Lecture- 08
Photogrammetry- Stererovision with Stereoscopes
Prof. P. K. Garg
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Creating 3D from Images
• What different clues in the image provide 3D information?
Visual Clues for 3D
• Shading
Visual Clues for 3D
• Texture
The Visual Cliff, by William Vandivert, 1960
Visual Clues for 3D
• Focus
From The Art of Photography, Canon
Visual Clues for 3D
• Motion
Panum’s fusional area (volume)
• Human visual system is only capable of
fusing the two images with a narrow
range of disparities around fixation
point
• This area (volume) is Panum’s fusional
area
http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/double-vision.htm
S. Birchfield, Clemson Univ., ECE 847, http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~stb/ece847
Anaglyphs
• Two images of complementary colours are
overlaid to generate one coloured image.
• Goggles with coloured glasses required (e.g.
red/green)
Red/Green Glasses
• Red filter cancels out red image component,
and green filter cancels out green
component
• Each eye gets one image and their
superimposition gives a 3D impression
• Current 3D movies use this principle.
However, polarization filters are used Anaglyph Image
instead of color filters.
Anaglyph Image
http://www.johnsonshawmuseum.org
Anaglyph Image
http://www.johnsonshawmuseum.org
Shutter Glasses
• Display flickers between left and right
image (i.e., each even frame shows
left image, each odd frame shows
right image)
• When left frame is shown, shutter ►(Shutter Glasses and 120 Hz Display)
glasses close right eye and vice versa.
• Requires new displays of high frame
rate (120Hz or higher).
• Currently addresses the gaming
market.
►(Nvidea Artwork)
Auto-stereoscopic Displays
• No glasses are required.
• Matrix of many transparent lenses put on the
display.
• Lenses distort pixels so that left eye gets a left
image and right eye gets a right image => 3D
impression
• Novel viewpoint capability:
►(Philips Wowvx Display)
• You can walk in front of the display and get a
perceptively correct depth impression
depending on your current viewpoint.
Stereo Reconstruction
• Shape from two (or more) images
known
camera
viewpoints
Stereo-images
S. Birchfield, Clemson Univ., ECE 847, http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~stb/ece847
The stereoscope
• The stereoscope is a binocular viewing system
specially developed to analyze terrestrial
stereoscopic photographs (not aerial
photographs).
• It was invented by the English physicist
Charles Wheatstone in 1838.
• He used a pair of mirrors, one before each
eye, oriented at 45° to allow pictures placed
at either side to be fused by the eyes.
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Stereo viewing and Binocular vision
Take two pictures of the same subject from two slightly different
viewpoints and display so that each eye sees only one of the
images.
Photointerpretation
• Stereoscopic vision is the basic pre-requisite for photo-
interpretation in 3D environment.
• Many applications need height information extraction with
stereo-images rather than analysing mono-images in two
dimension.
Basic Principle to create stereovision
• When the left eye sees a 2-D
left image and the right eye
sees another 2-D right image,
our brain will try to overlay the
images to generate a 3D view.
Need of Stereoscopes
• To ensure a 3D view is created through stereoscopic process,
simple equipment, such as stereoscopes can be used.
• Stereoscope is an optical device used for three-dimensional
viewing of landscapes or individual objects.
Stereoscopes
• A stereoscope views a stereo-pair, following the principle that left-
eye views left image and right-eye views right images of the same
area.
• Each eye views the respective image, and these two images help
creating a 3D view in overlap region.
• Stereo-photographs are to be properly oriented in a similar manner
as they were taken at the time of photography.
• There are two broad types of stereoscopes used for three
dimensional studies from aerial photographs, i.e., Lens or Pocket
stereoscopes and Reflecting or Mirror stereoscopes.
Lens Stereoscopes
• Lens stereoscope is also called as pocket
stereoscope.
• Because of its small size, it can be kept in
the pocket, and is easy transportable in the
field.
• Lens stereoscopes are handy, economical
and light weight.
• They are convenient for the study of small
format aerial photographs.
Lens Stereoscope
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Improved version of Lens Stereroscope
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Lens Stereoscopes
• Lens stereoscope consists of two plano-convex lenses
with magnifying capability, mounted on a metallic
frame.
• The distance between two lenses is adjustable as per
distance between users’ eyes, and is approximately
65mm which is the average eye base of a human-being.
• The height of pocket stereoscope is normally 10cm.
• Distance between legs of the stereoscope and the focal
length of lenses are so designed that the stereo-model
can be created.
• They have disadvantages, such as limited magnification
(2X–4X), and not viewing the larger size photos in 3D at
one glance.
Mirror Stereoscopes
• Mirror Stereoscope is also called as
reflecting stereoscope for viewing of Reflecting
stereo-photographs. mirrors
• It provides a view of almost entire overlap
region by an arrangement of prisms and Prisms
mirrors with increased distance to about
15 to 25cms.
• Mirrors are fixed to both the legs at 45˚
angle, alongwith two right angled prisms. Parallax bar
• There is one custom made screw on one
foot which is adjustable in height to allow
a stable set-up to stereoscope.
Mirror Stereoscopes
• Binoculars attached with the mirror stereoscope provide 3X
to 8X magnification.
• The main advantage is that observer can see entire area
from both the images, utilising the property of optics, even-
though these photographs may not necessarily be located
just below the lens.
• Mirror stereoscopes is however heavier to carry in the field.
• These are most widely used in photo-interpretation and
measurements.
• The measurements of points in the stereo-pair are done in
combination with an instrument called, Parallax Bar to
compute the elevations. of these points.
Viewing Photographs through Mirror Stereoscopes
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Several models of Mirror Stereoscopes
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Stereo model
Orienting the Photos for Stereo-model generation
• Check the overlap and keep it inward in stereo-pair.
• Align the photographs in the direction of flight line.
• Change the distance between photos until details from both
the photos are fused to get a stereo-model.
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Aligning Photos
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Applications of Stereo-model
• View terrain in 3-D
• Height and depth measurements
• Position, orientation, shape and size of objects
• DEM
• Volume computations
• Face matching and face recognition
• Visualisation
[Figure from Prados & Faugeras 2006]
Thank You
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