Experiment 1: Study of Hardware and Software
Requirements of Different Operating Systems
and Installation
1. Windows OS Requirements and
Installation:-
Hardware Requirements (Windows 11):
● Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with at least 2
cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or system on a
chip (SoC).
● RAM: 4 GB or more.
● Storage: 64 GB or more.
● Graphics Card: DirectX 12 compatible graphics / WDDM
2.x.
● Display: >9” display with HD resolution (720p).
● Internet: Internet connection required for certain features
and activation.
● TPM (Trusted Platform Module): Version 2.0.
Software Requirements:
● File System: NTFS.
● Boot Mode: UEFI firmware with Secure Boot capability.
● Drivers: Latest drivers for hardware components
(graphics, network, sound, etc.).
Installation Steps:
1. Download the Windows 11 ISO from the official Microsoft
website or use the Media Creation Tool.
2. Create a bootable USB using tools like Rufus or the
Media Creation Tool.
3. Insert the bootable USB into the target machine.
4. Boot into the BIOS/UEFI by pressing F2, F12, Esc, or
Del based on your device. Set the USB drive as the first
boot option.
5. Save and Exit from BIOS to boot from the USB.
6. Follow the installation wizard:
○ Select the language, time, and keyboard layout.
○ Click on "Install Now."
○ Choose between an Upgrade or Custom
Installation (for clean installation).
○ Partition the hard drive if needed.
7. After installation, follow the prompts to complete setup
(creating a user account, setting up preferences, etc.).
2. Ubuntu (Linux) OS Requirements and Installation:-
Hardware Requirements (Ubuntu 22.04 LTS):
● Processor: 2 GHz dual-core processor or better.
● RAM: 4 GB or more.
● Storage: 25 GB of free space or more.
● Graphics Card: VGA capable of 1024x768 screen
resolution.
● Network: Internet connection for updates and
software installations.
Software Requirements:
● File System: Ext4 by default (can support other
filesystems like Btrfs, XFS).
● Boot Mode: UEFI or Legacy BIOS supported.
Installation Steps:
1. Download the Ubuntu ISO from the official Ubuntu
website.
2. Create a bootable USB using a tool like Rufus or
Etcher.
3. Insert the bootable USB into your target machine.
4. Boot into the BIOS/UEFI and set the USB drive as
the first boot option.
5. Save and Exit to boot from the USB drive.
6. Try Ubuntu without installing to test compatibility
or directly select Install Ubuntu.
7. Follow the installation wizard:
○ Select your language, keyboard layout, and
install updates during installation (if desired).
○ Choose between Normal Installation (with
additional software) or Minimal Installation.
○ Select Erase disk and install Ubuntu for a
clean installation or Something else for
manual partitioning.
○ Set up partitions like / (root), /home, swap,
etc., if using custom partitioning.
8. Create your user account, set time zone, and
continue installation.
9. Reboot after installation is complete, removing the
USB drive when prompted.
3. macOS Requirements and Installation:-
Hardware Requirements (macOS Sonoma):
● Processor: Apple M1, M2, or Intel processor
(certain models).
● RAM: 8 GB or more.
● Storage: 35 GB of free space for upgrade.
● Graphics: Integrated Apple Silicon GPU or
Intel-compatible graphics.
● Internet: Required for software updates and iCloud
services.
Software Requirements:
● File System: APFS (Apple File System).
● Boot Mode: Secure Boot (on Apple Silicon Macs)
or UEFI for Intel Macs.
Installation Steps:
1. Download macOS Sonoma from the Mac App Store.
2. Once downloaded, launch the installer.
3. Follow the installation wizard:
○ Select your target disk for installation.
○ Enter your password if needed.
4. The system will restart and complete the
installation process. Follow the on-screen
instructions to set up user preferences.
5. If installing on a new drive, use Disk Utility from
macOS Recovery to format the drive in APFS.
6. Post-installation setup involves configuring
iCloud, Siri, and other features.
Comparison of Operating Systems:-
Feature Windows 11 Ubuntu 22.04 macOS Sonoma
LTS
Processor 1 GHz, 64-bit CPU 2 GHz, dual-core Apple M1/M2 or
Intel
RAM 4 GB 4 GB 8 GB
Storage 64 GB 25 GB 35 GB (for
upgrade)
File NTFS Ext4 APFS
System
Graphics DirectX 12 VGA @ 1024x768 Integrated Apple
compatible GPU
Boot UEFI with Secure UEFI/BIOS Secure
Mode Boot Boot/UEFI
License Proprietary (Paid) Free and Open Proprietary
Source (Paid)
2. Experiment 2: Executing Various UNIX System Calls
and Setup Linux Environments:-
Part 1: Setting Up Linux Environment:-
1. Using a Virtual Machine (VM):-
You can set up a Linux environment using a VM like
VirtualBox or VMware. Here's how to do it:
1. Download and Install VirtualBox or VMware:
○ Download VirtualBox from
https://www.virtualbox.org/.
○ Download VMware from
https://www.vmware.com/.
2. Download a Linux Distribution (ISO):
○ Download an ISO image for a Linux
distribution like Ubuntu, CentOS, or Fedora
from their official websites:
■ Ubuntu: https://ubuntu.com/download
■ CentOS:
https://www.centos.org/download/
■ Fedora: https://getfedora.org/
3. Create a New Virtual Machine:
○ In VirtualBox or VMware, click on "New" to
create a new VM.
○ Choose a name and set the OS type as Linux.
○ Allocate RAM and CPU resources (at least 2
GB RAM and 2 CPU cores recommended).
○ Attach the downloaded Linux ISO as a virtual
CD to the VM.
○ Start the VM and follow the instructions to
install Linux.
2. Using WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) on
Windows:-
Windows users can also set up a Linux environment
using WSL:
1. Enable WSL:
Open PowerShell as Administrator and run:
wsl --install
○
○ This will install WSL and a default Linux
distribution (like Ubuntu).
2. Install a Linux Distribution:
○ You can install additional Linux distributions
via the Microsoft Store, like Ubuntu or Debian.
3. Access Linux Terminal:
○ Once installed, you can access the Linux
terminal by typing "Ubuntu" in the Start menu.
3. Using Cloud-based Linux Environments:-
If you prefer not to install locally, you can use
cloud-based solutions like:
● AWS EC2: Create a Linux VM in AWS and access it
via SSH.
● Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Use Google Cloud
Compute Engine to set up a Linux VM.
● DigitalOcean: Create a Linux droplet and SSH into
it.
Part 2: Executing UNIX System Calls:-
1. fork() - Creates a new process by duplicating the
calling process.
2.exec() - Replaces the current process image with a
new process image.
3. getpid() - Gets the process ID of the calling
process.
3. Experiment 3: cat, cd, cp, chmod, df, less, ls, mkdir,
more, mv, pwd, rmdir, rm, man,uname, who,ps, vi, cal,
date, echo, bc, grep :-
4. Experiment 4: Write small C programs that
demonstrate the use of each system call. :-
1. fork() - Creates a new process by duplicating the
calling process.
2. exec() - Replaces the current process image with a
new process image.
3. wait() - Waits for the child process to terminate.
4. open() and close() - Opens and closes a file
descriptor.
5. read() and write() - Read from and write to a file
descriptor.
6. lseek() - Repositions the file offset for the file
descriptor.
7. getpid() - Gets the process ID of the calling
process.
8. kill() - Sends a signal to a process.
5. Experiment 5: Implement CPU scheduling policies:
(a) SJF , SRTF
(b) Priority, RR
(c) FCFS
(d) Multi-level queue
a)
b)
c)
d)
