Class 12 Physics Formula Sheet (Ch 1–6)

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 1 P 1

• Cell parallel: Eeq = E, =
1 q1 q2 req ri
• Coulomb’s law: F =
4πε0 r2 • Power: P = V I = I 2 R = V 2 /R
1
• k= • Kirchhoff’s laws:
P P P
Iin = 0, IR = E
4πε0
R1 R3
F 1 q • Wheatstone bridge: =
• Electric field: E = = R2 R4
q 4πε0 r2
• Potentiometer: E1 /E2 = l1 /l2
• Superposition: E
⃗ = PE⃗i
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
• Dipole moment: p = q × 2a
• Force: F⃗ = q(⃗v × B),
⃗ |F | = qvB sin θ
1 2p
• Eaxial =
4πε0 r3 • Lorentz force: F = q(E + vB)
1 p mv
• Eequatorial = • Radius: r =
4πε0 r3 qB
• Torque: τ = pE sin θ qB 2πm
• Cyclotron freq: ω = ,T =
• Flux: Φ = E ⃗ ·A⃗ = EA cos θ m qB
qencl • Magnetic dipole: µ = IA
• Gauss law: Φ =
ε0
• Torque: τ = µB sin θ, Energy: U = −µ · B
σ
• Infinite sheet: E = µ0 Idl sin θ
2ε0 • Biot-Savart: dB =
1 λ 4π r2
• Line charge: E = µ0 I
2πε0 r • Straight wire: B =
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 2πr
W 1 q • Solenoid: B = µ0 nI, Toroid: B = µ0 nI
• Potential: V = =
q 4πε0 r • Ampere law: B · dl = µ0 Iencl
H
RB
• Potential diff: VB − VA = − A E ⃗ · d⃗l µ0 I1 I2
• Force (two wires): F/L =
1 p cos θ 2πd
• Dipole potential: V = Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
4πε0 r2
dV I
• E=− • H= , B = µ0 (H + M )
dr 2πr
Q • Susceptibility: χm = M/H, µr = 1 + χm
• Capacitance: C =
V • Gauss law: B · dA = 0
H
ε0 A Kε0 A
• Parallel plate: C = , with dielectric C = • Dipole torque: τ = µB sin θ
d d
1 P 1 • Energy: U = −µB cos θ
• Series: =
Ceq Ci µ0 2M
• Bar magnet field: B =
• Parallel: Ceq =
P
Ci 4π r3
1 Q2 1 • Magnetic moment: M = m × 2l
• Energy stored: U = CV 2 = = QV
2 2C 2 Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
1
• Energy density: u = εE 2 • Faraday’s law: E = −
dΦ
, Φ = BA cos θ
2 dt
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
• Lenz’s law: opposes cause
Q
• Current: I = = nqAvd • Motional emf: E = Blv
t
• Ohm’s law: V = IR • Induced current: I = E/R
l
• Resistance: R = ρ , Conductivity: σ = 1/ρ dI
A • Self-inductance: E = −L
dt
• Series: Req = R1 + R2 + . . .
dI
1 P 1 • Mutual inductance: E = −M
• Parallel: = dt
Req Ri 1 2
• Energy in inductor: U = LI
• EMF: E = W/Q 2
• Internal resistance: V = E − Ir • RL circuit: I = I0 (1 − e−tR/L )
• Cell series: Eeq = E1 + E2 , req = r1 + r2 • Time constant: τ = L/R