Class 7 Physics — Dense Revision Notes
1. Units, Measurement & Precision
- Fundamental quantities: Length (m), Mass (kg), Time (s). Derived units: Speed (m/s), Force (N = kg·m/s²),
Energy (J = N·m).
- Use appropriate instruments: Vernier caliper for small lengths, stopwatch for time, beam balance for mass.
- Always state units; keep 2–3 significant figures for class problems unless specified.
2. Motion (Quick Definitions)
- Motion: Change of position with time. Types: linear, circular, oscillatory.
- Distance vs Displacement: Distance = total path (scalar). Displacement = shortest straight-line from start
to end (vector).
- Speed: speed = distance / time. Example: 150 km in 3 h → speed = 50 km/h.
- Velocity: velocity = displacement / time (vector).
- Acceleration: a = (v − u) / t (m/s²). Positive when speed increases, negative (deceleration) when it
decreases.
3. Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM)
For constant acceleration a, initial velocity u, final velocity v, time t, displacement s:
1) v = u + a t
2) s = u t + ½ a t²
3) v² = u² + 2 a s
Example: A body starts from rest (u = 0) with a = 2 m/s² for t = 5 s. Find s and v.
- s = 0·5 + 0.5·2·5² = 25 m. v = 0 + 2·5 = 10 m/s.
Key Notes (Page 1)
- Keep direction in mind for vector quantities.
- Units and dimensional consistency help check answers.
- Draw quick sketches for motion problems (no complex diagrams required).
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4. Force & Types
- Force: Push or pull; causes change in motion. SI unit: Newton (N).
- Contact forces: friction, tension, normal. Non-contact: gravity, magnetic, electrostatic.
5. Newton's Laws of Motion
- 1st Law (Inertia): A body at rest stays at rest and a body in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a net
external force.
- 2nd Law: F_net = m a → net force equals mass × acceleration. Example: m = 2 kg, a = 3 m/s² ⇒ F = 6 N.
- 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (forces act on different bodies).
6. Friction
- Friction opposes relative motion. Types: static (prevents motion) and kinetic (while moving).
- Frictional force ≤ µ_s N (static), kinetic friction f_k = µ_k N (approx). N is normal reaction.
- Friction helps walking, but causes wear and energy loss (heat).
7. Momentum & Impulse
- Momentum p = m v (vector). Unit: kg·m/s.
- Impulse J = ∆p = F_avg · ∆t.
- Conservation: In closed systems (no external force), total momentum before = total momentum after (useful
for collision problems).
Worked Problem (short):
Two ice-skaters, masses 50 kg and 70 kg, push off each other. The 50 kg skater moves at 3 m/s. Find speed
of 70 kg skater (ignore external forces).
- Total momentum initially 0 ⇒ 50·3 + 70·v = 0 ⇒ v = −(50·3)/70 = −150/70 = −2.14 m/s (opposite direction).
Tips (Page 2)
- Use signs (+/−) for directions consistently.
- Check whether external forces are negligible before using momentum conservation.
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8. Work, Energy & Power
- Work: W = F s cosθ (θ = angle between F and displacement). Unit: Joule (J = N·m). If displacement is zero,
work = 0.
- Kinetic Energy (KE): KE = ½ m v².
- Potential Energy (PE): Gravitational PE = m g h (g ≈ 9.8 m/s²).
- Law of Conservation of Energy: Total energy in an isolated system remains constant; energy transforms
(e.g., PE → KE + heat).
- Power: P = W / t. Unit: Watt (W) = J/s.
Example: A 2 kg block falls from height 5 m. Find PE at top and KE just before hitting (ignore air resistance).
- PE = m g h = 2·9.8·5 = 98 J ⇒ KE just before impact ≈ 98 J (by conservation).
9. Heat, Temperature & Transfer
- Heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference. Temperature measures hotness (°C, K).
- Modes of heat transfer: Conduction (solids), Convection (fluids), Radiation (no medium).
10. Light & Sound (Essentials)
- Light travels in straight lines; reflection law: angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Mirrors form images
(plane, concave, convex basics).
- Sound needs a medium; speed of sound depends on medium (air, water, solids). Pitch relates to frequency;
loudness to amplitude.
11. Electricity Basics
- Charge (q) measured in coulomb (C). Current I = Q / t (A = C/s).
- Voltage (V) is potential difference; Ohm's law: V = I R. Resistance R unit: ohm (Ω).
Formula Sheet (quick):
- speed = distance / time
- velocity = displacement / time
- a = (v − u) / t
- v = u + a t; s = u t + ½ a t²; v² = u² + 2 a s
- F = m a; p = m v; KE = ½ m v²; PE = m g h; W = F s cosθ; P = W / t; V = I R
Short Revision Questions (write answers quickly):
1) A car moves 60 m in 3 s. Find its average speed.
2) A 5 kg object is accelerated at 4 m/s². Find the net force.
3) A 1 kg mass is lifted 2 m. Find increase in gravitational PE.
4) State Newton's 3rd law with a classroom example.
5) If current 2 A flows for 5 s, find total charge passed.
Answers (brief):
1) speed = 60/3 = 20 m/s.
2) F = m a = 5·4 = 20 N.
3) ∆PE = m g h = 1·9.8·2 ≈ 19.6 J.
4) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Example: When you push a wall, the wall pushes
you back with equal force (you feel the push).
5) Q = I t = 2·5 = 10 C.
Study Tips (Final)
- Memorize key formulas and units; do short numerical practice daily.
- Read one concept and immediately solve 2 small problems to reinforce.
- Use this dense sheet for quick revision before tests.
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