Unit1

1)Write a Detailed Definition , Characteristics of Software Engineering with

examples?

Definition

Software Engineering is the systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to the

development, operation, and maintenance of software.
It applies engineering principles to software development to ensure that the software is reliable,
efficient, cost-effective, and meets user requirements.

In short:

Software Engineering = Applying engineering principles to software to produce high-quality

software within time and budget.

Characteristics of Software Engineering

1. Systematic Approach
o Follows structured methods (e.g., SDLC, Agile).
o Example: In a banking application, requirements are collected, analyzed,
designed, coded, tested, and maintained step by step.
2. Scalability
o Can handle small to very large software systems.
o Example: From a calculator app (small) to an ERP system (large).
3. Quality Assurance
o Ensures reliability, security, and performance.
o Example: Online payment systems undergo security testing to prevent fraud.
4. Maintainability
o Easy to modify and update with time.
o Example: Updating WhatsApp to add new features like voice messages.
5. Team-Oriented
o Involves multiple roles (analysts, designers, developers, testers).
o Example: A mobile app development team has front-end, back-end, and QA
engineers.
6. Use of Tools & Technologies
o Involves IDEs, testing tools, project management software.
o Example: GitHub for version control.
7. User-Centric
o Focuses on solving real-world user problems.
 o Example: A hospital management system is designed to simplify doctor-patient
data handling.

2)Write the Importance of Software Engineering?

mportance of Software Engineering

Software Engineering is crucial for developing and maintaining high-quality, reliable, and
scalable software systems. Here’s why it’s important:

1. Handles Complexity:
Large systems often involve multiple components with intricate interactions. Software
Engineering breaks down complex systems into manageable parts, ensuring efficient
development and operation.
Example: The IRCTC system needs to manage millions of users and train schedules.
Without SE principles, it would be prone to errors and inefficiencies.
2. Reduces Cost & Time:
Early planning, clear requirements, and proper design minimize the risk of costly
mistakes during later stages. It helps reduce rework and optimizes resources.
Example: In mobile app development, defining features early avoids costly redesigns and
delays.
3. Improves Quality:
Structured testing, reviews, and quality assurance processes ensure the system works
reliably and meets user needs.
Example: In healthcare systems, software engineering practices like rigorous testing
ensure patient data is correctly managed and secure.
4. Scalability:
As businesses grow, the software needs to handle increasing users and data. SE practices
ensure that systems can scale effectively.
Example: Amazon scaled from a bookstore to a global e-commerce giant, thanks to SE
practices that ensured system scalability.
5. Ensures Security:
SE involves secure coding practices, encryption, and regular security audits to protect
sensitive data from cyber threats.
Example: In banking systems, encryption ensures the safe transmission of financial data,
protecting user information from attacks.
6. Maintenance & Updates:
Software needs continuous updates and modifications. SE methods ensure these changes
are systematically planned and integrated, maintaining stability.
Example: WhatsApp frequently updates its app with new features and bug fixes using
SE practices to ensure smooth operations without disrupting the user experience.
3) Discuss Waterfall Model,Iterative Model,Spiral Model,V-Model with diagrams ?

Models of Software Engineering

1. Waterfall Model

 Sequential process (step by step).

 Phases: Requirement → Design → Implementation → Testing → Deployment →
Maintenance.

Diagram:

Requirements → Design → Implementation → Testing → Deployment → Maintenance

Example: Military software (where requirements are fixed).

2. Iterative Model

 Develop software in small parts (iterations).

 Each version improves until final product.

Diagram:

Requirement → Design → Implement → Test → Feedback → Next Iteration

Example: Microsoft Word releases new versions with improvements.

3. Spiral Model

 Combines iterative + risk analysis.

 Each loop = one phase (planning, risk analysis, development, evaluation).

Diagram (spiral form):

[Planning → Risk Analysis → Engineering → Evaluation] → repeat in spirals

Example: Large, high-risk projects like NASA spacecraft software.

4. V-Model (Verification & Validation)

 Extension of Waterfall with parallel testing.

 Each development phase has a corresponding test phase.

Diagram (V-shape):

Requirement ↔ Acceptance Testing

Design ↔ System Testing
Coding ↔ Unit Testing

Example: Medical device software (where validation is critical).

04) Discuss Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):

Phases and Activities with examples?

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process followed by software
developers to design, develop, test, and maintain software efficiently. It ensures high-quality
software delivery within time and budget.

🧩 Phases of SDLC and Key Activities:

Requirement Gathering and Analysis 1.

- Understand and document user needs.
- Example: For a school app, collect requirements like attendance tracking and report cards.

System Design 2.
- Design architecture, user interfaces, and databases.
- Example: Design student tables, login screens, and flow of data in the school app.

Implementation (Coding) 3.
- Developers write code based on the design.
- Example: Code modules for adding student records and generating results.

Testing 4.
- Test for errors, bugs, and correct functionality.
- Example: Verify that student grades are calculated and displayed correctly.

