Module-1

Dr. Jaishree Mayank

Content
• Basics of computer
• Basic Functional Blocks of a Computer
• Understanding the Working Principle of Computer
• Types of Architecture
• Generations of Computer
• Digital Circuits
 Abacus
• The First Computer
• Origin:
• Invented around 4th century B.C. in Babylonia
(present-day Iraq).
• Purpose:
• Designed as a simple counting aid to assist with
basic arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• Structure:
• Consists of a rectangular frame with rods or
wires.
• Each rod contains a series of sliding beads.
• The position of beads represents numbers using
a place-value system (units, tens, hundreds, etc.).
• Working Principle:
• Beads are moved manually to perform
calculations.
• Specific bead positions signify digits;
combinations represent multi-digit numbers.
• Computations are performed by shifting beads
according to arithmetic rules.

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 Adding Machine – Blaise Pascal
• In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device
that would come to be called the "Adding Machine".
• One of the first and earliest mechanical computer used for calculating was the Pascaline.

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 Analytical Engine
• Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor.
• In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine
that would calculate tables for logarithms. Called the “Difference Engine.”
• Designed to compute values up to the 20th decimal place.
• Intended to print results at a speed of 4 digits per minute.
• With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the
form of a general purpose machine.
• Unlike the Difference Engine, it was programmable and not limited to one kind of
calculation.

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 Ada Byron

• Apparently she can be considered as The first programmer

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 Binary Number System
• First electronic computer built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
• Computer used binary number system of 1 and 0
• Binary system is still used today

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 Mark I
• The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937
when Howard Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform
calculations involving large numbers.

• In 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and

Harvard.
• It was the first programmable digital computer.
• It used electromechanical relays, not electronic components like vacuum
tubes.
• About 51 feet long and weighed 5 tons.
• Contained over 750,000 parts.
• Could perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and reference to previous results

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 ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• A machine that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than the Mark I.
• Using 18,000-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered
joints this massive instrument required the output of a small power station
to operate it.

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Vaccum Tubes

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 Generation I (1946-1959)
• Vacuum Tube based
• Electron emitting devices
• Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory
• Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless of the content itself
• Machine language/Assemble language
• Sequential execution
• One of the First automated computing devices
• Big in size
• Slow
• Very expensive

Examples:
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

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 Alan Turing
• Alan Turning developed “Universal Machine”
• He envisioned a computer that could perform any different tasks by simply
changing a program rather than by changing electronic components

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 Jon Von Neumann
• Developed stored programs concept
• Program would be stored in CPU or Central Processing Unit
• Von Neumann architecture is the design upon which many general purpose
computers are based.
• The key elements of von Neumann architecture are: data and instructions
are both stored as binary digits.
• Data and instructions are both stored in primary storage.

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 Transistor
• In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled the transistor.
• Advantages:
• Significantly more reliable than vacuum tubes
• Consumed only 1/20th of the electricity compared to vacuum tubes
• Smaller in size, enabling the development of compact electronic devices
• In 1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace Prize for their invention.

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 Generation II (1959-1963)
• Transistor based
• Magnetic Storage Devices
• Used Assembly languages
• Cheaper
• Smaller
• Increased efficiency (Speed)
• I/O devices: Punched Cards and Magnetic tapes
• First operating Systems: handled one program at a time
• On-off switches controlled by electronically.
• High level languages
• Floating point arithmetic

Example:
UNIVAC 1107

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 Generation III (1964-1971)
• Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one
computer chip. (Integrated Circuit)
• Magnetic Disks
• Relatively smaller size
• Relatively less expensive
• Languages supported: COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC
• I/O devices: Magnetic Tape, Keyboard, monitor and printers

Examples:
PDP 11
IBM 360

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 IBM PC
• On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own personal computer.
• To satisfy consumer requirements and to increase usability, IBM gave
prototype IBM PCs to a number of major software companies.
• For the first time, small companies and individuals who never would have
imagined owning a "personal" computer were now opened to the computer
world.

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 MACINTOSH
• Apple Computer Inc. was led by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, emerging as a major
competitor to IBM.
• They developed the "Lisa" computer, which was one of the first to use a mouse instead
of typing commands manually.
• The Lisa introduced a Graphical User Interface (GUI), making the system more user-
friendly.
• However, due to its high price, the Lisa was not affordable for most consumers.
• Apple later launched the Macintosh in January 1984, also featuring a GUI.
• The Macintosh was an immediate success because it was easy to use and more
affordable than Lisa.
• This marked a significant step in making personal computers accessible to the general
public.

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 Generation IV (1971- 1990)
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) based circuits
• Advanced Memory devices (RAM, ROM) – primarily semiconductor based
• Fast
• Less Expensive
• Higher level programming Language
• IO devices: Monitor, Printer, Keyboard
• Networking plays a major role
• Multiprocessors on-chip
• Creation of the Personal Computer (PC)
• Parallel computing
• Intel 486

Example:
PCs

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 Generation V (1990- Present)
• ULSI integrated circuits
• Massively parallel processors
• Pentium, SUN Ultra workstations
• Scalable architecture,
• Post CMOS technologies
• Use of data communications
• Very Fast
• Less Heat Generation
• Smallest
• Speed
• I/O devices: Voice recognition, touch recognition

Examples:
Laptops
Smart phones

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 Thank You
Questions???