1.

Properties of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

-Common properties: color, size, shape, texture, weight, and hardness.
-Matter can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Mass – The amount of material or stuff in an object.

Volume – The amount of space an object takes up.

Cubic meters (m³) – A unit for measuring large volumes (e.g., a big box).
Cubic centimeters (cm³) – A unit for measuring small volumes (e.g., a sugar cube).

Properties – Features we can observe or measure (e.g., color, shape, hardness).

Physical properties – Properties that can be seen or measured without changing the material.

Types of Physical Properties:

Intensive properties – Do not depend on the size/amount (e.g., color, density, boiling point).
Examples: color of gold, boiling point of water.

Extensive properties – Depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume, length).
Examples: 2 liters of water, 5 kg of flour.

Molecules – The smallest unit of a substance that keeps its properties.

2. States of Matter and Their Characteristics

Solids: Have a fixed shape and volume (e.g., rock, book).

Hardness – How resistant a material is to scratching or breaking.

Brittleness – How easily a material breaks or shatters.
Elasticity – How a material can stretch and return to its original shape.
Malleability – How easily a material can be bent or shaped without breaking.

Liquids: Take the shape of their container; have volume (e.g., water, juice).

Viscosity – How thick or sticky a liquid is (e.g., honey vs. water).

Density – How heavy something is for its size.

Gases: Have no fixed shape or volume; fill the space (e.g., air, steam).
Compressibility – The ability to be pressed into a smaller space.

3. HOUSEHOLD MATERIALS AND THEIR USES

Plastic – Containers, toys.

Glass – Windows, bottles.
Metal – Tools, pots.
Wood – Furniture.
Cloth – Clothes, curtains.-Use materials safely and correctly. WASTE AND MATERIAL TYPES

-Do not play with sharp, hot, or harmful objects.

-Read labels on bottles or containers.
-Always ask an adult before using unknown materials.
-Avoid storing flammable materials such as candles and matches
-fruits and vegetables should be packed properly
-wet foods should be stored in refrigerator
- medicine should be labelled properly
WASTE AND MATERIAL TYPES

Biodegradable – Can break down naturally (e.g., banana peel).

Non-biodegradable – Does not break down easily (e.g., plastic).

4. Changes That Materials Undergo

Physical changes: Change in shape or size, no new substance (e.g., cutting paper, melting ice).
Chemical changes: New substance is formed (e.g., burning wood, rusting iron).
Some changes are reversible, others are not.

CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER

Melting (liquefying) – Solid to liquid (e.g., ice to water).

Solidification (freezing) – Liquid to solid.
Freezing point – Temperature when a liquid becomes solid.
Evaporation – Liquid to gas (e.g., water drying).
Condensation – Gas to liquid (e.g., dew forming).
Sublimation – Solid to gas (e.g., dry ice).

5. Sense Organs of the Human Body

EXTERNAL PARTs of the eye:

Eyelid – A thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye.
It opens and closes to keep the eye moist and safe from dust and bright light.
Eyelashes – Small hairs on the edge of the eyelid that protect the eyes from dust, dirt, and tiny particles.
Eyebrow – The line of hair above the eye that helps prevent sweat and rain from running into the eye.
Pupil – The black circle in the center of the eye that lets light enter. It changes size depending how bright or dark
Iris – The colored part of the eye (blue, brown, etc.) that controls the size of the pupil and how much light enters the
eye.

INTERNAL PARTs of the eye:

Lens – A clear, curved structure behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina so we can see clearly.
Retina – The inner layer at the back of the eye that senses light and sends images to the brain.
Cornea – The clear outer layer at the front of the eye. It helps focus light into the eye.
Optic Nerve – A nerve at the back of the eye that carries messages from the retina to the brain, so we can
understand what we see.
PART OF THE EAR:

Outer ear - part which can be touch

Earflap or Pinna - The visible part of the ear on the outside of your head. It collects sound and directs it into the ear.
Ear Canal - A tube that carries sound from the pinna to the eardrum.
Eardrum -A thin piece of skin that vibrates when sound waves hit it, starting the hearing process.
Ear Bones (also called ossicles) -Three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that pass the vibrations from the
eardrum to the inner ear.
Cochlea - A spiral-shaped part of the ear filled with fluid and tiny hairs. It changes sound vibrations into messages
for the brain.
Auditory Nerve - A nerve that carries sound messages from the cochlea to the brain, where we understand the
sound.

PARTS OF THE NOSE

Nostrils -The two openings at the bottom of the nose where air enters and exits the body.

Nasal Cavity -The large space inside the nose that warms, moistens, and filters the air we breathe. It also helps us
smell.

Olfactory Nerve -A nerve inside the nose that carries smell signals from the nose to the brain, so we can recognize
different scents.

