01-Oct-23

Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept.

FLUID MECHANICS
IHD 2110
Chapter 1
Fluid Properties
Lect. 1:
• Introduction
• Dimensions and Units

Course Instructors
Course Instructors

• Course Professor:
– Prof. Ahmed Emam Hassan

• Lectures Instructors:
– Prof. Ahmed Emam
– Dr. Mohamed Attia
– Dr. Ahmed Soliman
– Dr. Tarek Salaheldin

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Course Grades
Course Grades
The grades are distributed as:
– Final Exam (120 pt)
– Oral Exam & Lab Report (20 pt)

– Mid-term Exam (30 pt)

– Two integrated quizzes (20 pt)
– Class work - quizzes, sheets (10 pt)

TOTAL (200 pt)

References
References
1) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4e.
Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young, Theodore H. Okiishi. John
Wiley & Sons, 2002.

2) Fluid Mechanics, 5e. - F. M. White, McGraw-Hill, 2003.

3) Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9e, by Crowe, Elger and

Roberson, 2009, John Wiley & Sons.

4) Schaum’s 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics, J.B.

Evett & Cheng Liu.

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Objectives of the course

(Intended Learning Outcomes
Aim of ILOs)
• Realize the importance of the subject and its
applications in hydraulics and civil engineering
• Understand basic concepts of fluid mechanics - basic
laws governing fluid motion: mass conservation laws,
energy conservation laws, and momentum
conservation laws.
• Know about applications to hydraulics and civil
engineering problems (Basics of other subjects and
other design applications)

Course Outline
Course Synopsis
• Ch-1 Introduction and Fluid Properties (Assignment 1)
– Distinction between solids, liquids & gases; dimensions & units
– Density; specific weight; viscosity; compressibility; surface tension
• Ch-2 Fluid Statics (Assignment 2)
– Pressure; atmospheric properties; hydrostatic equation; pressure
measurement devices; forces on immersed surfaces;
• Ch-3 Buoyancy and Accelerated Masses (Assignment 3)
– buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle; accelerated fluid masses
• Ch-4 Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics (Assignment 4)
– Definitions of flow types; continuity equation; Euler’s and Bernoulli’s
equations; applications on Bernoulli’s equation

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Course Outline
Course Synopsis (cont.)
• Ch-5 Momentum Principle (Assignment 5)
– Momentum equation; impinging jets; forces on vanes and
blades
• Ch-6 Real Fluid Flow (Assignment 6)
– Laminar and turbulent flow; laminar flow through circular
pipes; head losses in laminar flow
• Ch-7 Pipe Flow Applications (Assignment 7)
– Flow resistance in smooth and rough pipes; minor losses;
analysis of pipelines; three-reservoir problem; pipe
networks

States of Matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated Has no definite

regular pattern no regular with no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, rotate, and Vibrate and move electrical charged
place slide past each freely at high particles
other speeds

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Phase Properties

Particle Properties
Phase Proximity Energy Motion Volume Shape
Solid close little vibrational definite definite
Liquid close moderate rotational definite indefinite
Gas far apart a lot translational indefinite indefinite

What is a Fluid?

a substance which deforms continuously under the

action of shearing forces however small; it can
resist shear only when moving

unable to retain any unsupported shape; it flows

under its own weight and takes up the shape of
any enclosing container

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What is a Fluid?

• A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of

shearing forces
• If a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are in balance
• A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed
• It fills any vessel in which it is contained
• A liquid is a fluid which is hard to compress
• A given mass of liquid will occupy a fixed volume, irrespective
of the size of the container
• A free surface is formed as a boundary between a
liquid and a gas above it

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Common Fluids

• Liquids:
– water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
• Gasses:
– air, helium, hydrogen, steam
• Borderline:
– jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint

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A Liquid A Gas
• Almost incompressible • Relatively easy to
• Forms a free surface compress
• completely fills any
vessel in which it is
placed
Free Surface
Expands

