UNIT-1 MATRICES

Syllabus:

Characteristic equation - Eigen values and eigen vectors of a real matrix -

Properties of eigen values - Cayley-Hamilton theorem - Orthogonal reduction of a
symmetric matrix to diagonal form - Orthogonal matrices - Reduction of quadratic
form to canonical form by orthogonal transformations

Important Key Points and Formulas

1. The Characteristic equation of matrix A is

a) if A is matrix

Where Sum of the main diagonal elements.

b) if A is matrix

Where Sum of the main diagonal elements.

Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.

2. To find the eigen vectors solve

3. Property of eigen values:

Let A be any matrix then

a) Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal.

b) Product of the eigen values = |A|
c) If the matrix A is triangular then diagonal elements are eigen values.
d) If is an eigen value of a matrix A, the is the eigen value of
e) If are the eigen values of a matrix A, then are
eigen values of (m being a positive integer)
f) The eigen values of are same.

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

4. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. i.e)

5. Matrix of

6. Index Number of positive eigen values

Rank Number of non-zero rows

Signature

7. Diagonalisation of a matrix by orthogonal transformation (or) orthogonal

reduction:

Working Rules:

Let A be any square matrix of order n.

Step 1: Find the characteristic equation.

Step 2: Solve the characteristic equation.

Step 3: Find the eigen vectors.

Step 4: Form a normalized model matrix N, such that the eigen vectors are

orthogonal.

Step 5: Find

Step 6: Calculate

Note: We can apply orthogonal transformation for symmetric matrix only. If

any eigen values are equal then we must use a, b. c method for third

eigen vector.

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

Rank, Signature & Index of the Quadratic form

Let be a quadratic form in the matrix form

i) Rank: The number of non-zero eigen values of the matrix A is called rank of

the quadratic form.

ii) Index: The number of positive terms in a canonical form.

iii) Signature: is called the signature. p-Positive terms & r-rank.

Nature of a Quadratic form

A quadratic form is said to be

i) Positive definite – Positive eigen values

ii) Negative definite – Negative eigen values
iii) Positive semi definite – Positive eigen values and at least one is zero
iv) Negative semi definite – Negative eigen values and at least one is zero
v) Indefinite – Positive as well as negative eigen values
Multiple Choice questions

1. The Eigen values of , if are

a. 1,4,9 b. 1,8,27 c. 1,2,3 d. 1,0,0

2. The product of two Eigen values of is 16. Then the

third Eigen value is

a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 0

3. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of

a. 7,81 b. 9,81 c. 14,81 d. 8,80

4. The Eigen values of are
a. 1,6 b. -1,6 c. -1,-6 d. 1,-6

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 5. The Eigen values of , if

a. 2,3,4 b. c. 2,5,-1 d. 0,0,0

6. Two Eigen values of are -4 and 3. What is the third Eigen

value?
a. 1 b. -1 c. 2 d. 3
7. The inverse of Eigen values of are
a. -1,6 b. -1,1/6 c. 1,-6 d. 1,-1/6

8. The sum of squares of Eigen values of is

a. 25` ` b. 32 c. 30 d. 2

9. The sum of squares of Eigen values of is

a. 38 b. 48 c. 36 d. 46
10.The Eigen values of are
a. -1,-3 b. -1,-1 c. 1,3 d. -2,3
11.The nature of the quadratic form
is
a. Positive definite b. Positive semi-definite
c. Indefinite d. Negative definite

12.The Eigen values of , if are

a. 6,4,10 b. 9,4,25 c. 9,2,5 d. 3,2,5

13.Find the nature of the quadratic form is

a. Positive definite b. Positive semi-definite
c. Indefinite d. Negative definite

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 14.If the sum of 2 Eigen values and trace of a matrix A are equal, then |A|
is
a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. 2
15.Matrix of the Quadratic form is

a. b. c. d.

