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Distributed Database (DDB)

A Distributed Database (DDB) is a collection of interrelated databases located across a network, appearing to users as a single database. It consists of components like databases, networks, and Distributed DBMS (DDBMS), and can be classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous types. While DDBs offer advantages such as reliability, faster access, and scalability, they also present challenges like complexity in management, higher costs, and potential security issues.

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13 views3 pages

Distributed Database (DDB)

A Distributed Database (DDB) is a collection of interrelated databases located across a network, appearing to users as a single database. It consists of components like databases, networks, and Distributed DBMS (DDBMS), and can be classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous types. While DDBs offer advantages such as reliability, faster access, and scalability, they also present challenges like complexity in management, higher costs, and potential security issues.

Uploaded by

anlabibofficial
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. What is a Distributed Database (DDB)?

●​ A Distributed Database is a collection of multiple logically interrelated databases


distributed over a computer network.​

●​ Data is stored at different sites/locations, but it appears to the user as one single
database.​

Example:

●​ A multinational company has offices in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet.​

●​ Each office stores its own employee data locally.​

●​ But the Distributed DBMS (DDBMS) allows managers to access all employee data as if
it is stored in one place.​

2. Components of Distributed Database


1.​ Database: Actual data stored at different locations.​

2.​ Network: Communication link connecting databases.​

3.​ Distributed DBMS (DDBMS): Software that manages the distributed database and
makes it look like a single system.​

3. Types of Distributed Databases


1.​ Homogeneous DDB:​

○​ All sites use the same DBMS software.​

○​ Data structures are same.​

○​ Easier to manage.​

○​ Example: All branches of a bank using Oracle DBMS.​


2.​ Heterogeneous DDB:​

○​ Sites use different DBMS software.​

○​ More complex because of format differences.​

○​ Example: One branch uses Oracle, another uses MySQL.​

4. Characteristics of Distributed Database


●​ Transparency: Users should not know where data is stored.​

○​ Types of transparency:​

■​ Location transparency: User doesn’t care where the data is physically


located.​

■​ Replication transparency: User doesn’t care if data is duplicated in


many sites.​

■​ Fragmentation transparency: Data may be split into parts but user sees
it as one.​

●​ Data Distribution: Data can be replicated or fragmented.​

●​ Reliability & Availability: Even if one site fails, other sites can work.​

●​ Scalability: Easy to add more sites to system.​

5. Data Distribution Techniques


1.​ Replication: Same data is copied and stored at multiple sites.​

○​ Advantage: High availability.​

○​ Example: Student records stored in both Dhaka and Sylhet servers.​

2.​ Fragmentation: Data is split into smaller parts and stored at different sites.​
○​ Horizontal Fragmentation: Rows divided (Dhaka site stores students from Dhaka,
Sylhet site stores Sylhet students).​

○​ Vertical Fragmentation: Columns divided (one site stores student names, another
stores student grades).

6. Advantages of Distributed Databases


●​ Reliability: Failure at one site does not stop the whole system.​

●​ Faster access: Data closer to the user location.​

●​ Scalability: Easy to add new sites.​

●​ Local autonomy: Each site can control its own data.​

7. Disadvantages of Distributed Databases


●​ Complex to design and manage.​

●​ Higher cost (network, hardware, software).​

●​ Security issues due to multiple access points.​

●​ More chances of inconsistency if replication is not handled properly.​

8. Real-Life Examples
●​ Banking System: Each branch stores customer transactions locally but still accessible
globally.​

●​ Railway/Airline Reservation System: Distributed servers handle ticket booking from


different regions.​

●​ University System: Each campus stores student data locally but combined for
reporting.

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