Design Criteria Nanning RB

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Design Criteria

RECOVERY BOILER 3500 TDS/D

Nanning Sun Paper CO., Ltd

Guangxi Province
China

Clients document number:

Andritz document number: C02855809026_2804101_0001614
Author: Matti Mielonen

STATUS
FINAL

Date: 10.05.2024 Edited by: Matti Mielonen Signature:

Revision: Approved by: Alexander Avanesov Signature:

Rev. No./
Replacement for: Approved by: Signature:
[Link]

Original language: E Approved by: Signature:

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Table of Content:

1 General .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Design scope ................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Construction description................................................................................................ 3
1.2.1 Boiler building ..................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Codes and standards .................................................................................................... 3
2 Loads ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Dead load ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Permanent equipment load ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Live load ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Snow load ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Wind load ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Seismic loads.............................................................................................................. 10
2.7 Fatigue load ................................................................................................................ 11
2.8 Temperature loads ...................................................................................................... 11
2.9 Accidental loads .......................................................................................................... 11
2.10 Initial imperfections ..................................................................................................... 11
3 Deflections and displacements............................................................................................. 12
4 Design of steel and concrete structures ............................................................................... 12
4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Fire rating ................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Columns ..................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Beams ........................................................................................................................ 13
4.5 Bracings ...................................................................................................................... 14
4.6 Anchor bolts, base plates and connections ................................................................. 14
4.7 Grades of steel structures & connection Plates ........................................................... 14
4.8 Steel platforms, stairs and ladders .............................................................................. 15
4.9 Concrete platforms...................................................................................................... 15
4.10 Roof and walls ............................................................................................................ 15
4.11 Surface treatment ....................................................................................................... 16
5 Load combinations in design ................................................................................................ 16
6 Foundations ......................................................................................................................... 17
6.1 Boiler building ............................................................................................................. 17
7 Design of connections for steel structures ............................................................................ 17
7.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 17
7.2 Welding Criteria .......................................................................................................... 18

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1 General
1.1 Design scope
This design criteria describes design regulations and methods to be used in designing steel
structures for recovery boiler building (RB), located at site NO.7 Jingchun Road, Liujing
Industrial Park, Liujing Town, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China.

This criteria includes following structures and buildings:

• Boiler building including:
o Primary Stair and Elevator Tower
o Secondary Stair Tower
• Flue gas duct support structures outside of the boiler building

Design service life is 50 years.

1.2 Construction description

1.2.1 Boiler building

The frame of the building is made of structural steel and building frames transfer loadings of
the building to concrete foundaiton. In the strength calculations the columns are considered
to be pinned connections to foundations.

The skeleton of the boiler house will be designed to be a structural entity. The steel
structure will be divided into vertical erection phases. There are a horizontally braced
stiffening platforms on top of each erection [Link] platforms are stiffening the frame
against horizontal forces of equipment, seismic and wind forces and transferring these
forces to vertical trusses on each outer wall line of the building.

Horizontal truss is a system consisting of platform beams and diagonal bracings. The
stiffening system also allows to decrease buckling lengths, because it gives lateral support
to columns.

Because the main skeleton must be braced before assembling equipment, the vertical
stiffening is made by locating braces along wall lines.

[Link] Elevator and Primary Stair Towers

The Primary Stair / Elevator Tower is located outside the building have own vertical steel
frame and which is horizontally connected to columns of the building at
levels of stiffened platforms.

