SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

5.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

1
1. The inverse of a function, f exists if f is one-to-one function.

2. f  g ( x)  g  f ( x)  x implies f is inverse of g and g is inverse of f .

3 a) f ( f 1 ( x))  x
b) f 1 ( f ( x))  x

4 a) D f 1  R f
b) R f 1  D f

5. Graph of y  f 1 ( x) can obtained by reflecting the graph y  f (x) about the line y  x .

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

EXAMPLE

PSPM 2007/2008
1. Given f ( x)  2 x 2  1 , x  0 and g ( x)  x  3 , find
a) the inverse of f and g and verify that ( g  f ) 1  f 1  g 1 . [6 marks]
1
b) the function h if ( g  f ) 1  h( x)  . [3 marks]
x
c) the values of x for which f  g  g  f . [3 marks]

Solution

a) f ( x)  2 x 2  1 , x  0
Let y  f 1 ( x)
f ( y)  x
2 y 2 1  x
2y 2  x 1
x 1
y2 
2
x 1
y since x  0
2
x 1
f 1 ( x) 
2
g ( x)  x  3
Let y  g 1 ( x)
g ( y)  x
y 3  x
y  x3
g 1 ( x)  x  3
( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))
 g (2 x 2  1)
 (2 x 2  1)  3
 2x 2  2
Let y  ( g  f ) 1 ( x)
( g  f )( y)  x
2y2  2  x
2y2  x  2
x2
y2 
2

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

x2
y
2
x2
( g  f ) 1 ( x) 
2
( f  g )( x)  f 1 ( g 1 ( x))
1 1

 f 1 ( x  3)
( x  3)  1

2
x2

2
( g  f ) 1 1
 f g 1

1
b) ( g  f ) 1  h( x) 
x
1
( g  f ) 1 (h( x)) 
x
h( x )  2 1

2 x
h( x )  2 1
 2
2 x
2
h( x )  2  2
x
2
h( x )  2  2
x

c) ( f  g )( x)  ( g  f )( x)
f ( g ( x))  2 x 2  2
f ( x  3)  2 x 2  2
2( x  3) 2  1  2 x 2  2
2( x 2  6 x  9)  1  2 x 2  2
2 x 2  12 x  19  2 x 2  2
 12 x  21
7
x
4

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

PSPM 2007/2008
3x
2. Given h( x)  . Defining h 2 ( x)  (h  h)( x) , determine the function h 2 ( x) and
x3
hence deduce the inverse of h(x) . Evaluate h13 (9) . [7 marks]

Solution

3x
h( x ) 
x3
h ( x)  h(h( x))
2

 3x 
 h 
 x  3
 3x 
3 
 x  3

 3x 
 3
 x  3
9x
 x3
3x  3x  9
x3
9x
 x3
9
x3
9x

9
x
h(h( x))  x h(h 1 ( x))  x
h 1 ( x)  h( x)
3x

x3
h ( x)  h(h 2 ( x))
3
h( x ) 
3x
 h(x) x3
3x h ( x)  x
2

 3x
x3 h 3 ( x) 
h ( x)  h 2 (h 2 ( x))
4 x3
h ( x)  x
4
 h 2 ( x)
3x
x For power is odd, h n ( x) 
3x x3
So h13 ( x)  For power is even, h ( x)  x
n
x3

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

3(9)
h13 (9) 
93
9

2

PSPM 2008/2009
10  2 x
3. Given that f ( x)  and g ( x)  5  2 x 2 . Find the value of k such that
k
 x 1
f 1 ( x 2 )  g   . Hence, find ( f  g )(0) . [7 marks]
2

Solution

10  2 x
f ( x)  , g ( x)  5  2 x 2
k
Let y  f 1 ( x)
f ( y)  x
10  2 y
x
k
10  2 y  kx
10  kx  2 y
10  kx
y
2
10  kx
f 1 ( x) 
2
 x
f 1 ( x 2 )  g  
2
10  kx2
2
 x
 5  2 
2 2
10  kx2 x2
 5
2 2
10  kx  10  x 2
2

 kx2   x 2
k 1
10  x
f 1 ( x) 
2
( f  g )(0)  f 1[ g (0)]
1

 f 1 (5  2(0) 2 )
 f 1 (5)

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

10  5

2
5

2

PSPM 2009/2010
4. A function g is defined by
1
g ( x)  , x 1
x 1
Find g 1 ( x) and state its domain and range. [5 marks]

Solution

1
g ( x)  , x 1
x 1
Let y  g 1 ( x)
g ( y)  x
1
x
y 1
1
 y 1
x
1
 y 1
x2
1 Since result surd  0
y  2 1
x For f ( x)  x R f  [0 , )
1 1
g 1 ( x)  2  1 For f ( x)  R f  (0 , )
x x
1
Since  0 for x  1
x 1 x  1  Dg  (1 , )
g ( x)  0
Rg  ( 0 ,  ) D g 1  R g
Dg 1  ( 0 ,  ) R g 1  D g
Rg 1  ( 1 ,  )

