Newton's Law of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton, an English scientist and mathematician famous for his discovery of the law of
gravity, also discovered the three laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton was a smart man from
England who lived a long time ago. He's famous for figuring out why things fall, that's the law of
gravity, but he also discovered the three important rules that explain how things move. These
rules are called Newton's Law of Motion, and they help us understand why objects start moving,
keep moving, or stop.

Newton's Law of Motion

 The Newton's First Law Objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest
tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 The Newton's Second Law Force equals mass times acceleration. F is equal to ma.
 Newton's Third Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The Newton's First Law

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force. Force is simply pushed or a pull that can make something move,
stop, or change direction. Newton's First Law Newton's First Law is also called the Law of
Inertia.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass an object has, the more
inertia it has, and the harder it is to change its motion.

Inertia means the things don't like to change what they are doing.

For example, if something is not moving, it wants to stay still. If something is moving, it wants
to keep moving the same way. Inertia is an object's resistance to a change in its motion, and mass
measures how much matter the object has.

What does this mean? Basically, an object will keep doing what it was doing unless acted on by
an unbalanced force. If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary. If it was moving at a
constant velocity, it will keep moving. It takes force to change the motion of an object.

What is meant by unbalanced force? If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are
said to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in motion. If they are not equal and
opposite, then the forces are unbalanced and the motion of the object changes.

Some examples from real life.

1. A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced force of a kick to change its motion.
The soccer ball is not moving because all the forces on it are balanced. The gravity pulls
 it down and the ground pushes it up with the same strength, so nothing is making it move
sideways. But when you kick it, your foot gives an unbalanced force in one direction.
Now, the push from your foot is stronger than anything stopping it, so the ball starts to
move.

2. In tug of war, two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal force on the
rope in opposite directions, so this balanced force results in a change of motion. If both
teams pull the rope with same strength but in opposite directions, the rope doesn't move.
That's because the forces are balanced, so they cancel each other out.

3. Newton's first law and you. Don't let this be you. Wear seatbelts because of inertia.
Objects resist changes in their motion when the car going 80 km per hour is stopped by
the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 km per hour.

If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why don't moving objects keep moving forever?
Things don't keep moving forever because there's almost always an unbalanced force acting upon
it.

For example, a book sliding across a table slows down and stops because of the force of friction.
If you throw a ball upward, it will eventually slow down and fall because of the force of gravity.

Newton's second law.

Force equals mass times acceleration.

Acceleration is a measurement of how quickly an object is changing speed.

What does F is equal to ma mean?

Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving
at a certain acceleration. This ball has a certain force.

Now, imagine we make the ball twice as big, double the mass, but keep the acceleration constant.
F is equal to ma says that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball.

Now, imagine the original ball moving at twice the original acceleration. F is equal to ma says
that the ball will again have twice the force of the ball at the original acceleration.
F is equal to ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass and acceleration.
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you double the acceleration, you double the
force. Doubling the mass and acceleration quadruples the force.

So, what if you decrease the mass by half? How much force will the object have now?

If you decrease the mass by half and keep the acceleration the same, the force will also be half as
much. F is equal to ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass and its
acceleration.

Something very massive that's changing speed very slowly like a glacier can still have a great
force. Another example, something very small that's changing speed very quickly like a bullet
can still have a great force. Something very small changing speed very slowly will have a very
weak force.

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal opposite reaction.

What does this mean? For every force acting on an object, there is an equal force acting in the
opposite direction.

Example:

1. Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but Newton's third law says your
seat is pushing up against you with equal force. This is why you are not moving. There is
a balance force acting on you, gravity pulling you down, your seat pushing you up.
2. What happens if you are standing on a skateboard or a slippery floor and push
against a wall? You slide in the opposite direction away from the wall because you
pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you with equal and opposite force.
3. Why does it hurt so much when you stab your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a
rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit your toe against
it, the more force the rock exerts back on your toe and the more your toe hurts.

Newton's law of motion summary.

Newton's first law, objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay
at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law, force equals mass
times acceleration. Newton's third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

Work, Energy, and Power

Work is defined as the product of the net force acting on a body and the distance move in the
direction of the force. Work happens when you push or pull something. The thing actually moves
and the movement is in the same direction as the pushed or pull.
  If you pushed a wall and it doesn't move, meaning there's no work.
 If you push a box and it slides forward, work is done.

Work is only the component of the applied force. F horizontal in the direction of the motion of
the shopping cart is used to do.

Power is the rate at which work is done. Work is how much effort you use to move something.
Power is how fast you can do that work.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is what gives you the ability or
strength to do work without energy. You can make things move or happen. For example, you eat
food. Your body gets energy. You can walk, run, or play. A battery has energy. It can make a toy
car move. So, energy is what makes things able to work or move.

Energy has two types of energy, the kinetic and the potential energy. So, the kinetic
energy, this is the energy of something that is moving. Potential energy, this is the energy that
is stored and can be used later.

 When something is moving, it has kinetic energy.

 When something is still but can move later, it has potential energy.

Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.

Potential energy is stored energy. The compressed springs has potential energy because when
released, it can do work on the mast. Gravitational potential energy is energy of position.
Conservation of energy.

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy in a system is constant in absence of friction.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It may be transformed from one form to another, but the
total amount of energy in the system remains constant. It may be transformed from one form to
another, but the total amount of energy in the system remains constant.

Momentum and Impulse

Momentum, in a simple way, is a quantity of motion. Here quantity is measurable because if an

object is moving and has mass, then it has momentum. If an object does not move, then it has no
momentum. What is the momentum of an object that is not moving? If an object of any mass is
not moving, it has zero momentum since its velocity is zero.

Impulse

Impulse, which is the change in momentum of an object during a collision, is directly

proportional to mass of the object. A larger mass means a greater change in momentum, which
corresponds to a larger impulse experienced during the collision. When we talk about the
impulse, we mean the push or force that an object experiences during a collision. If you have a
heavier object like the real car and it collides with something, it's going to experience a bigger
push or impulse compared to a lighter object like the toy car. So when we say the impulse is
directly proportional to mass, we mean that if you increase the mass of an object, it's going to
experience a bigger change in momentum during collision. The quantity of motion in a body
depends on the mass and velocity of the body. Momentum is a vector quantity and takes place in
the direction of velocity. As a unit of momentum is kilogram meters per second or kilogram
meter per second. When the object slows down or move faster, its velocity decreases or
increases. If there is a change in velocity or the mass of an object, there is also a change in
momentum and that change of momentum is called impulse.