[Link] Secondary stair towers

The Secondary Stair Tower is located outside the building have own vertical steel frame
and which is horizontally connected to columns of the building at levels of stiffened
platforms. Primary Stair / Elevator Tower and Secondary Stair Tower are located diagonally
opposite to each other.
1.3 Codes and standards
The structures are designed according to Chinese codes:

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Design
Mandatory standards, to be followed:

• GB/T 22395-2008 Specification for design of boiler steel structures (English version)
• GB 50009-2012 Load Code for the Design of Building Structures (English Version)
• GB 50011-2010(2016) Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (2016) (English Version)
• GB 50017-2017 Code for design of steel structures (English Version)
• GB 50223-2008 Standard for classification of seismic protection of building
construction (English version)
• GB 55001-2021 General code for engineering structures (English version)
• GB 55002-2021 General code for seismic precaution of buildings and municipal
engineering (English version)
• GB 55006-2021 General code for steel structures (English version)
• GB 50191-2012 Code for seismic design of special structures (English version)

Materials
Recommended standards:
• GB/T1591-2018 High strength low alloy structural steels
• GB/T 706-2016 Hot rolled section steel
• GB/T 8162-2018 Seamless steel tubes for structural purposes
• GB/T 6728-2017 Cold formed hollow sectional steel for general structures
• GB/T 13793-2016 Straight seam welded steel pipe
• GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical properties of fasteners -bolts, screws and studs
• GB/T 5782-2016 Hexagon head bolts, Grade A and B
• GB/T 5783-2016 Hexagon head bolts, Full thread
• GB/T 6170-2015 Hexagon nuts
• GB/T 97.1-2002 Plain washers - Product grade A
• GB/T 11263-2010 Hot rolled H and cut T section steel
• YB 3301-2005 The welded steel H-sections
• GB/T 19879-2015 Steel plates for building structure

2 Loads
2.1 Dead load
Dead loads of the platforms and enclosure, as listed below
• Steel Platforms 0.7 kN/m2, grating (including Secondary beams)
• Platform of hauling areas 1.0 kN/m2, grating (including Secondary beams)
• Concrete Platforms 5.8 kN/m2, Concrete slab 200+50 mm
• Roof 0.75 kN/m2, Purlins and Corrugated steel sheet
• Walls 0.3 kN/m2, purlins and corrugated steel sheet

2.2 Permanent equipment load

According to the load information provided by manufacturer/designer.

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2.3 Live load

Live loads on the platforms, as listed below
• Steel platforms 2.5 kN/m2
o Hauling areas front of hoist opening 5.0 kN/m2

• Main concrete platform +12.200 10.0 kN/m2

o Cantilevers 5.0 kN/m2
• Other concrete platforms 5.0 kN/m2

• Roof 1.5 kN/m2

• Stairs and Landings 2.5 kN/m2

General load for main piping and cables on main platforms 0.7 kN/m2 and 0.2 kN/m2 on
secondary platforms, included in the platform live loads above or according to actual load
conditions.

2.4 Snow load

No snow load considered

2.5 Wind load

Design wind loads is calculated according to GB 22395-2008 and GB 50009-2012.

Site terrain roughness category is taken as B (8.2.1: open country , village, underwood, hill,
villages and towns with sparse houses.).

No mutual interference factor is used (GB 50009-2012: 8.3.2).

2.5.1 Wind load of main load carrying structures:

Charasteristic value of wind load:

wk = βz*μs*μz*w0 (1)

Reference wind pressure:

According to Code GB50009-2012 Specification for wind pressure of building structure for
100 year return period for Nanning area, used only for wind load:

w0 = 0.40 kN/m2 From Client – Mill Specification Site Condition Data

[Link] Recovery boiler building

[Link].1 Frame

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Building height is approximately 73 m. Building wil be divided in three vertical sections for
evaluating the wind load:

Fig 2. Vertical wind load distribution

Wind pressure height variation coefficient μz from 0-25m, 25-50m and 50-80 m are:
μz25 = 1.31

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μz50 = 1.62 (Table 10)

μz80 = 1.87

Shape factor μs for recovery boiler building shall be taken fromTable 8.3.1:

Table 8.3.1 Item 2

Fig 3. Shape factors

Thus shape factors are:

Windward Leeward Sideward Roof, Roof,
windward leeward
+0.8 -0.5 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5

According to chapter 7.2.5, as the building height is less than 100m and height-width-ratio
is less than 5, the wind vibration coefficient βz is taken as 1.0.