Cilia - tiny hairs inside the nose. It filter the air that enters the nostrils.
PARTS OF THE TONGUE

Taste Buds
➤ Tiny sensors on the tongue that help us taste different flavors like sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

Papillae
➤ Small bumps on the tongue where the taste buds are found. They also help with touch and grip when we eat.

Tip of the Tongue

➤ The front part of the tongue that is good at tasting sweet things.

Back of the Tongue

➤ The rear part of the tongue that mainly tastes bitter flavors.

Sides of the Tongue

➤ The edges of the tongue that are good at tasting sour and salty foods.

PARTS OF THE SKIN

Skin- The outer covering of the body that protects us from germs, keeps us warm or cool, and helps us feel touch,
pain, and temperature.

Epidermis -The top (outermost) layer of the skin. It protects the body and makes new skin cells.
Melanin- A natural substance in the skin that gives it color and helps protect against sunlight.
Dermis- The middle layer of the skin. It contains nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and blood vessels.
Sebaceous Gland- A small gland in the dermis that makes oil (called sebum) to keep the skin soft and prevent
dryness.
Nerve Ending- Tiny sensory parts in the skin that feel things like heat, cold, pain, or pressure.
Blood Vessels - Tiny tubes inside the skin that carry blood, helping to give the skin nutrients and control body
temperature.
A sweat gland is a tiny part inside the skin that makes sweat (water with salt).
Eye Problems

Sore Eye
➤ When the eye becomes red, itchy, or painful, usually because of dust, germs, or too much screen time.
Stye
➤ A small, red bump near the edge of the eyelid. It’s caused by a germ infection in the oil glands.

Ear Problems

Ear Discharge
➤ When fluid or pus comes out of the ear, usually because of an infection.
Impacted Earwax
➤ When too much earwax builds up and blocks the ear, making it hard to hear.
Tinnitus
➤ A ringing or buzzing sound in the ear that isn't caused by anything outside the body.

Nose Problems

Common Cold
➤ A viral infection that causes runny nose, sneezing, cough, and sometimes fever.
Nosebleed
➤ When blood comes out of the nose, often because the inside of the nose is dry or hurt.
Allergic Rhinitis
➤ A nose allergy that causes sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes, often from dust, pollen, or animal fur.

Tongue Problems

Tongue Irritation or Inflammation

➤ When the tongue becomes sore, swollen, or painful, often from eating very hot, spicy food or infections.

Skin Problems

Blister
➤ A small bubble of skin filled with fluid, usually caused by friction or burns.
Boil
➤ A painful, red lump on the skin filled with pus, caused by a bacterial infection.
Scabies
➤ A skin disease caused by tiny mites that make the skin itchy and bumpy.
Prickly Heat (Heat Rash)
➤ Red, itchy spots on the skin caused by sweating too much in hot weather.
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Dandruff)
➤ A skin condition that causes white flakes and itching on the scalp.

CARING FOR SENSE ORGANS

Eyes – Don’t read in the dark; limit screen time.

Ears – Avoid loud noise; don’t insert objects.
Nose – Keep it clean; don’t smell harmful substances.
Tongue – Brush teeth; eat healthy food.
Skin – Bathe daily; use lotion and sunscreen.
7. Animals in Their Habitat
Habitat - A place where an animal lives and finds food. (land, water, air)

1.Terrestrial animals- Animals that live on land (e.g., lion, dog).

Anthill- Home of ants.

Burrows -Underground homes of rabbits, moles.

2. Aquatic animals- Live in water (e.g., fish, dolphin).

3. Amphibians-Live in water and on land (e.g., frog).

Zoologist- A scientist who studies animals.

Vertebrates -Animals with a backbone (e.g., humans, dogs, birds).

Invertebrates -Animals without a backbone (e.g., worms, insects).

a. Animal Body Covering

1.Hair – Mammals (e.g., dog).

2.Feathers – Birds (e.g., parrot).
3.Scales – Fish, reptiles (e.g., snake).
4.Shells – Turtles, snails.
5.Spines – Porcupine, hedgehog.

Predator – Hunts other animals (e.g., lion).

Prey – Gets hunted (e.g., deer).

b. According to Food Eaten

Scavengers – Eat dead animals (e.g., vulture).

Herbivores – Eat plants (e.g., cow).
Carnivores – Eat meat (e.g., tiger).
Omnivores – Eat both (e.g., bear).

c. Animal Movement

Flying – Birds, bats.

Crawling – Snakes, lizards.
Swimming – Fish, whales.
Hopping – Frogs, kangaroos.
Waddle- swan and duck

d. According to Legs

2-legged animals – Birds, humans.

4-legged animals – Dogs, cats.

No legs – Snakes, worms.

6 legs – Insects (e.g., ants).

8 legs – Spiders.