.
Getting the Cabinet ready:-
1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
Preparing to fit the Components:
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1. Network adapter drive.
2. Floppy disk drive.
3. BUS cables.
4. Hard disk.
5. CD-ROM Drive.
6. RAM
7. CPU
8. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
9. Mother board.
10. Screws.
Fitting the Mother board:
1. Line up the patch on the motherboard with the appropriate holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required
Fitting the processor:
1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide smoothly into the socket.
4. Lock the lever back down.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink / CPU fan.
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Fitting the RAM:
1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 2 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR RAM.
3. The mother board’s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
Installing the PCI Cards:
1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. Network Interface Cards, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.
Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
Installing the CD-ROM Drives:
1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
2. 1ST check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.
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Connecting the BUS Cables, power connectors:-
1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
3. Is the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
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Result: Introduction to computers and Identification peripherals task completed. Assembling and
disassembling procedure is successfully completed.
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TASK 3:
Hardware Troubleshooting: Students have to be given a PC which does not
boot due to improper assembly or defective peripherals. They should identify
the problem and fix it to get the computer back to working condition.
AIM: Hardware troubleshooting
Software Requirement: No software required
Hardware Requirement: Personal computer
Troubleshoot:-
1. If you hit the power button & nothing happened.
□ Check all power connections.
□ Check for power on mother board.
2. If the system turns on but does not beep or begin to boot up.
□ Remove all components except motherboard/ cpu / moniter
check by giving power to them
Computer error beeps codes:
No beep: short, no power, bad CPU/ MD, loose peripherals.
One beep: everything is normal & computer posted tax.
Two beeps: post / CMOS error.
One long beep One short beep: Motherboard problem.
One long beep two short beep: video problem.
One long beep 3 short beeps: video problem.
3 long beeps: keyboard error.
Repeated long beep: memory error.
Continuous high- low beeps: CPU overheating
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TEST DATA: No Test data for this Experiment
ERROR: No Errors for this Experiment
RESULT: Doing the Hardware troubleshooting is completed
Viva Questions and Answers:
1. What is the hardware trouble shooting?
2. What is the device manager?
3. What are the troubles related to the monitors?
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