Characteristic wind pressures at different elevations are according to following table:

Windward Leeward Sideward

W25 0.42 -0.26 -0.37
W50 0.52 -0.32 -0.45
W80 0.60 -0.37 -0.52
Characteristic wind pressure wk [kN/m2]

[Link].2 Recovery boiler enclosure structures

wk = βgz*μsI*μz*w0 (8.1.1-2)

where,
βgz = gust coefficient
μsI = local shape factor
μz and w0 as in chapter 2.5.1 and [Link].1

Local shape factor:

Walls Roof

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GB 50009,Table 8.3.3 Items 1 and 2

Fig 4. Shape factors for envelope

Wall μsI:
Windward Leeward Sideward Sideward
Sa Sb
+1.0 -0.6 -1.4 -1.0

Gust coefficient

Gust coefficient decreases along with the height, so having three stage division acc. Fig 2.
Gust coefficients are:

βgz25 = 1.61
βgz50 = 1.55 Table 14
βgz80 = 1.51

Across-wind vibration and wind-induced torsional vibration are not considered.

Characteristic wind pressures for envelope structures at different elevations are according
to following table:
KN/m2 Winward Leeward Sideward Sa Sideward Sb
W25 0.84 -0.51 -1.18 -0.84
W50 1.00 -0.60 -1.41 -1.00
W80 1.13 -0.68 -1.58 -1.13

Characteristic wind pressure wk [kN/m2]

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For roof:

Roof μsI:
Ra Rb Rc Rd Re
-2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6/+0.2 -0.6
μsl Local shape factor for wind load

KN/m2 Ra Rb Rc Rd Re
W80 -2.26 -2.03 -1.36 -3.39 -0.68
Characteristic wind pressure Wk [kN/m2]

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2.6 Seismic loads

Analysis will be made using modal response spectrum method, where the seismic base shear force
and the analysis of the structure is calculated with the assumptions of:

Parameters for elastic spectrum curve [GB50011-2010 (2016)]

Building Category Type: Standard fortification type C (GB 50223, clause 3.0.2)

Site Classification II Table 4.1.3 (Mill Spec.)

Earthquake hazard level: Frequent (GB50011: [Link])

Base seismic intensity based on GB 18306-2015 and Customer mill specification.

Seismic Design Intensity 6 Based on Nanning city
Seismic Design Earthquake Group Group I Based on Nanning city
Basic Acceleration of Ground Motion 0.05 g Refer Table 3.2.2 & A.0.20 – Nanning city
Seismic Coefficient ( Max Value ) αmax 0.04 Table 5.1.4-1 Intensity 6 frequent
earthquake
Seismic Grade: IV (4) (GB 50011, Table 8.1.3)

Design Characteristic Period of Ground

Motion Tg 0.35 sec Table 5.1.4-2 based on Group 1
Damping Ratio for > 50m Height of the
Building ζ 0.03 Section 8.2.2-1

The Power index of the Curvilinear

0.05−ζ
decrease sec  = 0.9 + = 0.942 (Eqn 5.1.5-)
0.3+6ζ

The damping adjustment factor η1 η1 = 0.02 + 0.05−ζ

4+32ζ
= 0.024 (Eqn 5.1.5-2)

0.05−ζ
The damping adjustment factor η2 η2 = 1 + 0.08+1.6ζ = 1.156 (Eqn 5.1.5-3)

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Fig 7. Response spectra (Figure 5.1.6/5.1.5 in code)

where Tg is charasteric period (s).

Response spectrum
0.050

0.045

0.040

0.035

0.030

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000

Fig 8. Response spectra with actual values for boiler building seismic intensity 6

2.7 Fatigue load

No fatigue load considered. Oscillating equipment are supposed to be isolated from
structures with dampers.

2.8 Temperature loads

Reference air temperature varies between -1°C (min) +39.2°C.(max) according to the mill
specification.