Liquid
Gas

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Solids & Fluids Distinction

• Molecules in a solid are much closer together

than in a fluid

• Solids try to retain original shape when under

load due to large attraction forces between
molecules

• Fluids have very weak inter-molecular attraction

forces so that fluid flows under slightest applied
load

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Solids & Fluids Distinction

Fixed
deformation

Δx

Δy Continuous
deformation

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Fluid Mechanics

Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:

• Fluid Statics: mechanics of fluids at rest

• Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines without

considering forces or energy

• Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between

velocities, accelerations, and forces exerted by or upon
fluids in motion

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Importance of Fluid Mechanics

Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of
engineering and science. Examples are:
• Biomechanics
– Blood flow through arteries and veins

• Ocean Engineering
– Movements of air currents and water currents

• Chemical Engineering
– Design of chemical processing equipment

• Mechanical Engineering
– Design of pumps, turbines, air-conditioning equipment, pollution-control
equipment, etc.

• Civil Engineering
– Transport of river sediments, pollution of air and water, design of piping systems,
flood control systems, irrigation structures

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Importance of Fluid Mechanics

Aerodynamics Hydrodynamics

Energy generation
Bioengineering

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Importance of Fluid Mechanics

Geology River Hydraulics

Ship Design Hydraulic Structures

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Importance of Fluid Mechanics

Sports & Recreation

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Basic Physical Laws used in Fluid Mechanics

• Conservation of mass
(Continuity)

• Conservation of momentum
(Newton’s 2nd law)
Our application: Momentum Equation

• Conservation of energy
(1st law of thermodynamics)
Our application: Bernoulli’s Equation

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Dimensions and Units

• Dimension: Any physical quantity can be

represented by basic physical dimensions
Mass [M]
Length [L]
Time [T]
• Unit: expresses how much of the physical
quantity is present
– gm, cm, s (French System)
– kg, m, s (System International)
– slug, ft, s (British Gravitational System)
– lbm, ft, s (English Engineering System)

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Dimensions and Units

• Derived Dimension
– Force [F] = Mass [M] * Acceleration[L/T2]
• Unit:
– dyne (French System)
–N (System International)
– lbf (British Gravitational System)
– pdl (English Engineering System)

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Systems of Units

System Length Time Mass Force

cm s gm Dyne=gm.cm/s2
French System

British ft s slug Ibf=slug.ft/s2

Gravitational
(BG)
English ft s Ibm Pdl=Ibm.ft/s2
Engineering
(EE)
System m s kg N=kg.m/s2
International
(SI)

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Command Dimensions and Units

Quantity Dimensions SI Units

Acceleration (a) LT-2 m/s2

Density () ML-3 kg/m3

Energy, work, heat FL or ML2T-2 N.m or Joule (J)

Volume flow rate (Q ) L3T-1 m3/s

Dynamic viscosity () FTL-2 or ML-1T-1 N.s/m2 or Pa.s

Kinematic viscosity () L2T-1 m2/s

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Command Dimensions and Units

Quantity Dimensions SI Units

Pressure (p) FL-2 or ML-1T-2 N/m2 or Pascal (Pa)

Specific weight (w) FL-3 or ML-2T-2 N/m3

Power (P) FLT-1 or ML2T-3 N.m/s or J/s (watt)

Volume (V) L3 m3

Velocity (u or v) LT-1 m/s

Mass flow rate ( ) MT-1 kg/s

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Units conversions
Mass conversions Length conversions
1 slug = 32.2 lbm 1 ft = 12 inch = 30. 48 cm
1 lbm = 453.6 gmm 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.6 km
Volume conversions
1 m3 = 1000 liter
Notes:
1 liter = 1000 cm3
1 kg(f) = 9.81 N
1 gm(f) = 981 dyne

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Example 1
Convert the followings
a) 20 ft3/min to Lit/sec
b) 10 poundals to dynes

Solution
(30.48) 3
3
ft lit lit
a) 20  20 1000  9.44
min 60 sec sec

lb. ft 453.6  30.48 gm.cm

b) 10 2
 10  138257.3dynes
sec 1 sec 2

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Dimensional Homogeneity

• All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally

homogeneous: dimensions of the left side of the equation
must be the same as those on the right side.

• Some empirical formulas used in engineering practice are not

dimensionally homogeneous

• All equations must use consistent units: each term must have
the same units. Answers will be incorrect if the units in the
equation are not consistent. Always chose the system of units
prior to solving the problem

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Example 2

• Bernoulli’s equation for ideal fluid flow may be

written as:

• Where:
– p = pressure,  = specific weight, z = elevation,
– U = velocity, g = gravitational acceleration.
• Show that the equation is dimensionally
homogeneous (i.e. all terms have the same
dimensions) - all valid equations must satisfy this
dimensional homogeneity

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Example 2 (Cont.)

• Term 1: [p/]  [FL-2/ FL-3]  [L]

• Term 2: [z]  [L]
• Term 3: [v2/2g]  [(LT-1)2/LT-2]  [L]
– i.e. dimensionally homogeneous
– Dimensions of equation are [L]
– SI units of m

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Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept.

FLUID MECHANICS
IHD 2110
Chapter 1
Fluid Properties

Lect. 2: Fluid Properties

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Properties of Fluids
1- Density
2- Specific Weight
3- Specific volume
4- Specific gravity
5- Compressibility
6- Vapor pressure of liquids
7- Surface Tension
8- Viscosity

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Denisity

The density of a fluid is its mass per unit

volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol 
kg  water= 1000 kg/m3
= m
kg/m3 V m3 air = 1.2 kg/m3

If the density is constant (most liquids),

the flow is incompressible.
If the density varies significantly (e.g. some
gas flows), the flow is compressible.
(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated
as incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)

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Density

• How does temperature

change density?
– Densities of fluids
decrease with
temperature

 How does pressure change density?

 Densities of gasses increase with pressure
 Densities of liquids are nearly constant
(incompressible) for constant temperature

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Specific Weight and Specific Volume

• Specific Weight  
– weight per unit volume  =  g
– for water spec. wt
w = 62.4 lb/ft3 or 9.81 kN/m3

• Specific Volume
– volume per unit weight = 1/ 

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Specific Weight and Specific Volume

• Specific Weight  
– weight per unit volume  =  g
– for water spec. wt
w = 62.4 lb/ft3 or 9.81 kN/m3

• Specific Volume
– volume per unit weight = 1/ 

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Specific Gravity

• Specific Gravity  SG
– Ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of
water
 f f
– SG = 
 w w

SG of Hg =13.6 (dimensionless)
SG of Water =1

– SG is actually a ratio and not a property

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Specific Gravity

• Specific Gravity  SG
– Ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of
water
 f f
– SG = 
 w w

SG of Hg =13.6 (dimensionless)
SG of Water =1

– SG is actually a ratio and not a property

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Compressibility

• Relates to variability of density

– Compressible - variable density
– Incompressible - constant density
• No such thing as an incompressible fluid really but
often assumed to simplify calculations
– For liquids, where density variation is relatively weak
(relatively small pressure variation)
– For gases if pressure variation is small compared with
absolute pressure (e.g., flow in ventilation system, flow
around low-speed aircraft)

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Compressibility in Liquids

• Compressibility (K ) is defined as the relative

change in fluid volume per unit external
pressure change:
ΔV / Vo
K 
Δp
• Where:
– Vo = original volume
– V = volume change
– p = pressure change

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Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Ev)

• Compressibility in liquids more usually considered in

terms of Ev = 1/K
Δp
Ev  
ΔV / Vo
• Analogous to modulus of elasticity for solids
• Note that Ev units are same as for pressure (N/m2, bar,
Pascal, atmosphere, etc.)
• Note that the negative sign in the relation because
increasing the pressure will decrease the volume, so
that V is negative

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Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (Ev)

volumetric stress
Ev 
volumetric strain

Ev  
Δp
ΔV / V
 F / L2 N / m 
2

ΔV Δ

V 

Δp Δp
Ev  
Δ /  Δ / 

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Example 1

• The pressure exerted on a liquid is increased from 500 to

1000 kN/m2, producing a volume reduction of 1%.
• Determine the liquid’s bulk modulus
Solution
• Using Δp
Ev  
ΔV / Vo

p = 1000 - 500 = 500 kN/m2, V / Vo = -0.01.

 Ev = - 500 (-1/0.01)
= 5 x 104 kN/m2 = 500 bar

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Vapour Pressure

• The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a

vapor above its liquid; that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting
from evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid (or
solid) in a closed container.

 The process of evaporation in a closed

container will proceed until there are as
many molecules returning to the liquid as
there are escaping (equilibrium state).

 At this point the vapor is said to be saturated.

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Vapour Pressure (Cont.)

 The pressure of that vapor (usually expressed in mmHg) is

called the saturated vapor pressure or vapor pressure.

Vapor Press. vs. Temp.

 Vapor pressure increases with
120
temperature.
100
 Since the molecular kinetic
Vapro Pressure (kPa)

energy is greater at higher 80

temperature, more molecules 60

can escape the surface and 40

the saturated vapor pressure 20

is correspondingly higher.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (oC)

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Vapour Pressure (Cont.)

• Notice that if the liquid is open to the air, the vapor

pressure is seen as a partial pressure as it will be
mixed with the other constituents of the air.

• The temperature at which the vapor pressure is

equal to the atmospheric pressure is called the
boiling point.

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Vapour Pressure (Cont.)

– For instance, increasing temperature of water at

sea level to 100 oC, increases the vapor pressure
to 14.7 psi (abs) and boiling occurs.

– In addition, boiling can occur below 100 oC if we

lower the pressure in the water to the vapor
pressure of that temperature.

At 10 oC, the vapor pressure is 0.178 psi (abs). If

you reduce the pressure in water at this
temperature, boiling will occur (cavitation)

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Surface Tension

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Surface Tension

• It is the liquid property that creates the capability of

resisting tension at the interface between two
different liquids or at the interface between a liquid
and a gas.
• Cohesion : molecular attraction between the
molecules of the same material. Forms an imaginary
film capable of resisting tensile stress at the interface.
• adhesion : molecular attraction between the
molecules of the liquid and the solid surface which is
in contact with the liquid.
• Capillarity is due to cohesion and adhesion

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Surface Tension

• Below surface, forces act equally in

all directions Interface air
• At surface, some forces are missing,
pulling molecules down and water Net force
together, like membrane exerting inward
tension on the surface
• If interface is curved, higher
No net force
pressure will exist on concave side
• Pressure increase is balanced by
surface tension, s

Surface tension coefficient defined by:

s = force/unit length (SI units N/m)

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Surface Tension of water

• The tension of water is 72 dynes/cm at 25C

• The Surface tension of water decreases significantly with

temperature

• Hot water is a better

cleaning agent because
the lower surface
tension makes it a better
wetting agent to get into
pores and fissures rather
than bridging them with
soaps and detergents
further lower the
surface tension

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Surface Tension

Capillary Rise in a Tube

• Capillary head held in place by
surface tension

 Weight of column of fluid = (d2/4) h g

 Vertical component of surface tension = s  d cos
  (d2/4) h  g = s  d cos
and h = 4 s cos / ( g d)
( is the contact angle between liquid and solid)

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Example 2
• Given: Water @ 20oC,
d = 1.6 mm Fs
• Find: Height of water
• Solution: Sum forces in vertical
Assume  small, cos  1
Fs , z  W  0
W

s d cos    (  h )( d2)  0
4
h  4s
d
 4*0.073
9810*1.6x103
h 18.6 mm

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Examples of Surface Tension

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Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept.

FLUID MECHANICS
IHD 2110
Chapter 1
Fluid Properties

Lect. 3: Fluid Properties (Cont.)

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Viscosity

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Viscosity
Definitions:
• A fluid is a substance which deforms
continuously when subjected to any
shear stress.
• Stirring water in a glass with a spoon is
not as hard as stirring honey.
• For a given shear stress (τ) the rate of
deformation of water (du/dy) is much
larger than that of honey.
• Alternatively, to achieve the same rate
of deformation (same speed of stirring)
we need to apply more shear to honey.

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Flow between a fixed and a moving plate

Fluid in contact with the
y
Moving plate u=V
plate has the same velocity
as the plate V
V
u ( y)  y Fluid
B B
u = x-direction component
of velocity x
Fixed plate u=0

y
Moving plate u=V
Force causes plate to
move with velocity V and t0 t1 t2
the fluid deforms
continuously Fluid
x
Fixed plate u=0

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Viscosity
Definitions:

• Viscosity is the property, by virtue of which, a fluid can

offer resistance to shear stress,( i.e. resistance of a fluid to
a change in shape, or movement of neighboring portions
relative to one another).
• Viscosity denotes opposition to flow.
• It may also be thought of as internal friction between the
molecules.
• All real fluids have some resistance to stress and therefore
are viscous, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear
stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid

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Viscosity
Importance:
Viscosity is a major factor in determining the forces that
must be overcome when fluids are used in:
• Lubrication
• Water supply (transport in pipelines)
• Irrigation (transport in open channels)
• surface coating
• spraying, injection molding
• The viscosity of liquids decreases rapidly with an
increase in temperature, while that of gases increases
with an increase in temperature. WHY?

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Viscosity
Importance:
• Viscosity of a liquid is related to cohesion; i.e.
intermolecular attraction forces. Upon heating, the
liquid’s molecules vibrate and rotate further apart from
each other; i.e. less IMF, and thus less viscosity.
(heating tar reduces its viscosity by more than 10,000
orders of magnitude)

• Viscosity of gases is related to transfer of molecular

momentum which increases by heating and so does the
viscosity.

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Viscosity coefficients
Dynamic viscosity, μ
( also absolute viscosity )
t   du dy

μ : F T / L2 Pa·s 1 poise = 1 dyne · s/cm2

μ: M/LT slug / s ft
μwater = 0.01 poise = 0.001002 Pa·s.

Kinematic viscosity, (ν)

 
ν : L2/ T 1 stoke = cm2 /s
ν water = 0.01 stoke (at 20 °C)

Viscosity index is a measure for the change of kinematic viscosity

with temperature. It is used to characterize lubricating oil in the
automotive industry
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Liquid Absolute
Viscosity at
Room Temperature
(Pa.s)

Air 1.983 x 10-5

Water 1 x 10-3
Olive Oil 1 x 10-1
Glycerol 1 x 100
Liquid Honey 1 x 101
Golden Syrup 1 x 102
Glass 1 x 1040

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Viscosity
The viscosity can be measured where the fluid of interest is sheared between
two flat plates which are parallel to one another (this is not a standard
method!), under LAMINAR Flow conditions.
The shear stress is the ratio of the tangential force F needed to maintain the
moving plate at a constant velocity V to the plate area A.

t   du dy   ·

Shear flow created between the plates has the velocity profile shown
The coefficient γ ˙ is called the velocity gradient or shear rate, or the rate of
deformation
For a linear velocity distribution γ ˙ is constant. Otherwise it resembles the
slope of velocity profile at any location y.
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Viscosity

• The ratio of the shear stress (τ) to the rate of

deformation(du/dy) thus defines (μ) for laminar
conditions
• A fluid with low viscosity flows easily and is
often called "thin." ex. Water
• A fluid with high viscosity is often described as
"thick." ex. Molasses

Now which is more viscous: Honey, or Mayonnaise?

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Viscosity

Honey or Mayo?

Stirring the same amount of

fluid with the same knife at the
same rate (ex. 20 times per
minute) requires much more
effort for honey than for Mayo.
Thus honey is more viscous.
However, If both jars are turned on their sides, honey will more
readily flow out of the jar while Mayo will hardly move. Thus Mayo is
more viscous

Now which is the correct answer?

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Viscosity

Honey or Mayo?
Honey has a constant (μ) so long
that T & P do not change. Thus
the relation between its shear (τ)
and its rate of strain (du/dy) is
linear (Newtonian Fluid)
Mayo possesses a high μ at low values of τ (ex. flow by gravity). But,
Viscosity of mayonnaise drops as the shear rate increases, or as the knife is
rotated thus it yields under shear stress. The relation between (τ) and
(du/dy) is thus nonlinear (Non-Newtonian Fluid).

One cannot conventionally measure the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Rather, one must measure the apparent viscosity, taking into consideration
the shear rate at which the viscosity measurement is made.
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Non Newtonian Fluids

“Emulsions”

• A fluid is non-Newtonian if it is comprised of one substance

suspended (not chemically dissolved) in a host fluid. These
are either emulsions or colloidal suspensions
• An emulsion is the stable physical coexistence of two
immiscible fluids
• Mayonnaise is a common non-Newtonian fluid, comprised
of eggs emulsified into oil, the host fluid
• Because mayonnaise is non-Newtonian, its viscosity yields
with applied force, making it easy to spread

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Non Newtonian Fluids

“colloidal suspension ”

• A colloidal suspension is comprised of solid particles stably

suspended in a host fluid. Many paints are colloidal
suspension
• If the paint was Newtonian it would either spread easily but
run if the viscosity is low, or spread with great difficulty and
leave brush marks, but not run if the viscosity is high
• Because the paint is non-Newtonian, its viscosity yields
under the force of the brush, but returns when the brush is
taken away
• As a result, paint spreads with relative ease, but doesn’t
leave brush marks and doesn’t run

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viscosity

may depend on
temperature,
pressure,
shear rate.

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Types of Fluids

Time-independent Fluids
– Viscosity is independent of the duration of
application of shear stress
Viscoelastic Fluids
– Apparent Viscosity varies with the duration of
shear stress application

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Time-Independent Fluids

• Newtonian Fluids
– Viscosity depends on T & P only
– Linear relation between stress and rate of strain
– Water, honey, air

τ
μ1 > μ2

du/dy

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Viscoelastic Fluids
• Shear Thinning Fluids (pseudoplastic)
– Viscosity depends on T & P and applied Shear stress
– Non Linear relation between stress and rate of strain
– Apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear
stress
– Ketchup, syrup, nail polish, latex paints, blood

• Shear Thickening Fluids (dialatant)

– Viscosity depends on T & P and applied Shear stress
– Non Linear relation between stress and rate of strain
– Apparent viscosity increases with increased shear stress
– Corn starch in water

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Viscosity Measurements

Rotational Viscometers
• These viscometer give the value of the ‘dynamic viscosity’
• It is based on the principle that the fluid whose viscosity is being
measured is sheared between two surfaces
• In these viscometers one of the surfaces is stationary and the
other is rotated by an external drive and the fluid fills the space in
between
• The measurements are conducted by applying either a constant
torque and measuring the changes in the speed of rotation or
applying a constant speed and measuring the changes in the torque
• There are two main types of these viscometers: rotating cylinder
and cone-on-plate viscometers

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Viscosity Measurements

Rotational Viscometers
two main types of viscometers: rotating cylinder and cone-on-plate
viscometers

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Flow between a fixed and a moving plate

Shear stress anywhere du V
t  
between plates dy B

  0.1 N  s / m 2 ( SAE 30 @ 38o C ) t  (0.1 N  s / m 2 )( 3 m / s )

V  3 m/s 0.02 m
y B  0.02 m  15 N / m 2

Moving plate
u=V
V
t
V Shear
B u( y)  y
B on fluid
t
x
Fixed plate u=0

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Flow between two fixed plates

• 2 different coordinate systems

  r 2 
r u (r )  V 1    
B
x   B  
V
y u ( y )  C  y  B  y 
x

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 01-Oct-23

Example 2

• Given
– Rotation rate, w = 1500 rpm
– d = 6 cm
– l = 40 cm
– D = 6.02 cm
– SGoil = 0.88
– oil = 0.003 m2/s
• Find: Torque and Power
required to turn the bearing at
the indicated speed.

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Example 2 (cont.)

• Assume: Linear velocity profile in oil film

dV w (d / 2)
Shear Stress t   
dy (D  d ) / 2
 2 
 *1500 (0.06 / 2)
 (0.88 * 998 * 0.003)  60   124 kN / m 2
(0.0002) / 2
d d
Torque M  (2t l )
2 2
0.06 0.06
 (2 *124,000 * * 0 .4 )  281 N  m
2 2

Power P  Mw  281*157.1  44,100 N  m / s  44.1 kW

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