OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

Layout Managers PART-1

Border, Grid, Flow, Card and Gridbag

Layout Managers

In Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), a Layout Manager is responsible

for arranging and positioning components (buttons, text fields, labels, etc.) inside a
container (Frame, Panel, etc.).

Use of Layout Managers

 Automatic Component Arrangement → No need for manual positioning.

 Resizes Components Dynamically → Adjusts component sizes when the
window is resized.
 Platform Independence → Works uniformly on different screen sizes.

Types of Layout Managers

Layout Manager Description

Divides container into five regions: NORTH, SOUTH, EAST,
BorderLayout
WEST, CENTER.

FlowLayout Arranges components in a row (default for Panel).

GridLayout Arranges components in rows and columns (equal size).

CardLayout Allows switching between multiple screens (cards).

GridBagLayout Flexible grid-based layout allowing uneven cell sizes.

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1. BorderLayout (Default for Frames)

BorderLayout is one of the most commonly used layout managers in Java

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit). It divides the container into five fixed regions
where components can be placed.

Region Constant Used Description

NORTH BorderLayout.NORTH Placed at the top of the container.
SOUTH BorderLayout.SOUTH Placed at the bottom of the container.
EAST BorderLayout.EAST Placed at the right side.
WEST BorderLayout.WEST Placed at the left side.
Occupies the remaining space in the
CENTER BorderLayout.CENTER
middle.

Key Features of BorderLayout

 Default Layout for Frame, Dialog, and Window.

 Expands components to fill the region where they are placed.
 Only one component per region (use a Panel for multiple components).
 Flexible resizing when the window size changes.

import java.awt.*;

public class BorderLayoutEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a frame
Frame frame = new Frame("BorderLayout Example");

// Setting BorderLayout (default for Frame)

frame.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

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// Adding buttons to different regions

frame.add(new Button("NORTH"), BorderLayout.NORTH);
frame.add(new Button("SOUTH"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
frame.add(new Button("EAST"), BorderLayout.EAST);
frame.add(new Button("WEST"), BorderLayout.WEST);
frame.add(new Button("CENTER"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

// Frame settings
frame.setSize(450, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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2. GridLayout

GridLayout is a layout manager that places components in a rectangular grid of

rows and columns. Every component in the container is given the same size, and the
container is divided evenly into the specified number of rows and columns.

Key Features of GridLayout:

Feature Description
All components are given equal size regardless
Equal Size Cells
of their content.

You define the number of rows and columns

Row x Column Format
in the grid.

Fills Left to Right, Top to Bottom Components are placed row by row.

No overlapping Each grid cell holds only one component.

Constructor of GridLayout

GridLayout(int rows, int cols)

GridLayout(int rows, int cols, int hgap, int vgap)

 rows – number of rows

 cols – number of columns
 hgap – horizontal space between components
 vgap – vertical space between components

If rows = 0 → rows are determined by the number of components and columns.

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import java.awt.*;

public class GridLayoutEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame frame = new Frame("Calculator Layout");

// 4 rows x 4 columns with spacing

frame.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, 4, 5, 5));

String[] buttons = {
"7", "8", "9", "/",
"4", "5", "6", "*",
"1", "2", "3", "-",
"0", ".", "=", "+"
};

for (String b : buttons)

{
frame.add(new Button(b));
}

frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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3. FlowLayout

FlowLayout is the simplest layout manager in Java AWT. It arranges

components in a row, and when no more space is left, it wraps them to the next line
(like text in a paragraph).

Key Features of FlowLayout:

Feature Description
Alignment Left, center (default), or right alignment.
Automatically wraps components to a new line when
Component Wrapping
space runs out.
You can set horizontal and vertical gaps between
Spacing
components.
Flexibility Easy to use and perfect for small layouts.

Constructors of FlowLayout:

FlowLayout()

FlowLayout(int alignment)

FlowLayout(int alignment, int hgap, int vgap)

 alignment — FlowLayout.LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT

 hgap — Horizontal gap (space) between components
 vgap — Vertical gap between rows of components

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import java.awt.*;

public class FlowLayoutEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Create a new frame
Frame frame = new Frame("FlowLayout Example");

// Set FlowLayout with center alignment

frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER, 20, 10));

// Add some buttons

frame.add(new Button("Button 1"));
frame.add(new Button("Button 2"));
frame.add(new Button("Button 3"));
frame.add(new Button("Button 4"));
frame.add(new Button("Button 5"));

// Frame settings
frame.setSize(500, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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4. CardLayout

CardLayout is a layout manager in Java AWT that allows multiple components

(cards) to be stacked on top of each other, with only one visible at a time. It is
useful for creating wizard-like interfaces, tabbed panels, and step-by-step forms.