All the hot parts of boiler are insulated from structural steel parts.
Temperature loads are not considered

2.9 Accidental loads

Pressure wall between boiler building and primary stair tower shall be made of precast
reinforced concrete elements. Elements shall be connected to boiler building columns. The
wall shall be designed to withstand 5kN/m2 pressure load.

2.10 Initial imperfections

According to GB 50017, 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.

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Overall initial geometric imperfections of the frame and bracing structure, Δ0, may be taken
as H/250, where H is the total height of the structure.

3 Deflections and displacements

Limiting values for allowed deflections in serviceability limit state:
• Primary platform and roof beams
o Total load f ≤ L/250
o Live load f ≤ L/300
• Secondary platform beams f ≤ L/250
• Gratings f ≤ L/200
• Beams supporting main equipment
o Total load f ≤ L/400
o Live load f ≤ L/600
• Boiler beams
o Total load (primary) f ≤ L/850
o Total load (secondary) f ≤ L/750
o Total load (tertiary) f ≤ L/500
o Live load f ≤ L/1000
• Deflection of steel frame, total f ≤ H/500
• Deviation of steel frame location, after erection f ≤ H/1000
• Deflection of the columns between bracing levels f ≤ H/500

4 Design of steel and concrete structures

4.1 General
Code GB 22395-2008 and GB 50017-2017 is followed.

Steel frame will be modelled by FEM based analysis program. All the identified loads will be
added to model. The structure members will be designed according to GB 50017.
In structural analysis braces of stiffening platforms and walls are modelled as truss like
structures or beams with hinged ends

Safety grade 2 is applied, thus importance coefficient γ0 = 1.0 is used (4.10/[Link]). For
seismic checking a seismic adjustment coefficient γRE = 0.80 for strength calculation, and
γRE = 0.80 for stability calculation are used (GB 22395 Table 24 and GB 50011 Table
5.4.2).

4.2 Fire rating

No requirements. Steel structure will not be protected against fire.

4.3 Columns
In general following values for design parameters are assumed. L is the distance between
applicable stiffening levels.
Wall columns
• Buckling about major stiffness, the lowest part from foundation up to the

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First stiffening plane 1.0 L

• Buckling about major stiffness, other parts 1.0 L
• Buckling about minor stiffness, the lowest part from foundation up to the
First stiffening plane or to the joint of the column and the wall brace 1.0 L
• Buckling about minor stiffness, other parts according to distance between two
points which are fixed to the wall bracings 1.0 L
• Lateral torsional buckling length is a distance between two points which are
fixed to the wall bracings. This shall provide support to the buckle flange.
Boiler columns
• Buckling about major stiffness, the lowest part from foundation up to the
First stiffening plane 1.0 L
• Buckling about major stiffness, other parts 1.0 L
• Buckling about minor stiffness, the lowest part from foundation up to the
First stiffening plane 1.0 L
• Buckling about minor stiffness, other parts 1.0 L
• Lateral buckling length same as in buckling about minor stiffness

4.4 Beams
In general following values for design parameters are assumed.
Boiler beams and beams with big equipment loads
• Buckling about major stiffness:
o Distance between vertical supports
• Buckling about minor stiffness:
o Distance between the plane bracings
• Lateral buckling length:
o Distance between the plane bracings
The beams on stiffening planes; small equipment load
• Buckling about major stiffness:
o Distance between vertical supports
• Buckling about minor stiffness:
o Distance between horizontal supports
• Lateral buckling length:
o Distance between horizontal support of top flange (centres of the
platform purlins) or 1 meter in concrete platforms
Beams on other levels; small equipment load
• Buckling about major stiffness:
o Distance between vertical supports
• Buckling about minor stiffness:
o Distance between horizontal supports
Lateral torsional buckling length non-stiffening structures (maximum WI450 size):
• 0.6*L when there is grating platform (min. 2.5 m wide) along whole length of the
beam + secondary beams are connected with bolted connection to main beam
+ main beam height/width ratio h/b >=1.8.
• 0.8*L when there is grating platform (min. 2.5 m wide) along whole length of the
beam + secondary beams are connected with bolted connection to main beam
+ main beam height/width ratio1.2 < h/b < 1.8.