Deployment 5.
- Launch the software for actual use.
- Example: Install the school app on school computers or host it online.

Maintenance 6.
- Fix bugs and update features based on feedback.
- Example: Add new features like online classes or fix login issues.
✅ Conclusion:
SDLC helps teams deliver reliable and user-friendly software by following a clear set of phases,
from planning to maintenance. Each phase plays a vital role in building high-quality software.

Unit2
1)explain about agile manifesto and principles?

Agile Manifesto

The Agile Manifesto was created in 2001 by a group of software developers who wanted a better
way to develop software—faster, with more flexibility, and closer collaboration with customers.

It emphasizes four key values:

1. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

Focus on people and communication rather than rigid procedures.
2. Working software over comprehensive documentation
Deliver functional software rather than spending excessive time on detailed paperwork.
3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Work closely with customers to meet their needs instead of sticking strictly to contracts.
4. Responding to change over following a plan
Be flexible and adapt quickly to changes rather than rigidly following a fixed plan.

Principles of Agile Software Development (Simple Version)

1. Deliver useful software to customers early and regularly.

2. Accept changes even late in development.
3. Frequently deliver working software (every few weeks or months).
4. Business people and developers should work together every day.
5. Build projects with motivated teams and trust them.
6. Talk face-to-face for better communication.
7. Working software is the main measure of progress.
8. Maintain a steady work pace for a long time.
9. Focus on good design and technical quality.
10. Keep things simple and avoid unnecessary work.
11. Let teams organize themselves.
12. Regularly review and improve how the team works.

2)Explain agile scrum framework in detail with example.

Agile Scrum Framework

Scrum is one of the most popular Agile frameworks used to manage complex software
development projects. It emphasizes iterative progress, collaboration, and flexibility.

Key Components of Scrum

1. Roles:

 Product Owner
Represents the customer and stakeholders. Responsible for defining and prioritizing the
product features (called the Product Backlog).
 Scrum Master
Facilitates the Scrum process, removes obstacles, and ensures the team follows Scrum
practices.
 Development Team
A cross-functional group that develops the product. They organize their work and decide
how to achieve the sprint goals.

2. Artifacts:

 Product Backlog
A prioritized list of all features, bug fixes, and tasks needed for the product.
 Sprint Backlog
A list of tasks selected from the Product Backlog to be completed in the current Sprint.
 Increment
The working product or software delivered at the end of a Sprint.

3. Events (Ceremonies):

 Sprint
A fixed time-box (usually 2-4 weeks) during which the team works to complete selected
backlog items.
 Sprint Planning
Meeting where the team selects which Product Backlog items they will work on in the
upcoming Sprint.
 Daily Scrum (Stand-up)
A short (15-minute) daily meeting for the team to synchronize, discuss progress, and
identify obstacles.
 Sprint Review
At the end of the Sprint, the team demonstrates the completed work to stakeholders for
feedback.
  Sprint Retrospective
The team reflects on the Sprint process and discusses improvements for the next Sprint.

How Scrum Works:

 The Product Owner maintains the Product Backlog with all requirements.
 During Sprint Planning, the team selects a set of items to complete in the Sprint.
 The team works collaboratively during the Sprint, meeting daily to stay on track.
 At the end of the Sprint, the team delivers a working increment.
 Feedback from the Sprint Review may update the Product Backlog.
 The team holds a Retrospective to improve the process continuously.

Example: Developing an E-commerce Website

 Product Owner creates the Product Backlog with features like user login, product
catalog, shopping cart, payment gateway, and order tracking.
 The team plans a Sprint (2 weeks) and selects tasks like implementing user login and
product catalog.
 Every day, they have a Daily Scrum to discuss progress and challenges.
 At Sprint Review, they demo the login and catalog to stakeholders.
 In Retrospective, the team discusses what went well and how to improve.
 The next Sprint might focus on the shopping cart and payment features.

3)Explain about extreme programming (xp) and kanban with examples?

1. Extreme Programming (XP)

Extreme Programming (XP) is an Agile software development methodology focused on

improving software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements.

Key Features of XP:

 Frequent Releases: Deliver small, functional parts of the software frequently.

 Pair Programming: Two developers work together at one computer to write code,
improving quality and knowledge sharing.
 Test-Driven Development (TDD): Write automated tests before coding to ensure code
meets requirements.
 Continuous Integration: Code is integrated and tested frequently to detect issues early.
 Customer Involvement: The customer is involved continuously for feedback and
requirement changes.
 Simple Design: Focus on designing only what is necessary for the current requirements.
  Refactoring: Continuously improve and clean the code without changing its behavior.

Example:

A startup building a new social media app uses XP. Developers pair program to quickly build
features like messaging and photo sharing. They write tests first, so the code is reliable. The
customer reviews features every week and suggests changes, which the team rapidly implements.

2. Kanban

Kanban is an Agile method focused on visualizing work, limiting work in progress (WIP), and
improving flow to increase efficiency.