Key Features of CardLayout

Feature Description
Stacked Layout Only one component (card) is visible at a time.
Allows switching between cards using .next(),
Navigation Methods
.previous(), .show(), etc.
Useful for multi-step forms, tutorials, and tab-like
Best for Wizards/Forms
interfaces.
Flexible Can contain multiple panels or other components.

Constructor of CardLayout

CardLayout()
CardLayout(int hgap, int vgap)

 hgap – Horizontal space between components.

 vgap – Vertical space between components.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class CardLayoutEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Create a new frame
Frame frame = new Frame("CardLayout Example");
CardLayout cardLayout = new CardLayout();

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// Create a Panel to hold the cards

Panel cardPanel = new Panel();
cardPanel.setLayout(cardLayout);

// Creating Cards (Panels with different components)

Panel card1 = new Panel();
card1.add(new Label("This is Card 1"));
Button next1 = new Button("Next");
card1.add(next1);

Panel card2 = new Panel();

card2.add(new Label("This is Card 2"));
Button next2 = new Button("Next");
Button previous2 = new Button("Previous");
card2.add(previous2);
card2.add(next2);

Panel card3 = new Panel();

card3.add(new Label("This is Card 3 (Last Card)"));
Button previous3 = new Button("Previous");
card3.add(previous3);

// Add cards to cardPanel

cardPanel.add(card1, "Card1");
cardPanel.add(card2, "Card2");
cardPanel.add(card3, "Card3");

// Event Listeners for Navigation

next1.addActionListener(e -> cardLayout.next(cardPanel));
next2.addActionListener(e -> cardLayout.next(cardPanel));
previous2.addActionListener(e -> cardLayout.previous(cardPanel));
previous3.addActionListener(e -> cardLayout.previous(cardPanel));

// Add cardPanel to Frame

frame.add(cardPanel);

// Frame Settings
frame.setSize(450, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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5. GridBagLayout

GridBagLayout is the most flexible and powerful layout manager in Java

AWT. It arranges components in a grid (like GridLayout), but each cell can have a
different size, allowing precise control over positioning.

Key Features of GridBagLayout

Feature Description
Flexible Layout Allows rows and columns of different sizes.
Precise Positioning Components can span multiple rows/columns.
Weighting System Components can grow/shrink dynamically.
Constraints-Based Uses GridBagConstraints to control placement.
Spacing Control Allows setting gaps between components.

Constructor of GridBagLayout

GridBagLayout()

This constructor creates an instance of GridBagLayout, but components need

constraints (GridBagConstraints) for proper alignment.

GridBagConstraints

GridBagConstraints is a helper class used to specify placement, size, and

behavior of components in GridBagLayout.

Constraint Description
gridx, gridy Specifies the row and column position.
gridwidth, gridheight Determines how many columns/rows a component spans.
weightx, weighty Controls how much space a component gets when resizing.
Defines the component's alignment (e.g., CENTER, EAST,
anchor
WEST).
Determines how the component should expand
fill
(HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, BOTH).
insets Specifies padding around the component.

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import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class GridBagEx

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame frame = new Frame("Login Form");
frame.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();

// Labels and TextFields

Label uname = new Label("Username:");
TextField user = new TextField(15);
Label pwd = new Label("Password:");
TextField password = new TextField(15);
password.setEchoChar('*');

// Buttons
Button loginButton = new Button("Login");
Button cancelButton = new Button("Cancel");

// Constraints for Labels and Fields

gbc.insets = new Insets(5, 5, 5, 5); // Padding

gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0;
frame.add(uname, gbc);
gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.gridy = 0;
frame.add(user, gbc);

gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1;
frame.add(pwd, gbc);
gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.gridy = 1;
frame.add(password, gbc);

// Constraints for Buttons

gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 2;

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gbc.gridwidth = 2;
gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER; // Centering buttons
frame.add(loginButton, gbc);

gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.gridy = 2;
frame.add(cancelButton, gbc);

// Frame settings
frame.setSize(400, 400);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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Applets PART-2
Concepts of Applets, life cycle of an applet, creating applets, passing parameters to
applets.