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Secondary beams are assumed to be restrained by grating panels (min 2.5 m wide) so that
following lateral torsional buckling length can be used:

Secondary beam size LTB-length

< IPE 240 0.6 * L
IPE 270... IPE400 0.8 * L
>IPE450 or HEA 1.0 * L

The above secondary beams LTB-length factors can be used only if the main load is live
load on grating and there is no significant equipment loads.

Grating panels must be connected to steel beams by bolts through top flange of the beams.

4.5 Bracings
Wall bracings
• Buckling length 1.0L
Horizontal bracings
• Buckling length 1.0L
4.6 Anchor bolts, base plates and connections
Anchor bolts, baseplates and connections will be calculated according to GB 50017,
GB50011 and GB 50191.

It is assumed that each bolt is anchored to concreate so that bolt yielding always happens
before concrete failure.

The anchor bolt lengths must be checked by customer’s civil engineer. Customer’s civil
engineer must design proper reinforcements around anchor bolts that bolt yielding is
possible before concrete failure.

4.7 Grades of steel structures & connection Plates

In general following values for steel structures are used (note: design codes do not
recognize Q355, so for calculations Q345 is used instead) :
• Hot rolled and welded profiles Q355B
• Tube Profiles Q355B
• Plates Q355B
• L-profiles, C-sections Q235B

In special locations where there is high temperature, special heat resistant steel materials
might be used. These materials are defined case by case.

Fasteners used in this project:

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Non-preloaded connection:

• Bolts Grade 8.8 / 10.9 , M24…M36 Partial Threaded

Grade 8.8 / 10.9 , M12…M20, full threaded

• Nuts Grade 8 / 10

• Washers 200HV for M12…M20 bolt

200HV t=8mm for M24…M30 bolt

Preloaded connections :
Bolts Grade 10.9
Nuts Grade 10
Washers 300HV

4.8 Steel platforms, stairs and ladders

Grating platforms and stairs
• Minimum free height on platforms = 2100 mm.
• Handrails: painted 2-pipe handrails. height 1100 mm high with post spacing
max. 1200 mm. equipped with kick plate at least 100 mm above the platforms.
Kickplates welded to the gratings shall be hot dip galvanized.
• Stairs: equipped with grating treads. width 1200 mm in main access ways and
1000 mm elsewhere. Access stair to small maintenance platforms may have
stair width 800 [Link] angle is 380 in main access ways. Special stairs
leading to small maintenance platforms might have steeper angle between 38 -
45 degrees.
• Grating: electro-forged. all-welded steel grating. height 30 mm. Grating type
30/[Link] to the beams by saddle clip fasteners and screws, hot dip
galvanized. 4 pcs/m2 or minimum 4 pcs/grating element.
4.9 Concrete platforms
Recovery boiler building consists four concrete platform, on elevations +5.800m, +12.200m,
+28.200m and +36.800m. Concrete platforms are NOT considered as part of stabilizing
structure, however it is taken into account in lateral buckling length. Stiffness of concrete
slab is described in analysis model with steel bracing system. Horizontal stops (boiler
guides) of boilers and other heavy equipment will be connected to building bracing system
usually at braced platforms and when necessary, with additional braces added to main
bracing system..

Corrugated sheets 70/0.8mm as formwork with secondary support beams c/c 2 m.

4.10 Roof and walls
Roof structure: load bearing steel sheet on steel purlins. Slope is 1:16.

Exterior walls: horizontal purlins and vertical corrugated sheet from EL+15.000 meter to
Roof

Pressure wall (partition) between boiler building and tower: Wall structure shall be

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designed for accidental pressure load of 5 kN/m2 .