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

PSPM 2009/2010
5 a) Show that y  y 2  1  0 for all real values of y . [2 marks]
x
e e
x
1
b) Let f be a function defined by f ( x)  . Find f ( x) . [6 marks]
2

Solution

a) y 2  y 2  1
y2  y2 1
y y2 1
y  y2 1  0

e x  ex
b) f ( x) 
2
Let y  f 1 ( x)
f ( y)  x
e y  ey
x
2
e y  e  y  2x
1
e y  y  2x
e
(e )  1  2 xe y
y 2

(e y ) 2  2 xe y  1  0 ax 2  bx  c  0
 (2 x)  (2 x) 2  4(1)(1)  b  b 2  4ac
e 
y x
2(1) 2a

2x  4x 2  4
 For this question
2 a  1 , b  2 x , c  1
2x  2 x 2  1

2
 x  x2 1
e y  x  x2 1 or e y  x  x2 1
Since e y  0 , e y  x  x 2  1 ax  0

e y  x  x2 1 From (a)
y  ln( x  x  1 ) 2
y  y2 1  0
f 1 ( x)  ln( x  x 2  1 )

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

EXERCISE 5.3

PSPM 2011/2012
1. The functions f and g are defined as :
f ( x)  x  1 , x  1
g ( x)  x 2 , x  0.
Find the inverse function, f 1 ( x) and determine its range. Then evaluate ( f  g )(2) .
[6 marks]

PSPM 2011/2012
x   7 
2. Given f ( x)  1  3x and g ( x)   1 . Find f  g 1     . [6 marks]
2   2 

PSPM 2012/2013
3x  4
3. The functions f and g are defined as f ( x)  , x  2 and g ( x)  3  x .
x2
a) Find f 1 ( x) and g 1 ( x) . [5 marks]
b) Evaluate ( f  g 1 )(3) . [3 marks]
2
c) If ( g  f 1 )(k )  , find the value of k . [4 marks]
3

PSPM 2013/2014
1
4. Consider the function f ( x)  1  ln x , x  1 . Determine f ( x) and state its range.
Hence, evaluate f 1 (3) . [6 marks]

PSPM 2014/2015
1
5. Given f ( x)  2 x  . State the domain and range of f (x) .
2
Hence, on the same axes, sketch the graph of f (x) and f 1 ( x) .
[6 marks]

PSPM 2014/2015
1 4x  1
6. Determine whether f ( x)  and g ( x)  are inverse function of each other by
x4 x
computing their composite functions. [5 marks]

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

PSPM 2015/2016
7. Given a function f ( x)  3  2 x .
a) Show that f is a one to one function. [2 marks]
b) Find the domain and range of f . [3 marks]
c) Determine the inverse function of f and state its domain and range. [4 marks]
d) Sketch the graphs of f and f 1 on the same axis. [3 marks]

PSPM 2017/2018
1
8. Given the function g ( x)  .
2x  5
a) Find the domain and range of g (x) . [3 marks]
b) Show that g (x) is one-to-one function. Hence, find g 1 ( x) . [5 marks]
c) On the same axis, sketch the graph of g (x) and g 1 ( x) . [3 marks]
d) Show that g  g 1 ( x)  x . [2 marks]

ANSWER

1
1) f ( x)  x 2  1 ; R f 1  [ 1 ,  ) ; ( f  g )(2)  3
  7 
2) f  g 1      4
  2 
2x  4
3 a) f 1 ( x)  ; g 1 ( x)  3  x
x3
1
b) ( f  g )(3)  2
c) k  33
4) f 1 ( x)  e x 1 ; R f 1  [ 1 ,  ) ; f 1 (3)  e 2
1
5) D f  [  ,  ) , Rf  [0 ,  )
4
6) f (x) and g (x) are inverse function of each other
3
7 b) D f  (   , ] , R f  [0 ,  )
2
3  x2 3
c) f 1 ( x)  ; D f 1  [0 ,  ) , R f 1  (   , ]
2 2
5 5
8 a) Dg  (   , )  ( ,  ) , Rg  (   , 0 )  ( 0 ,  )
2 2
1  5x
b) g 1 ( x) 
2x

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

SOLUTION EXERCISE 5.3

1. f ( x)  x  1 , x  1 ; g ( x)  x 2 , x  0
Let y  f 1 ( x)
f ( y)  x
y 1  x
y 1  x2
y  x2 1 x  1  D f  [1 , )

f 1 ( x)  x 2  1
R f 1  D f
R f 1  [ 1 ,  )
( f  g )(2)  f ( g (2))
 f (2 2 )
 f (4)
 4 1
 3

x
2. f ( x)  1  3 x , g ( x )  1
2
Let y  g 1 ( x)
g ( y)  x
y
1  x
2
y
 x 1
2
y  2x  2
g 1 ( x)  2 x  2
  7    7 
f  g 1      f  2    2 
  2    2 
 f (5)
 1  3(5)
 16
4

