Behavioural

analysis
interventions
SECTION F
Group members
1. ANANYA RANA
2. SUHANA RAJ
3. NUPUR TYAGI
4. CHHAVI SHARMA
5. CHHAVI VIRMANI
6. JIYA VASHIST
7. ANEISHA DAS
8. TARRU KHEROR
 habit reversal
Habit reversal is a behavior intervention technique used to address and modify

unwanted habits or repetitive behaviors. It involves replacing the undesired habit with

a more desirable or positive behavior. It was developed by Nathan Azrin and R.G. Nunn

in 1973 as a structured method to eliminate nervous habits and tics.

Habit rehearsal training has 4 main components:

1. Awareness Training 3. Motivation and Social Support

(notice the earliest signs of the (Help strengthen the person’s commitment
habit) by providing encouragement)

2. Competing Response Training 4. Generalization

(learn to perform a new (Skills are practiced in all real-life
behavior) situations)
Behavioral contracts
A behavioral contract is an agreement that helps

people change their behavior by setting clear goals

and outlining what happens when they meet them.

It's not a punishment; it's a tool that uses positive

rewards to encourage good habits. Think of it as a

formal "if-then" statement: "If" you do this specific

behavior, "then" you get this specific reward. It

works well because everyone knows what's

expected.
Behavioral contracts
APPLICATION WITH EXAMPLES

Behavioural Contract

│
├── School → Better discipline & academics
│ Example: Homework submission contract
│
├── Workplace → Higher performance & punctuality
│ Example: On-time arrival contract
│
└── Therapy → Behaviour change & self-control
Example: Addiction recovery contract
 token Economies
Definition How It Works Advantages

A behavior modification
Identify target behaviors. Encourages consistent
system where individuals
Provide tokens each time positive behAvior.
earn tokens for desired
behavior occurs. Immediate reinforcement
behaviors.
Tokens are later traded for strengthens learning.
Tokens act as secondary
privileges, items, or Flexible and adaptable to
reinforcers and can be
activities. schools, therapy,
exchanged for rewards
workplaces, etc.
(primary reinforcers).
Promotes motivation and

self-regulation.
 Token Economies: Limitations, Ethical
Issues & Applications
LIMITATIONS ETHICAL ISSUES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES
➔ Improvements may ➔ Concerns about fairness & ➔ Classrooms: Tokens for
decline once tokens are equal access homework, attendance &
removed. ➔ Can be misused for control positive behavior; exchanged
➔ Requires consistent instead of support for privileges
structure & monitoring ➔ Extra sensitivity needed ➔ Psychiatric hospitals:
➔ May reduce focus on with children & psychiatric
Tokens for self-care &
patients
internal motivation participation; exchanged for
snacks or leisure activities
 fear and anxiety reduction
Fear and anxiety are natural emotional responses, but when they become excessive or interfere with daily life, therapeutic

intervention is often necessary. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) provides effective methods for reducing these responses by

targeting the behavioral and physiological components of fear. Core technique:

Systematic Desensitisation - A behavioral technique used to reduce phobias and specific fears by gradually exposing a person to

fear-inducing situations while teaching them relaxation skills. The process typically follows a fear hierarchy, starting with the least

anxiety-provoking scenario and progressing to the most. Over time, this step-by-step exposure paired with relaxation helps the

individual face their fears with reduced anxiety.

Exposure Therapy - Used for fears related to phobias, social anxiety, OCD, and trauma by directly confronting the feared situation

instead of avoiding it. In exposure therapy, repeated and prolonged exposure to the feared situation leads to habituation, where

anxiety naturally decreases over time. Types: In vivo (real-life exposure), imaginal (visualising the feared situation), virtual reality

(computer-simulated exposure)

Relaxation Training - Used to manage general anxiety, stress, and physical tension by teaching individuals techniques to calm the

body and mind. Common methods include deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness, and guided imagery.
 Cognitive behaviour modification
Cognitive Behavior Modification is a counselling intervention that combines cognitive and
behavioral therapy to change negative self-talk and unwanted behaviors. It was developed
by Donald Meichenbaum in 1977.

STRATEGIES:
1. Self-Instructional Training (replacing negative self-talk with positive statements)
2. Stress Inoculation Training (prepares one to cope with stress through cognitive restructuring)
3. Self-Management Technique (making use of cognitive and behavioral skills to maintain goals)
4. Problem-Solving Technique (teaches structured steps to resolve life problems)
APPLICATION:
Clients are trained to monitor thoughts, replace irrational beliefs, and practice coping mechanisms
in real or stimulated situations. CBM is effective for treating stress, anxiety, depression, addictions,
eating disorders, and other maladaptive behaviors.
 conclusion
In conclusion, the techniques we discussed—habit rehearsal, behavioural contracts,

token economies, fear and anxiety reduction methods, and cognitive behaviour

modification—all highlight how behaviour can be systematically shaped and

improved. They show us that habits can be replaced, accountability can guide

progress, reinforcement can build positive behaviours, and even fear and anxiety

can be managed with structured methods. Overall, these approaches remind us

that behaviour is not fixed—through practical strategies, individuals can overcome

challenges and lead more adaptive, fulfilling lives.

 references
1. Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. (1973). Habit-reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 619–628.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90119-8.

2. Piacentini, J., Woods, D. W., Scahill, L., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Chang, S., Ginsburg, G. S., Deckersbach, T., Dziura, J., Levi-Pearl, S., & Walkup, J. T.

(2010). Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(19),

1929–1937. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.607.

3.Bate, K. S., Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. T., & Bhullar, N. (2011). The efficacy of habit reversal therapy for tics, habit disorders, and stuttering: A meta-

analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(5), 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.013.

4.Kazdin, A. E. (2012). Behavior modification in applied settings (7th ed.). Waveland Press.

5. Bowman-Perrott, L. J., Burke, M. D., Zaini, S., Zhang, N., & Vannest, K. J. (2018). A meta-analysis of single-case research on behavior contracts: Effects on

behavioral and academic outcomes. Remedial and Special Education, 36(1), 47–60.

6.Kazdin, A. E. (2022). Behavior modification in applied settings (7th ed.). Waveland Press.

7.Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive Behavioural Modification: An Integrative Approach. New York: Plenum Press.

8.Garlington, W. K., & Cotler, S. B. (1968). Systematic desensitization of test anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6(3), 247–256.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(68)90059-4

9.Hoyer, J., Beesdo, K., Gloster, A. T., Runge, J., Höfler, M., & Becker, E. S. (2009). Worry Exposure versus Applied Relaxation in the Treatment of

Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1159/000201936

thank you