Applets are small Java programs that can be embedded in web pages and run
in Java-enabled web browser or an appletviewer tool.

Although applets are now considered outdated due to security concerns and lack
of browser support.

Hierarchy of Applet

java.applet.Applet class

For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4

life cycle methods of applet.

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Lifecycle of an Applet

The applet life cycle can be defined as the process of how the object is created,
started, stopped, and destroyed during the entire execution of its application. It
basically has five core methods namely init(), start(), stop(), paint() and
destroy().These methods are invoked by the browser to execute.

The lifecycle of an applet is managed by the browser (or appletviewer tool) and
involves the following methods:

Method Description
Called once when the applet is first loaded. Initialization tasks
init()
like setting up UI components are done here.
Called after init() and also each time the applet is restarted
start()
(e.g., when the user revisits the page).
Called to redraw the content of the applet. All GUI drawing
paint(Graphics g)
happens here.
Called when the user leaves the web page or switches to
stop()
another tab.
Called when the applet is being removed completely from
destroy()
memory. Cleanup is done here.

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Creating Applets, Passing Parameters to Applets

Applets are Java programs that extend the java.applet.Applet class

Steps to Create a Simple Applet

1. Import necessary packages (java.applet.*, java.awt.*)

2. Extend the Applet class.
3. Override one or more lifecycle methods (init(), start(), paint(), etc.)
4. Compile the .java file.
5. Create an HTML file with the <applet> tag (or use appletviewer to test).

Program to illustrate applet life cycle and parameter passing.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.Date;
/*
<applet code="AppletLifeCycle" width=300 height=200>
<param name="greeting" value="Welcome to Java Applet">
<param name="author" value="VJIT">
</applet>
*/
public class AppletLifeCycle extends Applet
{
// Instance variables to store parameter values
private String greetingMessage;
private String author;

// Called when the applet is first loaded into memory

@Override
public void init()
{
// Retrieve parameters from the applet tag
greetingMessage = getParameter("greeting"); // Get greeting message
author = getParameter("author"); // Get author name

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if (greetingMessage == null)
{
greetingMessage = "Hello, this is a default greeting!";
}
if (author == null)
{
author = "Unknown Author";
}

System.out.println("Applet Initialized");
}

// Called when the applet is started or brought to the foreground

@Override
public void start()
{
System.out.println("Applet Started");
}

// Called to display the applet on the screen

@Override
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
// Display greeting message and author name on the applet
g.drawString(greetingMessage, 20, 50);
g.drawString("Author: " + author, 20, 70);

// Display current date and time

g.drawString("Current Date: " + new Date(), 20, 90);
}

// Called when the applet is stopped (i.e., the user navigates away)
@Override
public void stop()
{
System.out.println("Applet Stopped");
}

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// Called when the applet is destroyed

@Override
public void destroy()
{
System.out.println("Applet Destroyed");
}
}

In Browser

In Command Prompt

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JDBC Connectivity PART-3

JDBC Type 1 to 4 Drivers, connection establishment, Query Execution.

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that enables Java programs
to connect to and interact with databases (such as MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server,
PostgreSQL, etc.).

We can use JDBC API to access tabular data stored in any relational database.
By the help of JDBC API, we can perform CRUD(Create, Read, Update, Delete)
operations from the database. It is like Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) provided
by Microsoft.

JDBC Architecture

The JDBC architecture consists of two layers:

1. JDBC API (Application Level)

o Provides classes and interfaces like Connection, Statement, ResultSet, etc.
o Used by Java applications.
2. JDBC Driver (Implementation Level)
o Handles the communication between Java application and the database.
o Converts Java calls into DB-specific calls.

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JDBC Drivers
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with
the database.

There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)

3. Network Protocol Driver (Middleware Driver)

4. Thin Driver (Pure Java Driver)

1. Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses ODBC driver to connect to the

database. The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC method calls into the ODBC
function calls. This is now discouraged because of thin driver.