3x  4
3 a) f ( x)  , x2
x2
Let y  f 1 ( x)

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

f ( y)  x
3y  4
x
y2
3 y  4  xy  2 x
2 x  4  xy  3 y
2 x  4  y( x  3)
2x  4
y
x3
2x  4
f 1 ( x) 
x3
g ( x)  3  x
Let y  g 1 ( x)
g ( y)  x
3 y  x
3 x  y
g 1 ( x)  3  x

b) ( f  g 1 )(3)  f ( g 1 (3))
 f (3  3)
 f (0)
3(0)  4

(0)  2
 2

2
c) ( g  f 1 )(k ) 
3
2
g ( f 1 (k )) 
3
 2 k  4  2
g 
 k 3  3
 2k  4  2
3 
 k 3  3
7 2k  4

3 k 3
7k  21  6k  12
k  33

4. f ( x)  1  ln x , x  1
Let y  f 1 ( x)

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

f ( y)  x
1  ln y  x
ln y  x  1 ln a  b  a  e b
y  e x 1
f 1
( x)  e x 1 x  1  D f  [1 , )
R f 1  [1 ,  )
1 R f 1  D f
f (3)  e 31
 e2

1
5. f ( x)  2 x  For f ( x)  x
2
For f defined D f is x  0
1 R f  [0 , )
2x   0
2
1
2x  
2
1
x
4
1
Df  [ ,  )
4
Rf  [0 ,  )
1 1
when x  0 , f (0)  2(0)  
2 2
1  1  1 1
when x   , f     2     0
4  4  4 2

y
f 1 ( x) yx

1
f (x)
2

1 0 1
x

4 2
1

4

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

1 4x  1
6. f ( x)  , g ( x) 
x4 x
 4x  1 
fg ( x)  f  
 x 
1

 4x  1 
 4
 x 
1

4x  1  4x
x
1

1
x
x
 1 
gf ( x)  g  
 x 4
 1 
4  1
 x 4

1
x4
4 x4
 x4
1
x4
x
 x4
1
x4
x f ( f 1 ( x))  x

1 f 1 ( f ( x))  x
x
f (x) and g (x) are inverse function of each other.

7. f ( x)  3  2 x
a) f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
f is one to one function if
3  2 x1  3  2 x2
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
3  2 x1  3  2 x2 implies x1  x2
 2 x1  2 x2
x1  x2

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

f is a one to one function

b) For f defined
For f ( x)  x
3  2x  0
 2 x  3 D f is x  0
x
3 R f  [0 , )
2
3
Df  (  , ]
2
R f  [0 ,  )

c) Let y  f 1 ( x)
f ( y)  x
3  2y  x
3  2y  x2
3  x2  2y
3  x2
y
2
1 3  x2 D f 1  R f
f ( x) 
2 R f 1  D f
D f 1  [0 ,  )
3
R f 1  (   , ]
2

d) when x  0 , f (0)  3  2(0)  3

3 3 3
when x  , f    3  2   0
2 2 2
y
yx
3
f (x)
3
2

0 3 3 x
2

f 1 ( x)

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 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

1
8. g ( x) 
2x  5 For f ( x) 
a
a) For g defined bx  c
2x  5  0 c c
Df  (  ,  )  ( , )
2x  5 b b
x
5 Rf  (  , 0 )  (0 , )
2
5 5
Dg  (   , )  ( ,  )
2 2
Rg  (   , 0 )  ( 0 ,  )

b) g ( x1 )  g ( x2 ) f is one to one function if

1

1 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
2 x1  5 2 x2  5 implies x1  x2
2 x2  5  2 x1  5
2 x2  2 x1
x1  x2
g (x) is a one-to-one function
Let y  g 1 ( x)
g ( y)  x
1
x
2y  5
1
 2y  5
x
1
 5  2y
x
1  5x
 2y
x
1  5x
y
2x
1  5x
g 1 ( x) 
2x

1 1
c) when x  0 , g (0)  
2(0)  5 5

CHENG CHUN LIANG & CHIN HAK CHUN UNIT MATEMATIK KMK Page 15
 SM015 CHAPTER 5 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

y
g (x)
yx

5 g 1 ( x)
2


1 0
5
x
5 1
 2
5

d) g  g 1 ( x)  g ( g 1 ( x))
 1  5x 
 g 
 2x 
1

 1  5x 
2 5
 2x 
1

1  5x
5
x
1

1  5x  5x
x
1

1
x
x

CHENG CHUN LIANG & CHIN HAK CHUN UNIT MATEMATIK KMK Page 16