4.11 Surface treatment

Steel Structure is painted and Separate paint specification shall be provided.
Gratings and Fasteners Grade 8.8 are Hot dip galvanized.
Fasteners Grade 10.9 are Black bolts.

5 Load combinations in design

Load combinations are defined according to Chapter 3.2 in GB 50009:

The structure safety grade is 2, Severe: Great impact on human life, economy, society or
the environment (GB 50068-2018, Table 3.2.1)

2.14.1 Limit state of bearing capacity (ULS)

Boiler building

where,
S is the design value of action effect combination;
γG is the partial coefficient of permanent load, γG =1.35 shall be taken; where the
permanent load effect is favorable to the structure, γG =1.0 shall be taken;
γW is the partial coefficient of wind load, γW =1.35 shall be taken;
γQi is the partial coefficient of the i-th variable load, γQi =1.35 shall be taken;
SGk is the effect for characteristic value of permanent load;
SWk is the effect of characteristic value of wind load;
SQik is the effect of the characteristic value of the i-th variable load;
ψQi is the combination value coefficient of the i-th variable load, which is taken as 0.7
uniformly in the formula.

2.14.2 Limit state of normal use (SLS)

where SGjk, SQik and ψci are presented above.

2.14.3 Seismic load

Boiler building (GB 50191, chapters 5.4.1 and 8.2.15)

where

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γG is partial coefficient for gravity load, 1.35 in case of unfavorable, and 1.0 in favorable
γEh, γEv horizontal and vertical partial coefficients, now γEh is 1.3 and γEv is 0
γw partial coefficient for wind load, taken as 1.35
γt partial coefficient for temperature load, taken as 1.4
γm partial coefficient for dynamic action of rotating machines, taken as 1.4
ψw combination value coefficient for wind load, now considered as 0
ψt combination value coefficient for temperatrure load, now considered as 0
ψm combination value coefficient for dynamic action of rotating machines, now taken as 0
SGE effects of gravity load
SEh effects of horizontal earthquake action, combined value coefficient for live load is 0.5
SEv effects of vertical earthquake action, now negleted
Swk effect of characteristic value of wind effect
Stk effect of characteristic value of temperaure effect
Smk effect of characteristic value of driving action effect of high-speed rotating machinery

6 Foundations
All the foundation loads given in drawings are nominal values without load combination and
safety factors. Foundation designer shall apply combination factors and formulas in
accordance valid local standards for concrete design.

6.1 Boiler building

Boiler building and stair towers are founded at level +0.400 (bottom of base plate is 400mm
above top of Ground floor).
Foundation method shall be chosen according to the information of soil investigation report
and taking into account foundation loads specified by Engineer of boiler building frame.
Total settlement of boiler building base slab due to loading shall be calculated based to the
information of soil investigation report and loading data obtained from structural analysis for
building steel frame
Permissible limits to the settlements due to the column loads (live loads excluded):
• settlement difference between two adjacent boiler columns at side line is limited
to 5 mm
• settlement difference between two adjacent boiler columns cross the boiler is
limited to 10 mm
• settlement difference between boiler column and exterior wall column is limited
to 20 mm
• settlement difference between two adjacent exterior wall column is limited to 20
mm
• settlement difference between two exterior wall column is limited to 20 mm
• the maximum inclination of the foundation mat is limited to 1:600

7 Design of connections for steel structures

7.1 General
Code GB 50017-2017 and seismic requirements from GB 50011-2010 is followed.

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7.2 Welding Criteria

The strength and quality of filler metal shall correspond to those of base material. Its yield
strength shall generally be 5% higher than that of the base material.
Welding method and the electrode module - Automatic Welding with electrode E50.

Minimum fillet weld size as per Table 11.3.5 of GB 50017-2017

Thickness of base Minimum fillet

metal t weld size hf
(mm) (mm)
t≤6 3
6≤t≤12 5
12≤t≤20 6
t>20 8

Note:- hf is the leg size of weld in mm.

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