16.If , then the Eigen values of are

a. 1, , b. 1,3,4 c. d. 1,

17.Two Eigen values of are 3 and 6. What is the third Eigen

value?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
18.The index of the canonical form is
a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4
19.The Eigen values of orthogonal matrix are
a. 0 b. c. d.
20.The number of positive terms in the canonical form is called
a. Signature b. Index
c. Semi definite d. Positive definite
21.Sum of the Eigen values of the matrix
a. 0 b. 1 c. -2 d. -1
22.A is an orthogonal matrix if
a. |A|=0 b. A is singular c. d.
23.If then the Eigen values of the matrix are

a. 1,3 b. 1, c. 1,9 d. 0,4

24.Matrix of the quadratic form is

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 a. b. c. d.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

b A b b b a b c a c

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

a B a a a a b b b b

21 22 23 24

a D c a

Questions collection

2 2 1 
1. Find the eigen value and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 3 1 
 
1 2 2

2. Find the eigenvalues and eigen vectors of the matrix

3. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A =

4. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A =

5. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A =

 3 − 1
6. Verify the Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the matrix A =  
− 1 5 

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 7. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =

8. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =

9. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix and

hence find the matrix A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+A4-5A3+8A2+2A-1.

10. Diagonalize :

11. Diagonalize :

12. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of
A=

13. Reduce the Quadratic form to canonical

form using orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index &
signature.
14. Reduce the Quadratic form to canonical form
using orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
15. Reduce the Quadratic form to canonical form
using orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank, index & signature.
16. Reduce the Quadratic form to canonical form using
orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 Unit-II Functions of Several variables

SYLLABUS
Function of two variables - Partial derivatives - Total differential -
Taylor's expansion with two variables up to second order terms -
Maxima and Minima - Constrained Maxima and Minima by Lagrangian
Multiplier - Jacobians of two Variables - Jacobians Problems -Properties
of Jacobians and Problems
1. Euler’s Theorem:
If is a homogeneous function of and in degree , then
(i) (first order)
(ii) (second order)
2. If then
3. If then
(i) (ii)
4. Maxima and Minima:
Working Rules:
Step 1: Find and Put and . Find the value of x and y.
Step 2: Calculate Now
Step 3: i. If then the function have either maximum or minimum.
1. If Maximum
2. If Minimum
ii. If then the function is neither maximum nor minimum, it is called
saddle point.
iii. If then the test is inconclusive.
5. Maxima and minima of a function using Lagrange’s Multipliers:
Let be given function and be the subject to the condition.
From Putting and then find the
value of Next we can discuss about the max and min.

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

6. Jacobian:

Jacobian of two dimensions:

7. The function u and v are called functionally dependent if

8.

9. Taylor’s Expansion:

Where and

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The condition for a function f(x,y) to have a maximum value is that ANS (c)
(a) rt-s2 (b) rt-s2>0, r >0 or s> 0 (c) rt-s2>0, r<0 or s <0 (d) rt-s2 = 0,r >0

2. The condition for a function f(x,y) to have a minimum value is that ANS(b)
(a) rt-s2 (b) rt-s2>0, r >0 or s> 0 (c) rt-s2>0, r<0 or s <0 (d) rt-s2 = 0,r >0

3. The condition for a function f(x,y) to have neither a maximum nor a minimum values that
(a) rt-s2 <0 (b) rt-s2>0, r >0 or s> 0 (c) rt-s2>0, r<0 or s <0 (d) rt-s2 = 0,r >0 ANS (a)
4. The point (a,b) is called a stationary point if ANS(a)
(a) fx(a,b)=0, fy(a,b)=0 (b)fxx(a,b)=0 (c) fyy(a,b)=0 (d)fxx(a,b)=0, fyy(a,b)= 0

5. The minimum value of the function x2+y2+6x+12 is ANS(d)

1
(a) (b)2 (c)1 (d)3
2
6. The maximum value of the function x3+y3-12x-3y+20 is ANS(d)
(a) 75 (b)27 (c)35 (d)38
 ( x, y )  (r , )
,
7. If J1=  (r ,  ) J2=  ( x, y ) then J1J2 is ANS(b)
(a) 0 (b)1 (c)-1 (d) 