Advantages:
 Easy to use with ODBC-supported databases.
Disadvantages:
 Platform dependent (requires native ODBC driver).
 Performance is poor.
 Deprecated in Java 8 and removed in later versions.

Example Driver Class:

Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

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2. Type 2: Native-API Driver

The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver
converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API. It is not written
entirely in java.

 Uses native C/C++ libraries provided by the database vendor.

 JDBC calls → Native API calls → Database

Advantages:

 Better performance than Type 1.

 Can use database-specific features.

Disadvantages:

 Requires native libraries on client machine.

 Platform dependent.

Example: Oracle OCI (Oracle Call Interface) Driver

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3. Type 3: Network Protocol Driver (Middleware Driver)

The Network Protocol Driver uses middleware (application server) that converts
JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific database protocol. It is fully
written in java.

 JDBC calls → Middleware Server → Database

 Uses a Server-Based Middleware that translates requests to DB calls.

Advantages:

 Platform independent.
 No Client-Side DB driver needed.
 Good for Intranet-Based Applications.

Disadvantages:

 Requires Middleware Server.

 Slightly complex setup.

Example: Informix Dynamic Server (IDS)

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4. Type 4: Thin Driver (Pure Java Driver)

The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database
protocol. That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in Java language.

 JDBC calls → Direct communication with the database using Java Sockets
 No Native Libraries or Middleware required

Advantages:
 Pure Java → Platform Independent.
 Best performance.
 Most commonly used today (e.g., MySQL Connector/J, Oracle Thin Driver).
Disadvantages:
 One driver per database type.
Example Driver Class:
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // For MySQL 8+

Comparison of JDBC Driver Types

Platform Use in Modern

Type Name Performance
Dependent Apps

Type-1 JDBC-ODBC Bridge Yes Low ❌ Deprecated

Type-2 Native-API Yes Medium ❌ Rare

Type-3 Network Protocol No Medium ❌ Rare

Thin Driver
Type-4 No High ✅ Recommended
(Pure Java)

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Common JDBC Classes & Interfaces

Class Description
Manages the set of available JDBC drivers. Establishes a
DriverManager
connection with a database using a driver.
Interfaces Description
Represents an active connection to a database. Used to create
Connection
statements and manage transactions.
Used to execute static SQL queries (e.g., SELECT * FROM
Statement
table).
Represents the result of an SQL SELECT query. Allows data
ResultSet
navigation and extraction.
Precompiled SQL statement (used for dynamic queries with
PreparedStatement
parameters)
SQLException Handles SQL errors

Commonly Used Methods in JDBC Classes and Interfaces

1. DriverManager Class

Manages a list of database drivers and establishes connections to a database.

Method Description
Attempts to establish a
getConnection(String url) connection using the
provided URL.

Connects with the

getConnection(String url, String user, String password) specified username and
password.

Registers a JDBC driver

registerDriver(Driver driver)
with the DriverManager.

Example:

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(

"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb", "root", "password");

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2. Connection Interface

Represents a connection to the database.

Method Description

createStatement() Creates a basic SQL statement.

prepareStatement(String sql) Creates a precompiled SQL statement.

commit() Commits the current transaction.

rollback() Rolls back the current transaction.

close() Closes the connection.

isClosed() Checks if the connection is closed.

3. Statement Interface

Used to execute static SQL statements (without parameters).

Method Description

executeQuery(String sql) Executes a SELECT query and returns a ResultSet.

Executes INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and

executeUpdate(String sql)
returns affected rows.

Executes any SQL command (returns boolean for

execute(String sql)
result type).

close() Closes the statement.

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4. PreparedStatement Interface

Used for executing parameterized queries (safer and faster).

Method Description
Sets a String parameter at the specified
setString(int paramIndex, String value)
index.
setInt(int paramIndex, int value) Sets an int parameter.
setDouble(int paramIndex, double value) Sets a double parameter.
executeQuery() Executes SELECT statements.
Executes INSERT, UPDATE, or
executeUpdate()
DELETE statements.

5. ResultSet Interface

Used to retrieve and navigate results from a query.

Method Description
Moves the cursor to the next row
next()
(returns false if no more rows).
getString(String columnLabel) Retrieves String data from a column.
getInt(String columnLabel) Retrieves int data from a column.
getDouble(String columnLabel) Retrieves double data.
wasNull() Checks if last column read was SQL NULL.
close() Closes the ResultSet.