Key Features of Kanban:

 Visual Board: Tasks are represented as cards on a board with columns representing
stages (e.g., To Do, In Progress, Done).
 Limit Work In Progress (WIP): Limits are set on how many tasks can be in a particular
stage at once to avoid overload.
 Continuous Delivery: Work items move through the workflow at their own pace,
allowing continuous delivery.
 Focus on Flow: Emphasizes smooth flow of work and reducing bottlenecks.
 No fixed iterations: Unlike Scrum, Kanban doesn’t have fixed sprints; work is
continuous.

Example:

A customer support team uses Kanban to manage tickets. They have columns like New, In
Progress, Waiting for Customer, and Resolved. They limit to 3 tickets "In Progress" to ensure
quality and avoid multitasking. This helps the team resolve tickets faster and maintain focus.

4)Explain about agile tools in detail, and write examples to each tool.

1. Jira

 What is Jira?
Jira is a powerful project management tool widely used in Agile software development. It
helps teams plan, track, and manage their work using Scrum, Kanban, or other Agile
methodologies.
 Key Features:
o Create and manage user stories, tasks, and bugs.
o Plan sprints and track progress with Scrum or Kanban boards.
o Generate reports like burndown charts to monitor team performance.
  Example:
A software team uses Jira to manage a new mobile app project. The Product Owner
creates user stories for app features like login and notifications. The team plans a 2-week
sprint in Jira, moves tasks across columns (To Do, In Progress, Done), and tracks
progress daily.

2. Trello

 What is Trello?
Trello is a simple, visual project management tool that uses boards, lists, and cards to
organize tasks. It’s easy to use and great for small teams or projects.
 Key Features:
o Visual Kanban-style boards to track tasks.
o Drag-and-drop cards between lists like To Do, Doing, and Done.
o Add checklists, attachments, comments, and due dates to cards.
 Example:
A marketing team uses Trello to manage their content calendar. Each card represents a
blog post. They move cards through lists like Idea, Writing, Editing, and Published to
track the progress of each post.

3. Confluence

 What is Confluence?
Confluence is a collaboration and documentation tool used to create, share, and organize
project information, meeting notes, and knowledge bases.
 Key Features:
o Create pages and documents collaboratively.
o Organize content with spaces and labels.
o Integrates well with Jira to link project documentation with tasks.
 Example:
A development team uses Confluence to document the architecture of their software
system. They create pages describing modules, APIs, and design decisions, so everyone
has access to up-to-date information.

5)explain about events in agile software?

Events in Agile Scrum

Scrum defines five key events to help teams plan, coordinate, review, and improve their work:

1. Sprint
 o A fixed time period (usually 2-4 weeks) during which the team works to complete
a set of tasks from the product backlog.
o At the end of the sprint, a potentially shippable product increment is delivered.
2. Sprint Planning
o A meeting at the start of the sprint where the team decides what work to complete
in the upcoming sprint.
o The Product Owner presents the prioritized backlog, and the team selects items
they can commit to.
3. Daily Scrum (Daily Stand-up)
o A short (15-minute) daily meeting for the team to synchronize activities, discuss
progress, and identify any obstacles.
o Each team member answers three questions:
 What did I do yesterday?
 What will I do today?
 Are there any blockers?
4. Sprint Review
o Held at the end of the sprint to demonstrate completed work to stakeholders.
o Feedback is gathered to improve future work.
5. Sprint Retrospective
o A meeting after the Sprint Review where the team reflects on the sprint process
and discusses ways to improve teamwork and efficiency in the next sprint.

Unit3
1)What is elicitation & Write about elicitation techniques with examples for each
step?

Elicitation is the process of collecting requirements from stakeholders, users, and other sources
to understand what the software system should do. It involves communicating with people to
gather their needs, preferences, and constraints to define clear and complete software
requirements.

Elicitation Techniques

Here are common elicitation techniques, each explained with examples:

1. Interviews
o One-on-one or group discussions with stakeholders to gather detailed
requirements.
o Example: Interviewing the manager of a library to understand how book
borrowing and returns are managed.
2. Questionnaires/Surveys
 o Distributing structured sets of questions to a large group to collect information
efficiently.
o Example: Sending a survey to employees to know which features they want in a
new HR system.
3. Workshops
o Facilitated group sessions where stakeholders collaborate to discuss and agree on
requirements.
o Example: Holding a workshop with sales, marketing, and IT teams to define the
features of a new CRM system.
4. Observation
o Watching users perform their tasks to understand workflows and uncover
unspoken requirements.
o Example: Observing bank clerks during daily transactions to identify
inefficiencies in the current system.
5. Document Analysis
o Reviewing existing documents, manuals, and reports to extract relevant
information.
o Example: Analyzing current system documentation to understand legacy
processes for a hospital management system.
6. Prototyping
o Creating a simple model or mock-up of the system to clarify requirements and
gather feedback.
o Example: Developing a prototype of a mobile app’s login screen to confirm user
preferences before full development.