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

8. If J1 is the Jacobian of u,v with respect to x,y and J2 is the Jacobian of x,y with respect to u,v then
J1J2 =………. ANS(b)
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 (u , v)
9. If u=x2 , v=y2 then is ANS(b)
 ( x, y )
(a) 2xy (b)4xy (c)6xy (d) xy
 u, v 
10. If u=x2-y2, v=xy then J   is ANS(c)
 x, y 
(a) 2(x2-y2) (b) x2+y2 (c) 2(x2+y2) (d) x2-y2

11. Saddle points are ------------ ANS(c)

(a) a minimum (b) a maximum (c) neither a minimum nor a maximum
(d) None
v v
x +y =
12. If V= x/y, then x y ANS(d)
(a) 2V (b) 3V (c) 4V (d) 0V

13. If u is a homogeneous function of degree ‘n’ then by Euler’s theorem, we have

u u u u
x +y = nu x −y = nu
(a) x y (c) x y

u u u u
x +y = (n − 1)u x −y = n(n − 1)u
(b) x y (d) x y ANS(a)
14. If u = x+y/1-xy, v= tan-1x+tan-1y then the functional relationship are
a) u = tan v (b) v = tan u (c) x = tany (d) y = tan x ANS(a)

15. If u = xeysinx v = xeycosx w =x2e2y then the functional relationship are ANS(d)
(a) u2+w2 = v (b) v2 + w2 = u (c) x2+y2 = u (d) u2+v2 = w
16. If the Jacobian value is 0 for two functions u and v, then they are
(a) directly proportional (b) inversely proportional ANS(c)
(c) functionally dependent (d) functionally independent
17. In PDE, a real function depends
(a) One independent variable (b) More than one independent variable
( c ) No independent variable (d) None ANS(b)

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

18. Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers is to find the maximum or minimum value of a
function of ANS(b)
a) Two variables (b) Three or more variables (c) One variable (d) None
 ( x, y )
19. If x= rcos y = rsin then
 (r , )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c ) r (d ) 1/r ANS(c)
20. If z= x3+y2+3xy then ∂z/∂x is
(a) 3x2+3y (b) 3x+2y (c) 3x+3y (d) 3y ANS(a)

21. The stationary point of the function x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 12 is _____. ANS(b)

(a) (3, 0) (b) (– 3, 0) (c) (0, 0) (d) (0, 3)

22. The points at which there is no extreme value are called _________. ANS(c)

(a) maximum points (b) minimum points (c) saddle points (d) none
x y z u u u
u= + + x +y +z =
23. If y z x , then  x y  z _______. ANS(d)

(a) 1 (b) 3 u (c) – 1 (d) 0

Questions collection

PART-B
1. If , Show that

2. If Prove that cotu

3. If show that

4. If prove that

5. Find the Jacobian of with respect to if

6. If where , and Find .

7. If and . Evaluate with out actual

substitution.
8. If u = yz/x, v = zx/y, w = xy/z, find ..

9. Examine f(x,y) = x3+y3-12x-3y+20 for its extreme values.

10. Find the maximum and minimum values of x2-xy+y2-2x+y.

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]

 11. Expand f(x,y)=exlog(1+y) as Taylor’s seires up to second-degree terms.
12. Expand x2y+3y-2 in powers of (x-1) and (y+2) using Taylor’s expansion.
13. Expand as a Taylor’s series the function near the point upto second degree
terms.
14. Explain in power of as far as the terms of the second degree.

PART-C
m n p
1. Find the maximum value of x y z when x+ y + z = a.
2. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid

3. Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere x2+ y2+z2=24, using
Lagrange’s method of constrained maxima and minima.
4. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume 32 cc. Find the dimensions of the box
requiring least material for its construction
5. Using Lagrange’s multiplier method, determine the maximum capacity of a rectangular tank,
open at the top, if the surface area is 108 sq. m. .
6. Find the dimension of the rectangular box without top of maximum capacity whose surface area
is 432 sq.m

[By Dr.R.Manimaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,SRMIST, Vadapalani campus ]