PYTHON
Great, Dhruv! Let’s now fully break down the 3 key
concepts in Python:
✅ 1. DATA TYPES IN PYTHON
🔷 What is a Data Type?
A data type defines the kind of value a variable can
store.
Python automatically assigns the correct data type
when you assign a value — this is called dynamic
typing.
🔷 Types of Data Types in Python
Python has two main categories of data types:
🔹 A. Primitive / Basic Data Types
Data
Description Common Uses
Type
Whole numbers Counting, IDs, loops,
int
(positive or negative) indexing
Calculations,
float Decimal numbers measurement, scientific
data
Boolean value (True Conditions, flags, logic
bool
or False) handling
Sequence of Names, messages, file
str
characters (text) paths
Examples:
x = 10 # int
pi = 3.14 # float
is_on = True # bool
name = "Dhruv" # str
🔹 B. Collection / Compound Data Types
Data
Description Common Uses
Type
Ordered, mutable Storing multiple items
list
sequence (e.g., scores, names)
Ordered, immutable Fixed data like
tuple
sequence coordinates, settings
set Unordered, unique Removing duplicates,
Data
Description Common Uses
Type
items membership testing
Storing structured data
dict Key-value pairs
(e.g., user profiles)
Examples:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] # list
point = (10, 20) # tuple
unique_nums = {1, 2, 3, 3} # set => {1, 2, 3}
student = {"name": "Dhruv", "age": 21} # dict
🔹 C. Special Data Types
Data Examp
Description Use Case
Type le
NoneTyp Represents x= Function defaults,
e absence of value None placeholders
Complex numbers Scientific
z=2+
complex with real + computing,
3j
imaginary parts electrical systems
✅ Summary: Use Cases of Data Types
Examp
Type Used For
le
int 10 Loop counters, IDs
Examp
Type Used For
le
float 3.14 Prices, averages
bool True Logic conditions
User names, file
str "Hello"
paths
Collections of
list [1,2,3]
items
tuple (1,2) Fixed pairs
dict {"x":1} Structured records
set {1,2} Unique values
NoneTyp
None Missing values
e
complex 2+3j Math/science use
✅ 2. VARIABLES IN PYTHON
🔷 What is a Variable?
A variable is a name that refers to a value stored in
memory.
You can think of it as a label attached to a value.
🔷 Rules for Variable Naming
✅ Allowed:
Letters, numbers, underscores
Cannot start with a number
Case-sensitive (Name ≠ name)
🚫 Not Allowed:
Spaces
Reserved keywords like for, class, if
🔷 Creating Variables
x = 10
name = "Dhruv"
price = 99.99
is_valid = True
🔷 Multiple Assignment
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
x = y = z = 100
🔷 Type Checking
Use type() function to know the data type of a variable:
print(type(name)) # <class 'str'>
🔷 Type Conversion (Casting)
You can change the data type using casting functions:
int("10") # 10
float("3.5") # 3.5
str(123) # "123"
bool(0) # False
✅ 3. OPERATORS IN PYTHON
🔷 What is an Operator?
Operators are symbols that perform operations on
variables and values.
🔷 Types of Operators
✅ A. Arithmetic Operators
Operat Examp Outp
Description
or le ut
+ Addition 5+3 8
- Subtraction 10 - 4 6
* Multiplication 2*3 6
/ Division (float) 5/2 2.5
// Floor division 5 // 2 2
Modulus
% 5%2 1
(remainder)
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8
✅ B. Assignment Operators
Operator Example Meaning
= x=5 Assign value
+= x += 2 x=x+2
-= x -= 1 x=x-1
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 2 x=x/2
//=, %=, same as with those
**= above operators
✅ C. Comparison Operators
Used to compare two values.
Operat Examp Resu
or le lt
== 5 == 5 True
!= 5 != 3 True
> 5>3 True
< 3<5 True
>= 5 >= 5 True
<= 4 <= 3 False
✅ D. Logical Operators
Used with boolean values (True, False).
Operat Resu
Description Example
or lt
True and
and True if both are True False
False
True if at least one is True or
or True
True False
not Reverses the value not True False
✅ E. Membership Operators
Used to test if a value is in a sequence.
Operat Resu
Example
or lt
in "a" in "apple" True
"x" not in
not in True
"apple"
✅ F. Identity Operators
Compare memory location of two variables.
Operat Examp
Result
or le
True if x and y refer to same
is x is y
object
is not x is not True if they don’t refer to same
Operat Examp
Result
or le
y object
🎯 Summary Table
Concept Details
Data int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict, None,
Types complex
Variables Names that store data values
Operator Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical,
s Membership, Identity
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