1.
Introduction (Variables & Constants)
- Variable = Something that can change.
Example: Height of students in a class (different for each student).
- Constant = Something that does not change.
Example: The number of days in a week = 7.
Types of variables:
1. Discrete Variable = Takes whole numbers only.
Example: Number of pens in a box (1, 2, 3 not 2.5).
2. Continuous Variable = Can take any value, including decimals.
Example: Height of students (160.5 cm, 172.3 cm, etc.).
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2. Definitions of Statistics
- Plural Sense = Statistics means numerical data itself.
Example: The marks of 10 students in a class.
- Singular Sense = Statistics means methods used to collect, organize, and interpret data.
Example: Steps like collecting marks, making a table, drawing graphs, analyzing performance.
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3. Meaning of Statistics
- Statistics = Data in numerical form.
- Two divisions:
1. Descriptive Statistics = Collecting, presenting, and summarizing data.
Example: Showing class marks in a table or graph.
2. Inferential Statistics = Drawing conclusions from data.
Example: Predicting average marks of all MBA students by checking only one section.
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4. Population & Sample
- Population (Universe) = The entire group.
Example: All MBA students in India.
- Sample = A part of the population chosen for study.
Example: 100 MBA students chosen from different colleges.
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5. Types of Data
1. Qualitative Data = Describes qualities, not numbers.
Example: Religion, gender, colors.
2. Quantitative Data = Expressed in numbers.
Example: Age, salary, marks.
Further:
- Continuous data = Height, weight (can be fractional).
- Discrete data = Number of siblings (only whole numbers).
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6. Data Collection & Presentation
- Data Collection = Gathering information.
- Primary Data = Collected by yourself (survey, interviews).
- Secondary Data = Collected by someone else (government reports, books).
- Presentation of Data = Showing data in easy form.
- Tabular (tables).
- Graphical (bar charts, pie charts).
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7. Measures of Central Tendency
- Mean (Average) = Total Number of items.
Example: Marks (50+60+70)/3 = 60.
- Median = Middle value when arranged in order.
Example: 10, 20, 30 Median = 20.
- Mode = Most frequent value.
Example: 2, 4, 4, 6 Mode = 4.
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8. Skewness (Shape of Data)
- Perfectly Symmetrical = Both sides same.
- Positively Skewed = Long tail on right (income distribution, few rich people).
- Negatively Skewed = Long tail on left (students marks when many scored high).
Formula:
Mean - Mode = 3 (Mean - Median)
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9. Kurtosis
- Refers to peakedness (sharpness of top) of distribution.
- Leptokurtic = Very peaked.
- Platykurtic = Flat.
- Mesokurtic = Normal (neither too sharp nor too flat).
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10. Correlation & Regression
- Correlation = Shows relationship between two variables.
Example: Hours studied increases Marks increase (positive correlation).
- Regression = Predicting value of one variable from another.
Formula: Y = a + bX (trend line).
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This explanation covers everything from your notes in easy beginner language with examples.
Diagrams
Skewness Types:
Kurtosis Types:
Correlation Types:
