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trigonometry-2e Contents Preface 1 1 Prerequisites 7
Introduction to Prerequisites 7 1.1 Real Numbers: Algebra
Essentials 7 1.2 Exponents and Scientific Notation 24 1.3
Radicals and Rational Exponents 39 1.4 Polynomials 50 1.5
Factoring Polynomials 59 1.6 Rational Expressions 68
Chapter Review 76 Exercises 79 2 Equations and
Inequalities 83 Introduction to Equations and Inequalities
83 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate Systems and Graphs 83
2.2 Linear Equations in One Variable 98 2.3 Models and
Applications 115 2.4 Complex Numbers 125 2.5 Quadratic
Equations 134 2.6 Other Types of Equations 149 2.7 Linear
Inequalities and Absolute Value Inequalities 161 Chapter
Review 172 Exercises 175 3 Functions 181 Introduction to
Functions 181 3.1 Functions and Function Notation 181
3.2 Domain and Range 205 3.3 Rates of Change and
Behavior of Graphs 223 3.4 Composition of Functions 239
3.5 Transformation of Functions 255 3.6 Absolute Value
Functions 287 3.7 Inverse Functions 295 Chapter Review
310 Exercises 314 4 Linear Functions 323 Introduction to
Linear Functions 323 4.1 Linear Functions 323 4.2
Modeling with Linear Functions 360 4.3 Fitting Linear
Models to Data 374 Chapter Review 388 Exercises 389 5
Polynomial and Rational Functions 399 Introduction to
Polynomial and Rational Functions 399 5.1 Quadratic
Functions 400 5.2 Power Functions and Polynomial
Functions 419 5.3 Graphs of Polynomial Functions 438 5.4
Dividing Polynomials 460 5.5 Zeros of Polynomial
Functions 471 5.6 Rational Functions 484 5.7 Inverses and
Radical Functions 508 5.8 Modeling Using Variation 521
Chapter Review 531 Exercises 535 6 Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions 541 Introduction to Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions 541 6.1 Exponential Functions
542 6.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions 561 6.3
Logarithmic Functions 575 6.4 Graphs of Logarithmic
Functions 584 6.5 Logarithmic Properties 606 6.6
Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 618 6.7
Exponential and Logarithmic Models 631 6.8 Fitting
Exponential Models to Data 650 Chapter Review 666
Exercises 671 7 The Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine Functions
681 Introduction to The Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine
Functions 681 7.1 Angles 682 7.2 Right Triangle
Trigonometry 704 7.3 Unit Circle 717 7.4 The Other
Trigonometric Functions 736 Chapter Review 751
Exercises 754 8 Periodic Functions 759 Introduction to
Periodic Functions 759 8.1 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine
Functions 759 8.2 Graphs of the Other Trigonometric
Functions 779 8.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 800
Chapter Review 813 Exercises 814 9 Trigonometric
Identities and Equations 821 Introduction to
Trigonometric Identities and Equations 821 9.1 Verifying
Trigonometric Identities and Using Trigonometric
Identities to Simplify Trigonometric Expressions 821 9.2
Sum and Difference Identities 832 9.3 Double-Angle, Half-
Angle, and Reduction Formulas 847 9.4 Sum-to-Product
and Product-to-Sum Formulas 860 9.5 Solving
Trigonometric Equations 868 Access for free at
openstax.org Chapter Review 884 Exercises 887 10
Further Applications of Trigonometry 893 Introduction to
Further Applications of Trigonometry 893 10.1 Non-right
Triangles: Law of Sines 893 10.2 Non-right Triangles: Law
of Cosines 911 10.3 Polar Coordinates 925 10.4 Polar
Coordinates: Graphs 939 10.5 Polar Form of Complex
Numbers 958 10.6 Parametric Equations 969 10.7
Parametric Equations: Graphs 982 10.8 Vectors 994
Chapter Review 1016 Exercises 1020 11 Systems of
Equations and Inequalities 1027 Introduction to Systems
of Equations and Inequalities 1027 11.1 Systems of Linear
Equations: Two Variables 1028 11.2 Systems of Linear
Equations: Three Variables 1047 11.3 Systems of
Nonlinear Equations and Inequalities: Two Variables 1059
11.4 Partial Fractions 1071 11.5 Matrices and Matrix
Operations 1081 11.6 Solving Systems with Gaussian
Elimination 1094 11.7 Solving Systems with Inverses 1108
11.8 Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule 1123 Chapter
Review 1136 Exercises 1139 12 Analytic Geometry 1147
Introduction to Analytic Geometry 1147 12.1 The Ellipse
1148 12.2 The Hyperbola 1164 12.3 The Parabola 1181
12.4 Rotation of Axes 1197 12.5 Conic Sections in Polar
Coordinates 1212 Chapter Review 1223 Exercises 1225 13
Sequences, Probability, and Counting Theory 1231
Introduction to Sequences, Probability and Counting
Theory 1231 13.1 Sequences and Their Notations 1231
13.2 Arithmetic Sequences 1246 13.3 Geometric
Sequences 1258 13.4 Series and Their Notations 1267
13.5 Counting Principles 1281 13.6 Binomial Theorem
1292 13.7 Probability 1299 Chapter Review 1310 Exercises
1313 A Proofs, Identities, and Toolkit Functions 1321
Answer Key 1333 Index 1503 Access for free at
openstax.org Preface About OpenStax OpenStax is part of
Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable
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About OpenStax Resource Customization Algebra and
Trigonometry 2e is licensed under a Creative Commons
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openstax.org. Format You can access this textbook for free
in web view or PDF through openstax.org, and for a low
cost in print. About Algebra and Trigonometry 2e Algebra
and Trigonometry 2e provides a comprehensive
exploration of algebraic principles and meets scope and
sequence requirements for a typical introductory algebra
and trigonometry course. The modular approach and the
richness of content ensures that the book meets the
needs of a variety of courses. Algebra and Trigonometry
2e offers a wealth of examples with detailed, conceptual
explanations, building a strong foundation in the material
before asking students to apply what they’ve learned.
Coverage and Scope In determining the concepts, skills,
and topics to cover, we engaged dozens of highly
experienced instructors with a range of student
audiences. The resulting scope and sequence proceeds
logically while allowing for a significant amount of
flexibility in instruction. Chapters 1 and 2 provide both a
review and foundation for study of functions that begins
in Chapter 3. The authors recognize that while some
institutions may find this material a prerequisite, other
institutions have told us that they have a cohort that
needs the prerequisite skills built into the course. •
Chapter 1: Prerequisites • Chapter 2: Equations and
Inequalities Chapters 3-6: The Algebraic Functions •
Chapter 3: Functions Preface 1 • Chapter 4: Linear
Functions • Chapter 5: Polynomial and Rational Functions
• Chapter 6: Exponential and Logarithm Functions
Chapters 7-10: A Study of Trigonometry • Chapter 7: The
Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine Functions • Chapter 8:
Periodic Functions • Chapter 9: Trigonometric Identities
and Equations • Chapter 10: Further Applications of
Trigonometry Chapters 11-13: Further Study in Algebra
and Trigonometry • Chapter 11: Systems of Equations and
Inequalities • Chapter 12: Analytic Geometry • Chapter
13: Sequences, Probability, and Counting Theory
Development Overview OpenStax Algebra and
Trigonometry 2e is the product of a collaborative effort by
a group of dedicated authors, editors, and instructors
whose collective passion for this project has resulted in a
text that is remarkably unified in purpose and voice.
Special thanks is due to our Lead Author, Jay Abramson of
Arizona State University, who provided the overall vision
for the book and oversaw the development of each and
every chapter, drawing up the initial blueprint, reading
numerous drafts, and assimilating field reviews into
actionable revision plans for our authors and editors. The
collective experience of our author team allowed us to
pinpoint the subtopics, exceptions, and individual
connections that give students the most trouble. The
textbook is therefore replete with well-designed features
and highlights which help students overcome these
barriers. As the students read and practice, they are
coached in methods of thinking through problems and
internalizing mathematical processes. Accuracy of the
Content We understand that precision and accuracy are
imperatives in mathematics, and undertook a dedicated
accuracy program led by experienced faculty.Examples,
art, problems, and solutions were reviewed by dedicated
faculty, with a separate team evaluating the answer key
and solutions. The text also benefits from years of usage
by thousands of faculty and students. A core aspect of the
second edition revision process included consolidating
and ensuring consistency with regard to any errata and
corrections that have been during in the series' extensive
usage and incorporation into homework systems. Changes
to the Second Edition The Algebra and Trigonometry 2e
revision focused on mathematical clarity and accuracy as
well as inclusivity. Examples, Exercises, and Solutions were
reviewed by multiple faculty experts. All improvement
suggestions and errata updates, driven by faculty and
students from several thousand colleges, were considered
and unified across the different formats of the text.
OpenStax and our authors are aware of the difficulties
posed by shifting problem and exercise numbers when
textbooks are revised. In an effort to make the transition
to the 2nd edition as seamless as possible, we have
minimized any shifting of exercise numbers. The revision
also focused on supporting inclusive and welcoming
learning experiences. The introductory narratives,
example and problem contexts, and even many of the
names used for fictional people in the text were all
reviewed using a diversity, equity, and inclusion
framework. Several hundred resulting revisions improve
the balance and relevance to the students using the text,
while maintaining a variety of applications to diverse
careers and academic fields. In particular, explanations of
scientific and historical aspects of mathematics have been
expanded to include more contributors. For example, the
authors added additional historical and multicultural
context regarding what is widely known as Pascal’s
Triangle, and similarly added details regarding the
international process of decoding the Enigma machine
(including the role of Polish college students). Several
chapter opening narratives and in-chapter references are
completely new, and contexts across all chapters were
specifically reviewed for equity in gender representation
and connotation. Finally, prior to the release of this
edition, OpenStax published a series of Corequisite
Skillsheets to support different models and approaches to
instruction. These remain available, and are described in
more detail below. 2 Preface Access for free at
openstax.org Pedagogical Foundations and Features
Learning Objectives Each chapter is divided into multiple
sections (or modules), each of which is organized around
a set of learning objectives. The learning objectives are
listed explicitly at the beginning of each section and are
the focal point of every instructional element Narrative
text Narrative text is used to introduce key concepts,
terms, and definitions, to provide real-world context, and
to provide transitions between topics and examples.
Throughout this book, we rely on a few basic conventions
to highlight the most important ideas: • Key terms are
boldfaced, typically when first introduced and/or when
formally defined. • Key concepts and definitions are called
out in a blue box for easy reference. Examples Each
learning objective is supported by one or more worked
examples, that demonstrate the problem-solving
approaches that students must master. The multiple
Examples model different approaches to the same type of
problem, or introduce similar problems of increasing
complexity. All Examples follow a simple two- or three-
part format. The question clearly lays out a mathematical
problem to solve. The Solution walks through the steps,
usually providing context for the approach—in other
words, why the instructor is solving the problem in a
specific manner. Finally, the Analysis (for select Examples)
reflects on the broader implications of the Solution just
shown. Examples are followed by a Try It question, as
explained below. Figures Algebra and Trigonometry 2e
contains more than 2000 figures and illustrations, the vast
majority of which are graphs and diagrams. Art
throughout the text adheres to a clear, understated style,
drawing the eye to the most important information in
each figure while minimizing visual distractions. Color
contrast is employed with discretion to distinguish
between the different functions or features of a graph.
Supporting Features Several elements contribute to and
check understanding. • A “How To” is a list of steps
necessary to solve a certain type of problem. A How To
typically precedes an Example that proceeds to
demonstrate the steps in action. • A “Try It” exercise
immediately follows an Example or a set of related
Examples, providing the student with an immediate
opportunity to solve a similar problem. In the PDF and the
Web View version of the text, answers to the Try It
exercises are located in the Answer Key. • A Q&A may
appear at any point in the narrative, but most often
follows an Example. This feature pre-empts
misconceptions by posing a commonly asked yes/no
question, followed by a detailed answer and explanation.
• The “Media” icon appears at the conclusion of each
section, just prior to the Section Exercises. This icon marks
a list Preface 3 of links to online video tutorials that
reinforce the concepts and skills introduced in the section.
While we have selected tutorials that closely align to our
learning objectives, we did not produce these tutorials,
nor were they specifically produced or tailored to
accompany Algebra and Trigonometry 2e. Section
Exercises Each section of every chapter concludes with a
well-rounded set of exercises that can be assigned as
homework or used selectively for guided practice. With
over 6300 exercises across the 13 chapters, instructors
should have plenty from which to choose.