6. SQLException Class

Used to handle database access errors.

Method Description
getMessage() Returns the error message.
getErrorCode() Returns vendor-specific error code.
getSQLState() Returns the SQLState string.
printStackTrace() Prints the exception trace.

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Connection Establishment to Data Base Server

Steps to Use in JDBC to connect to MySql Server

1. Load the Driver Class

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

2. Establish the Connection

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(

"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb", "username", "password");

3. Create a Statement and Execute a Query

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM students");

4. Process the Results

while (rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getString("name"));
}

5. Close the Connection

con.close();

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1. Java Program to CREATE Database Table in MySql Server

// This code is for establishing connection with MySQL database and retrieving data

// from database through JDBC

/ *1. import --->java.sql

*2. load and register the driver ---> com.jdbc.

*3. create connection

*4. create a statement

*5. execute the query

*6. process the results

*7. close

*/

import java.io.*;

import java.sql.*;

class create

public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException,SQLException

String url= "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/vjit"; // Database details

String username = "root"; // MySQL credentials

String password = "vjit";

Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Driver name

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);

System.out.println("Connection Established successfully");

Statement st = con.createStatement();

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String sql = "CREATE TABLE STUDENTS(Roll_No INTEGER NOT

NULL,First_Name VARCHAR(255),Last_Name VARCHAR(255),Age
INTEGER,PRIMARY KEY ( Roll_No ))";

st.execute(sql);

System.out.println("Created table in given database...");

st.close(); // close statement

con.close(); // close connection

System.out.println("Connection Closed....");

Output:

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2. Java Program to INSERT Record into Database Table in MySql Server

import java.sql.*;

class StudentInsertionApplication
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException,SQLException
{
String url= "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/vjit"; // Database details
String username = "root"; // MySQL credentials
String password = "vjit";
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Driver name
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
System.out.println("Connection Established successfully");
Statement st = con.createStatement();
int c = st.executeUpdate("insert into students values(6703,'Rahul','HYD',20)");
System.out.println(c + "\t Student Record inserted successfully");
st.close();
con.close();
}
}
Output:

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3. Java Program to UPDATE Record into Database Table in MySql Server

import java.sql.*;
class UpdateStudentApplication
{
public static void main (String[]args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException
{
String url= "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/vjit"; // Database details
String username = "root"; // MySQL credentials
String password = "vjit";
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Driver name
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
System.out.println("Connection Established successfully");
Statement st = con.createStatement();
int rows = st.executeUpdate("update students set First_Name = 'Rahul Dravid' where
Roll_No=6703");
System.out.println(rows + " row modified");
st.close();
con.close();
}
}
Output:

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4. Java Program to DELETE Record from Database Table in MySql Server

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.*;
class StudentDeleteApplication
{
public static void main (String[]args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException
{
String url= "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/vjit"; // Database details
String username = "root"; // MySQL credentials
String password = "vjit";
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Driver name
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
System.out.println("Connection Established successfully");
Statement st = con.createStatement();
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("ENTER STUDENT NUMBER");
int rno = sc.nextInt();

int c = st.executeUpdate("delete from students where Roll_No =" + rno);

if (c == 0)
System.out.println("Student data does not exist");
else
System.out.println("Student data deleted successfully");
st.close();
con.close();
}
}
Output:

B.Tech (CSE-DS)-II-II Sem Page 15

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

5. Java Program to SELECT Records from Database Table in MySql Server

import java.sql.*;
import java.util.*;
class StudentsDetails
{
public static void main (String[]args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException
{
String url= "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/vjit"; // Database details
String username = "root"; // MySQL credentials
String password = "vjit";
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Driver name
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
System.out.println("Connection Established successfully");
Statement st = con.createStatement();
System.out.println("\n\nStudent Details: ");
System.out.println("----------------------");
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("select * from students");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("Roll No: " + rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("First Name: " + rs.getString(2));

B.Tech (CSE-DS)-II-II Sem Page 16

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING THROUGH JAVA UNIT-IV

System.out.println("Last Name : " + rs.getString(3));

System.out.println("----------------------");
}
rs.close();
st.close();
con.close();
}
}

Output:

B.Tech (CSE-DS)-II-II Sem Page 17